(excerpt)
A review of the literature indicates that Stenonema vicarium (Walker) adults have not been collected from northeastern Minnesota. However, mayfly nymphs which key to that species, based on the descriptions in Lewis (1974), have been collected from many streams in the area which are also inhabited by nymphs of the closely related species, Stenonema fuscum (Clemens)

Lager, Thomas M

Lewis, Philip A

English

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 11 
Number 4 - Winter 1978 Number 4 - Winter 
1978 
Article 7 
December 1978 
Notes on Mayfly Nymphs from Northeastern Minnesota Which 
Key to Stenonema Vicarium (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) 
Thomas M. Lager 
Institute of Paper Chemistry 
Philip A. Lewis 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Lager, Thomas M. and Lewis, Philip A. 1978. "Notes on Mayfly Nymphs from Northeastern Minnesota 
Which Key to Stenonema Vicarium (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 
11 (4) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol11/iss4/7 
This Entomological Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES 
NOTES ON MAYFLY NYMPHS FROM NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA WHICH 
KEY TO STENONEMA VICARIUM (EPHEMEROPTERA: HEPTAGENIIDAE) 
A review of the literature indicates that Stenonema vicarium (Walker) adults have not 
been collected from northeastern Minnesota. However, mayfly nymphs which key to that 
species, based on the descriptions in Lewis (1974), have been collected from many 
streams in the area which are also inhabited by nymphs of the closely related species, 
Stenonema fuscum (Clemens). The identity of vicarium nymphs from northeastern 
Minnesota has been questioned because males reared from similar vicarium nymphs in 
Wisconsin were determined to  be Stenonema fuscum rivulicolum (McDunnough) (Flowers 
and Hilsenhoff, 1975). Previous records for vicarium are from New York, Ohio, 
Pennsylvania, Vermont, and West Virginia. The junior author has also seen typical 
vicarium adults from Michigan, Maine, and Ontario. 
Since a vicarium male was reared from a stream near Kenora, Ontario, Canada, 240 km 
to  the northwest (Lewis, 1974), it was thought these Minnesota nymphs, which appear to 
be vicarium, were vicarium rather than fuscum rivulicolum. However, nine of the typical 
vicarium male nymphs from Snake Creek, T.l6N, R.lOW, 5.12, Lake County, Minnesota 
were reared and found to  be fuscum rivulicolum. 
Diagnostic characters used to separate fuscum and vicarium nymphs are the amount of 
dark pigment on the ninth sternum and the number of setae on the maxilla (Lewis, 
1974). These characters are sufficient to separate nymphs of these species in the eastern 
United States where both occur, but if vicarium occurs in Minnesota additional characters 
must be found to  identify these species. Nymphs which key to vicarium should be reared 
to  determine their identity. 
LITERATURE CITED 
Flowers, R. W., and W. L. Hilsenhoff. 1975. Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) of Wis- 
consin. Great Lakes Entomol. 8:201-218. 
Lewis, P. A. 1974. Taxonomy and ecology of Stenonema mayflies (Heptageniidae: 
Ephemeroptera). U.S. Env. Prot. Ag., Env. Monit. Series, Report EPA-67014-74-006. 
Thomas M. Lager 
Institute of Paper Chemistry 
Appleton, WI 54911 
Philip A. Lewis 
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 
Cincinnati, OH 45268 
COLLECTING NEOCURTILLA HEXADACTYLA, THE NORTHERN 
MOLE CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE), IN IOWA 
The northern mole cricket, Neocurtilla hexadactyla (Perty), is a common insect that is 
infrequently collected perhaps owing to its burrowing and nocturnal habits. It tunnels 
into moist soil and feeds on tender roots, earthworms, or various insect larvae (Blatchley, 
1920). Although most general entomological collections exhibit specimens of mole 
crickets, these specimens are usually obtained only incidentally. Entomological textbooks 
often refer collectors to pond and stream banks for obtaining specimens of hexadactyla, 
but this insect is not always easily detected. In Michigan, hexadactyh occurs in 
sometimes abundant but very local populations under four general conditions: moist but 
not saturated soil, shoreline free from wave action, available organic food material, and a 
soil texture suitable for burrowing (Cantrall, 1943; 1968). In Iowa hexadactyla has been 
reported from only 20 countries (Froeschner, 1954) but is probably distributed state- 
1
Lager and Lewis: Notes on Mayfly Nymphs from Northeastern Minnesota Which Key to <
Published by ValpoScholar, 1978
262 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 11, No. 4 
wide. This note describes two occurrences of collecting numerous specimens of hexa- 
dacty la. 
On 21 and 23 July, 1976, hexadactyla was found in abundant numbers at Lost Lake 
in the Ledges State Park in Boone County, Iowa (a new county record). On the f i s t  
date, hexadactyla was noted on the surface of moist soil adjacent to the water after a 
seine had been brought to shore. About 20 immature mole crickets were observed. The 
disruption of the upper surface soil near the water line by the seine apparently dislodged 
numerous specimens. Most were about 15 mm long and attempted to  reburrow into the 
moist soil. On the second date, the soil near the shoreline was raked in a area of about 
9 m long by 0.3 m wide to a depth of about 20 to 4 0  mm. More than 5 0  immature mole 
crickets were immediately detected. Mixed with the moist soil that had settled on the 
shoreline was decaying duckweed, Lemna sp., and watermeal, Wolffzb sp. 
The conditions observed at  this collection site were likely typical of the genera1 
conditions required for successful development of northern mole crickets. The soil to  
about I m from the shoreline was moist but not saturated and wave action or moving 
water was not present Decaying organic debris, particularly duckweed and watermeal, 
provided satisfactory material for some food, and soil texture was favorable for easy and 
rapid burro wing. 
These observations may assist collectors in determining specific local collecting sites 
for hexadactyla. 
LITERATURE CITED 
Blatchley, W. S. 1920. Orthoptera of northeastern America Nature Publ. Co., Indian- 
apolis. 
Cantrall, I. J. 1943. The ecology of the Orthoptera and Dermaptera of the George 
Reserve, Michigan. Univ. Mich. Misