(excerpt)
Hyadaphis tataricae (Aizenberg). an aphid known from eastern Europe, is rapidly becoming a pest on ornamental honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) throughout the north-central states.
The source of the infestation is not known but it could have been introduced from eastern Canada where it has been present since 1976 (Boisvert et aI. 1981), or by separate introduction from eastern Europe. The first observations in the United States were made in the north-eastern corner of Illinois (Lake County) in 1979 (Voegtlin 1981). Observations of damage levels in that area support the hypothesis that its introduction to the north-central states originated there 

Voegtlin, David

English

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 15 Number 3 - Fall 1982 Number 3 - Fall 1982 Article 1 October 1982 The Distribution and Spread of (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the North-Central States with Notes on its Hosts, Biology, and Origin David Voegtlin Illinois Natural History Survey Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Voegtlin, David 1982. "The Distribution and Spread of (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the North-Central States with Notes on its Hosts, Biology, and Origin," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 15 (3) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol15/iss3/1 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. THE DISlRIBUllON AND SPREAD OF HYADAPH/S TAT ARICAE (HOIIOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN THE NORTH-CENTRAL STATES WITH NOTES ON ITS HOSTS, BIOLOGY, AND ORIGIN David Voegtlin 1 Hyadaphis tafaricae ('-\izenberg). an aphid known from eastern Europe, is rapidly becom­ing a pest on ornamental honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) throughout the north-central states. T'!:!.! source of the infestation i  not known but it could have been introduced from eastern Canada where it has been present since 1976 (Boisvert et aI. 1981), or by separate introduc­tion from eastern Europe. The first observations in the United States were made in the nortb-eastern corner of Illinois (Lake County) in 1979 (Voegtlin 1981). Observations of damage levels in that area support the hypothesis that its introduction to the north-central states originated there . . -\lthough the aphid is small « 2 m) the witches' brooms caused by its feeding on hOIIe)-suckle are obvious and easily seen from a distance. In the fall of 1980, this aphid had been collected from six sites indicating a limited distribution (VoegtIin 1981). Since the presence or absence of this species can be asily determined, a study of its 1980 distribution and subsequent spread was undertaken during the 1981 season. METHODS .-\ttempts o delineate the 1980 distribution and subsequent spread ofH. tataricae in 1981 consisted of personal surveys circumscribing the known infested area and of contacting honicuIturaI inspectors and state entomologists in the north-central states. During the per­sona! survey trips the search for infestations entailed driving from town to town looking for honeysuckle plants and examining them for the presence of H. tataricae. In locations where no eyidence of infestation was found on the first honeysuckle seen, a minimum of two additiona! plants was located and examined. If no aphids were found on these, the locality was considered to be free of the aphid. In general, many more than three honeysuckle plants were available as most plants located were in hedgerows. The witches' brooms are so obvious that once a honeysuckle plant was located, the presence o  absence of the aphid was easily assessed . .-\. short trip was made through north-central Illinois on 15 and 16 April 1981 and another through north-west rn Indiana, north-eastern Illinois and south-eastern Wisconsin on 10-12 .\Iay 1981. These two trips were made to determine the extent of the 1980 distribution. This was determined at each locality by the presence or absence of the previous years' witches' brooms (Fig. n. Localities where the aphid was found, but no evidence of 1980's witches' brooms couId be seen were considered to be newly infested in 1981. The localities where 1980 infestations were confirmed are shown on Figure 2. Two subsequent surveys on 13-25 July and 14-16 September 1981 circumscribed the distributional area established during the pre\'ious surreys. Specimens of H. talaricae were collected from each locality where infestations were obsen-ed and samples of the host honeysuckle were pressed for later determination. All plant specimens are deposited in the herbarium of the Illinois Natural History Survey. In addition. aphid 1,erifications "'ere provided for many people who sent in preserved specimens from throughout the north-centraI states. These samples have proved useful for taxonomic examination and pro,,-ided phenological data for the various forms of H. tataricae. Contact with state entomologists and horticultural inspectors was made through a mailing IIllinois 'Sa.ru.ral History Sur ....ey. 60"7 E. Peabody Drive. Cbampaign, IL 61820. 147 1Voegtlin: The Distribution and Spread of  (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the NorPublished by ValpoScholar, 1982148 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 15, No.3 Fig. 1. Remnants of the previous witches' broom as seen after the new leaves have emerged in the spring. Note the lack of leaves the witches' broom. Kankakee, Illinois, May 1981. containing a short summary of the known biological information for H. tataricae, a picture of a witches' brooms on honeysuckle, a map of its known distribution in the north-central states, and a postcard questionnaire. This information was further distributed in newsletters and bulletins by various state and private organizations, The response was varied but many records of infestations, especially near the extremes of the distribution as shown on Figure 2, were obtained from returned questionnaires. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The distribution records of H. tataricae through 1981 are shown on Figure 2, The circles containing stars represent those counties for which there were confirmed records in the fall of 1980. Counties with open circles represent additional 1980 infestations as determined by the presence of witches' brooms in the spring and summer of 1981. The gray area represents the approximate 1980 distribution and the black dots are in counties where H. tataricae was found for the first time in 1981. H. tataricae could not be found in counties with open squares. Observations o er the past two years suggest that the number of witches' brooms per plant increases each year. Grigorov (965) noted an increase in damage over a 3-4-year period in Bulgaria. In Illinois a few witches' brooms may be formed on new growth, during the first year of infestation. These are usually on the upper third of the plant and in hedge­rows all the plants may not be attacked. During the second year all of the bushes in a hedgerow will have damage and some will have up to half of their growing tips infested. Based on observations in north-eastern Illinois, virtually every growing tip on the plant is attacked during the third year and the witches' brooms change the color and shape of the plants making them nearly unrecognizable as honeysuckle. Progressive damage categoriza­tion makes it possible to estimate the length of time H. tataricae has been present in any gi ven area, at least over the first two or three years. It became increasingly apparent during the July 1981 survey that the aphid was spreading by means other than the natural movement of alatae. Traveling north-west from the Chicago 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 15, No. 3 [1982], Art. 1https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol15/iss3/11982 THE GREAT LAKES E.:-ITOMOLOGIST 149 ®= Confirmed records for ~tataricae in the fall of 1980. brooms 1980 infestations spring of [J= Approximate boundaries of 1980 distribution could not be found duringo Counties where = the suumer and Fig. :. Distribution records for Hya aphis lalaricae in the north-central states for 1980 and 1981. area towards ~finneapolis-St. Paul, the aphid infestations became increasingly scarce across Wisconsin until it could no longer be found, but in Minneapolis-St. Paul the honeysuckles were again heayily infested. From damage levels observed in these cities it was obvious that the aphid had been there in 1980. The source of this infestation is unknown but the move­ment of infested nursery stock is a probable explanation. The spread of H. tataricae through Iowa seems to have occurred very rapidly. Much of rhis spread seems to be man-aided as the distribution pattern is closely aligned with two major highway systems f Interstates 80 and 35). Movement of infested plants along these routes could e35i1y haye innoculated the immediate vicinity with alalae. The collection records from south-western Iowa and south-eastern Nebraska both were found i  nurseries and 35sUmed to ha\e resulted from the transfer o  infested stock. In :\fichigan H. Iataricae occurred in the Detroit area prior to 1981 (Murray Hanna. pers. comm.' and the level of damage observed in Port Huron suggests that the aphid must have also been there in 1980. The source of the aphids for the eastern portion of Michigan was likely from Ontario. Canada. where the aphid had been found earlier (Boisvert, pers. 3Voegtlin: The Distribution and Spread of  (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the NorPublished by ValpoScholar, 1982150 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 15, No.3 comm.). While traveling west across Michigan from Port Huron to Holland in July 1981, observable aphid damage became increasingly scarce toward the center of the state but increased again toward the western border. Plants seen in Holland were as heavily damaged as those in Port Huron. Fr m Holland south, in the counties bordering Lake Michigan, the aphid was abundant. Movement of the aphid into this area could have been by flight of alatae across southern Lake Michigan or from north-western Indiana. Many of the interstate highways throughout the north-central states are landscaped with honeysuckle, especially in and near cities. Interstate 57 in Illinois is intermittantly lined with hedgerows of honeysuckle, thus functioning as a "host highway" for aphid movement. From the 1981 observations it is difficult to detelmine ifthe rapidity of natural dispersal is occurring in a similar magnitude in all directions because of the possibility f extensive man-aided dispersion. Dispersal southward in Illinois and Indiana seems to have been slow compared to the movement westward. Range expansion of 100-150 km southward i  about the maximum detected. The southern records in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio were obtained only after extensive examination of many honeysuckle plants. In the southern counties f Iowa (square symbols on Figure 2) the aphid was scarce with only one collection record taken on the September 1981 survey. North ofthis area the aphid was abundant and easily located. The reasons for the apparent paucity of southern records could be many. The prevailing summer winds are from the south-west and there seems to be less honeysuckle planted in south-central Illinois and Indiana than in northern regions of both states, although quantitative data were not taken to confiIm this. Grigorov (1965) stated that the aphid did poorly in the hot summer months in Bulgaria; thus this species may well be limited in its southern distribution by hot summer weather. BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS Host finding by alatae. The vagility of this species might be demonstrated from the summer observations in central Illinois. In some of the smaller towns a thorough street by street survey was made for honeysuckle and often only one or a few plants could be located. These towns are surrounded by fields of com and soybean and in some cases were at least 50 km from the nearest known source of H. tataricae alatae yet the aphid was found on many fthese isolated honeysuckles. This phenomenon could be due to an intense saturation of the air with alatae or one must conclude that these aphids are very adept at locating their hosts. No evidence of recent honeysuckle plantings, Le. movement into the area of infested plants, was found in these towns. Host Records. A list of the hosts on which witches' brooms and specimens of H. tawricae were collected during the survey trips is shown on Table 1. All of these hosts are in the Lonicera latarica complex (Green 1966) and all but L. muscaviensis Rehder are double or triple hybrids involving L. tatarica L. Phenology in the North-central States. Collections made during the 1981 season indicate that H. lataricae eggs hatch early in the spring and populations can be found until late fall. Nymphal fundatrices were collected in the Chicago area during the first week of April 1981. Table I. Determination of honeysuckle specimens on which H. tataricae was collected during 1981. Plants were collected from Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, and Iowa. Determinations were made by William Hess of the Morton Arboretum, Lisle. Illinois. Hosts of H. tataricae Number of Collections Lonicera tatarica L. 9 Lonicera x mllscaviensis Rehder 3 Lonicera x muendeniensis Rehder '2 Lonicera x minutiJlora Zabel 11 Lonicera x bella Zabel 52 4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 15, No. 3 [1982], Art. 1https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol15/iss3/11982 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 	 151 Egg hatch is probably earlier in the more sou herly areas of its distribution. The last live fall collection was taken in the first week of November in Champaign, Illinois. AWe \i\iparae were present in collections from late April to early September. Ap­temus \i\iparae were present from mid-April to November. The first males were col­lected in Beardstown. Cass County, and Galesburg, Knox County, Illinois on 14 July 1981. ...... 0 o\~iparae were collected until late August and early September. The occurrence of males so early in two of the southern records is surprising since other collections in the same \~kiDity at the same time did not have males. Males were generally abundant in collections from mid-September to November. POSSIBLE ORIGIN F H. TATATRICAE The home of H. tataricae is unknown, but eastern Europe is probably not its origin. There are 5e\'eral reasons for this hypothesis. First, it was not described until 1935 from specimens taken in and near Moscow (Aizenberg 1935). Prior to 1935 there were active aphid taxono­mists in Russia (e.g. A. K. Mordvilko, author of over 100 papers on aphids from 1892 to 19381 who certainly would have been aware of this aphid. Second, this aphid has not yet been found in western Europe although according to Mueller and Buhr (1965) and Hille Ris Lambers IpeTs. comm.) it is spreading westward in Europe. Grigorov (1%5) noted its spread into Bulgaria over a 5-year period from 1960 to 1964. An aphid native to eastern Europe would certainly have dispersed across Europe prior to now. Third, the abundance and intensity of the damage caused by this aphid in western Russia (Shaposhnikov 1964) sug­gests strongly that it has no natural biological control agents there. Green (1966) stated that Lonicera tatarica grows wild from the Altai Mountains of the ~klngolian Republic to the Ural Mountains, and as far west as the Volga River in southern Russia.. Hille Ris Lambers (1%6) considered H. tataricae to be a synonym of Hyadaphis coriandri (nas, which is found from India to East Africa; later (Eastop and Hille Ris Lambers 19'6) retained H. tataricae as a separate species. A reasonable hypothesis is that H. mtaricae is native to the area where its host plant is found. i.e., northern and western :\sia. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by a grant from the University of Illinois Research Board, Crbana-Champaign campus. I would like to thank the many people who provided distribu­tional records by mail and telephone, in patiicular Carl Carlson, Iowa State Entomologist, ~furray Hanna. Michigan State Entomologist, and Virgil Knapp, a horticultural inspector and entomologist in Indiana. My thanks to Drs. Donald Webb, Michael Irwin and George Godfrey for their critical review of this manuscript and Lloyd LeMere for assistance with the distribution map. A special thanks to Dr. William Hess of the Morton Arboretum for identification of the honeysuckle specimens. LITERATURE CITED Aizenberg. E. 1935.......ew genera and two new species of Aphididae. Zap. bolsevskoi BioI. StL -~:151-160. Boisvert. 1. ~L C. Cloutier. and J. McNeiL 1981. Hyadaphis tataricae (Homoptera: Aphididael. a pest of honeysllckle new to North America. Canadian Entomol. 113:415­418. Eastop. \'. F. and D. Hille Ris Lambers. 1976. Survey of the world's aphids. Dr. W. Junk b. \ .. The Ha.,oue. 573 pp. Green. 	P. S. 1966. Identification f the species and hybrids in the Lonicera tatarica com­plex. 1. Arnold .-\rboretum 47:75-88. 5Voegtlin: The Distribution and Spread of  (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the NorPublished by ValpoScholar, 1982152 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST VoL 15, No.3 Grigorov. S. 1965. Hyadaphis tataricae Aizenberg (Homoptera: Aphididae) its bionomics and means of controlling it. Gradinar. Lozar. Nauk. Sofia 2(4):493-501. Hille Ris Lambers, D. 1966. New and little known aphids from Pakistan. Tijdsch. EntomoL 109: 193-200. Mueller, F. P. and H. 1 Buhr. 1%5. Hyadaphis tataricae (Aizenberg), ein neuer Schadling in Mitteleuropa an Lonicera tatarica Lund einigen anderen Lonicera-Zierstrauchem (Homoptera: Aphididae). Anz. Schadlingskunde 38:69-72. Shaposhnikov, G. H. 	1964. Suborder Aphidinea-aphids. p. 48%16 in Bei-Bienko. Key to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Vol. I. Voegtlin, D. 1981. Notes on a European aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) new to north America. Proc. EntomoL Soc. Washington 83:361-362. '.~ 6The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 15, No. 3 [1982], Art. 1https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol15/iss3/1

The Distribution and Spread of  (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the North-Central States with Notes on its Hosts, Biology, and Origin

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 15 
Number 3 - Fall 1982 Number 3 - Fall 1982 Article 1 
October 1982 
The Distribution and Spread of (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the 
North-Central States with Notes on its Hosts, Biology, and Origin 
David Voegtlin 
Illinois Natural History Survey 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Voegtlin, David 1982. "The Distribution and Spread of (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the North-Central States 
with Notes on its Hosts, Biology, and Origin," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 15 (3) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol15/iss3/1 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
THE DISlRIBUllON AND SPREAD OF HYADAPH/S TAT ARICAE 
(HOIIOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN THE NORTH-CENTRAL STATES 
WITH NOTES ON ITS HOSTS, BIOLOGY, AND ORIGIN 
David Voegtlin 1 
Hyadaphis tafaricae ('-\izenberg). an aphid known from eastern Europe, is rapidly becom­
ing a pest on ornamental honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) throughout the north-central states. 
T'!:!.! 
source 
of the infestation i  not known but it could have been introduced from eastern 
Canada 
where it has been present since 
1976 (Boisvert et aI. 1981), or by separate introduc­
tion from eastern Europe. The first observations in the United States were made in the 
nortb-eastern corner of Illinois (Lake County) in 1979 (Voegtlin 1981). Observations of 
damage levels in that area support the hypothesis that its introduction to the north-central 
states originated there . 
. -\lthough the aphid is small « 2 m) the witches' brooms caused by its feeding on 
hOIIe)-suckle are obvious and easily seen from a distance. In the fall of 1980, this aphid had 
been collected from six sites indicating a limited distribution (VoegtIin 1981). Since the 
presence or 
absence 
of this species can be asily determined, a study of its 1980 distribution 
and subsequent spread was undertaken during the 1981 season. 
METHODS 
.-\ttempts o delineate the 1980 distribution and subsequent spread ofH. tataricae in 1981 
consisted of personal surveys circumscribing the known infested area and of contacting 
honicuIturaI inspectors and state entomologists in the north-central states. During the per­
sona! survey trips the search for infestations entailed driving from town to town looking for 
honeysuckle plants and examining them for the presence of H. tataricae. In locations where 
no eyidence of infestation was found on the first honeysuckle seen, a minimum of two 
additiona! plants was located and examined. If no aphids were found on these, the locality 
was 
considered 
to be free of the aphid. In general, many more than three honeysuckle plants 
were available as most plants located were in hedgerows. The witches' brooms are so 
obvious that once a honeysuckle plant was located, the presence o  absence of the aphid was 
easily assessed . 
.-\. short 
trip was made through north-central Illinois on 
15 and 16 April 1981 and another 
through north-west rn Indiana, north-eastern Illinois and south-eastern Wisconsin on 10-12 
.\Iay 1981. These two trips were made to determine the extent of the 1980 distribution. This 
was determined at each locality by the presence or absence of the previous years' witches' 
brooms (Fig. n. Localities where the aphid was found, but no evidence of 1980's witches' 
brooms couId be seen were considered to be newly infested in 1981. The localities where 
1980 
infestations were confirmed are shown 
on Figure 2. Two subsequent surveys on 13-25 
July and 14-16 September 1981 circumscribed the distributional area established during the 
pre\'ious surreys. 
Specimens of H. talaricae were collected from each locality where infestations were 
obsen-ed and samples of the host honeysuckle were pressed for later determination. All 
plant specimens are deposited in the herbarium of the Illinois Natural History Survey. In 
addition. aphid 1,erifications "'ere provided for many people who sent in preserved specimens 
from throughout the north-centraI states. These samples have proved useful for taxonomic 
examination and pro,,-ided phenological data for the various forms of H. tataricae. 
Contact 
with 
state entomologists and horticultural inspectors was made through a mailing 
IIllinois 'Sa.ru.ral History Sur ....ey. 60"7 E. Peabody Drive. Cbampaign, IL 61820. 
147 
1
Voegtlin: The Distribution and Spread of  (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the Nor
Published by ValpoScholar, 1982
148 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 15, No.3 
Fig. 1. Remnants of the previous witches' broom as seen after the new leaves have emerged in the 
spring. Note the lack of leaves the witches' broom. Kankakee, Illinois, May 1981. 
containing a short summary of the known biological information for H. tataricae, a picture 
of 
a witches' brooms on honeysuckle, a map 
of its known distribution in the north-central 
states, 
and a postcard questionnaire. This information was further distributed 
in newsletters 
and 
bulletins by various state and private organizations, The response was varied but many 
records 
of infestations, especially near the extremes of the distribution as shown on Figure 
2, were obtained from returned questionnaires. 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
The distribution records of H. tataricae through 1981 are shown on Figure 2, The circles 
containing stars represent those counties for which there were confirmed records in the fall 
of 1980. 
Counties with open circles represent additional 
1980 infestations as determined by 
the 
presence 
of witches' brooms in the spring and summer of 1981. The gray area represents 
the approximate 1980 distribution and the black dots are in counties where H. tataricae was 
found for the first time in 1981. H. tataricae could not be found in counties with open 
squares. Observations o er the past two years suggest that the number of witches' brooms 
per 
plant increases each year. Grigorov 
(965) noted an increase in damage over a 3-4-year 
period in Bulgaria. In Illinois a few witches' brooms may be formed on new growth, during 
the first year of infestation. These are usually on the upper third of the plant and in hedge­
rows all the plants may not be attacked. During the second year all of the bushes in a 
hedgerow will have damage and some will have up to half of their growing tips infested. 
Based on observations in north-eastern Illinois, virtually every growing tip on the plant is 
attacked 
during the third year and the witches' brooms change the color and shape 
of the 
plants making them nearly unrecognizable as honeysuckle. Progressive damage categoriza­
tion makes it possible to estimate the length of time H. tataricae has been present in any 
gi 
ven area, 
at least over the first two or three years. 
It 
became increasingly apparent during the July 
1981 survey that the aphid was spreading 
by 
means 
other than the natural movement of alatae. Traveling north-west from the Chicago 
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 15, No. 3 [1982], Art. 1
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol15/iss3/1
1982 THE GREAT LAKES E.:-ITOMOLOGIST 149 
®= Confirmed records for ~tataricae in the fall of 1980. 
brooms 1980 infestations 
spring of 
[J= Approximate boundaries of 1980 distribution 
could not be found duringo Counties where 
= the suumer and 
Fig. :. Distribution records for Hya aphis lalaricae in the north-central states for 1980 and 1981. 
area towards ~finneapolis-St. Paul, the aphid infestations became increasingly scarce across 
Wisconsin until it could no longer be found, but in Minneapolis-St. Paul the honeysuckles 
were 
again heayily infested. From damage levels observed 
in these cities it was obvious that 
the aphid had been there in 1980. The source of this infestation is unknown but the move­
ment of 
infested nursery stock is a probable explanation. 
The spread 
of H. tataricae through Iowa seems to have occurred very rapidly. Much of 
rhis spread seems to be man-aided as the distribution pattern is closely aligned with two 
major 
highway systems 
f Interstates 80 and 35). Movement of infested plants along these 
routes 
could 
e35i1y haye innoculated the immediate vicinity with alalae. The collection 
records from south-western Iowa and south-eastern Nebraska both were found i  nurseries 
and 
35sUmed to 
ha\e resulted from the transfer o  infested stock. 
In 
:\fichigan 
H. Iataricae occurred in the Detroit area prior to 1981 (Murray Hanna. pers. 
comm.' 
and the level 
of damage observed in Port Huron suggests that the aphid must have 
also been there in 1980. The source of the aphids for the eastern portion of Michigan was 
likely from Ontario. Canada. where the aphid had been found earlier (Boisvert, pers. 
3
Voegtlin: The Distribution and Spread of  (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the Nor
Published by ValpoScholar, 1982
150 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 15, No.3 
comm.). While traveling west across Michigan from Port Huron to Holland in July 1981, 
observable aphid damage became increasingly scarce toward the center of the state but 
increased again toward the western border. Plants seen in Holland were as heavily damaged 
as 
those 
in Port Huron. Fr m Holland south, in the counties bordering Lake Michigan, the 
aphid was abundant. Movement of the aphid into this area could have been by flight of alatae 
across southern Lake Michigan or from north-western Indiana. 
Many of the interstate highways throughout the north-central states are landscaped with 
honeysuckle, especially in and near cities. Interstate 57 in Illinois is intermittantly lined with 
hedgerows of honeysuckle, thus functioning as a "host highway" for aphid movement. 
From 
the 
1981 observations it is difficult to detelmine ifthe rapidity of natural dispersal is 
occurring in a similar magnitude in all directions because of the possibility f extensive 
man-aided dispersion. Dispersal southward in Illinois and Indiana seems to have been slow 
compared to 
the movement westward. Range expansion 
of 100-150 km southward i  about 
the 
maximum detected. The southern records 
in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio were obtained 
only after extensive examination of many honeysuckle plants. In the southern counties f 
Iowa 
(square symbols on Figure 
2) the aphid was scarce with only one collection record 
taken on the September 1981 survey. North ofthis area the aphid was abundant and easily 
located. The reasons for the apparent paucity of southern records could be many. The 
prevailing summer winds are from the south-west and there seems to be less honeysuckle 
planted in south-central Illinois and Indiana than in northern regions of both states, although 
quantitative data were not taken to confiIm this. Grigorov (1965) stated that the aphid did 
poorly in the hot summer months in Bulgaria; thus this species may well be limited in its 
southern 
distribution by hot summer weather. 
BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 
Host finding 
by alatae. The vagility of this species might be demonstrated from the summer 
observations in central Illinois. In some of the smaller towns a thorough street by street 
survey 
was made for honeysuckle and often only one or a few plants could be located. These towns 
are surrounded by fields 
of com and soybean and in some cases were at least 50 km 
from the nearest known source of H. tataricae alatae yet the aphid was found on many f
these isolated honeysuckles. This phenomenon could be due to an intense saturation of the 
air 
with alatae 
or one must conclude that these aphids are very adept at locating their hosts. 
No 
evidence 
of recent honeysuckle plantings, Le. movement into the area of infested plants, 
was found in these towns. 
Host Records. A list of the hosts on which witches' brooms and specimens of H. tawricae 
were collected during the survey trips is shown on Table 1. All of these hosts are in the 
Lonicera latarica complex (Green 1966) and all but L. muscaviensis Rehder are double or 
triple hybrids involving L. tatarica L. 
Phenology in the North-central States. Collections made during the 1981 season indicate 
that 
H. lataricae eggs hatch early in the spring and populations can be found until late fall. 
Nymphal fundatrices were collected 
in the Chicago area during the first week of April 1981. 
Table I. Determination of honeysuckle specimens on which H. tataricae was collected 
during 1981. Plants were collected from Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, and 
Iowa. Determinations were made by William Hess of the Morton Arboretum, Lisle. Illinois. 
Hosts of H. tataricae Number of Collections 
Lonicera tatarica L. 9 
Lonicera x mllscaviensis Rehder 3 
Lonicera x muendeniensis Rehder '2 
Lonicera x minutiJlora Zabel 11 
Lonicera x bella Zabel 52 
4
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 15, No. 3 [1982], Art. 1
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol15/iss3/1
1982 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 	 151 
Egg hatch is probably earlier in the more sou herly areas of its distribution. The last live fall 
collection was taken in the first week of November in Champaign, Illinois. 
AWe \i\iparae 
were present 
in collections from late April to early September. Ap­
temus \i\iparae 
were present from mid-April to November. The first males were col­
lected 
in Beardstown. Cass County, and Galesburg, Knox County, Illinois on 14 July 1981. 
...... 0 o\~iparae were collected until late August and early September. The occurrence of males 
so early in two of the southern records is surprising since other collections in the same 
\~kiDity at 
the same time did not have males. Males were generally abundant 
in collections 
from mid-September to November. 
POSSIBLE ORIGIN F H. TATATRICAE 
The home of H. tataricae is unknown, but eastern Europe is probably not its origin. There 
are 
5e\'eral reasons for this hypothesis. First, it was not described until 
1935 from specimens 
taken in 
and 
near Moscow (Aizenberg 1935). Prior to 1935 there were active aphid taxono­
mists in Russia (e.g. A. K. Mordvilko, author of over 100 papers on aphids from 1892 to 
19381 
who certainly would have been aware 
of this aphid. Second, this aphid has not yet 
been 
found in western Europe although according to Mueller and Buhr 
(1965) and Hille Ris 
Lambers 
IpeTs. comm.) it 
is spreading westward in Europe. Grigorov (1%5) noted its spread 
into Bulgaria over a 5-year period from 1960 to 1964. An aphid native to eastern Europe 
would certainly have dispersed across Europe prior to now. Third, the abundance and 
intensity of the damage caused by this aphid in western Russia (Shaposhnikov 1964) sug­
gests 
strongly that it has no natural biological control agents there. 
Green 
(1966) stated that Lonicera tatarica grows wild from the Altai Mountains of the 
~klngolian 
Republic to the Ural Mountains, and as far west as the Volga River 
in southern 
Russia.. Hille Ris Lambers (1%6) considered H. tataricae to be a synonym of Hyadaphis 
coriandri (nas, which is found from India to East Africa; later (Eastop and Hille Ris 
Lambers 
19'6) retained 
H. tataricae as a separate species. A reasonable hypothesis is that 
H. mtaricae is native to the area where its host plant is found. i.e., northern and western 
:\sia. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
This research was supported by a grant from the University of Illinois Research Board, Crbana-Champaign campus. I would like to thank the many people who provided distribu­
tional records by mail and telephone, in patiicular Carl Carlson, Iowa State Entomologist, 
~furray 
Hanna. Michigan State Entomologist, and Virgil Knapp, a horticultural inspector 
and entomologist in Indiana. My thanks 
to Drs. Donald Webb, Michael Irwin and George 
Godfrey for their critical review of this manuscript and Lloyd LeMere for assistance with 
the 
distribution map. A special thanks to Dr. William Hess 
of the Morton Arboretum for 
identification of the honeysuckle specimens. 
LITERATURE CITED 
Aizenberg. E. 1935.......ew genera and two new species of Aphididae. Zap. bolsevskoi BioI. 
StL -~:151-160. 
Boisvert. 1. ~L C. Cloutier. and J. McNeiL 1981. Hyadaphis tataricae (Homoptera: Aphididael. a pest of honeysllckle new to North America. Canadian Entomol. 113:415­
418. 
Eastop. \'. F. 
and D. Hille Ris Lambers. 
1976. Survey of the world's aphids. Dr. W. Junk 
b. \ .. The Ha.,oue. 573 pp. 
Green. 	
P. S. 
1966. Identification f the species and hybrids in the Lonicera tatarica com­
plex. 1. Arnold .-\rboretum 47:75-88. 
5
Voegtlin: The Distribution and Spread of  (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the Nor
Published by ValpoScholar, 1982
152 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST VoL 15, No.3 
Grigorov. S. 1965. Hyadaphis tataricae Aizenberg (Homoptera: Aphididae) its bionomics 
and 
means 
of controlling it. Gradinar. Lozar. Nauk. Sofia 2(4):493-501. 
Hille Ris Lambers, D. 1966. New and little known aphids from Pakistan. Tijdsch. EntomoL 
109: 
193-200. 
Mueller, 
F. P. and H. 1 Buhr. 1%5. Hyadaphis tataricae (Aizenberg), ein neuer Schadling 
in Mitteleuropa an Lonicera tatarica Lund einigen anderen Lonicera-Zierstrauchem 
(Homoptera: Aphididae). Anz. Schadlingskunde 38:69-72. 
Shaposhnikov, G. H. 	1964. Suborder Aphidinea-aphids. p. 48%16 in Bei-Bienko. Key to 
the insects of the European part of the USSR. Vol. I. 
Voegtlin, D. 1981. Notes on a European aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) new to north 
America. Proc. EntomoL Soc. Washington 83:361-362. 
'.~ 
6
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 15, No. 3 [1982], Art. 1
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The Distribution and Spread of (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the North-Central States with Notes on its Hosts, Biology, and Origin

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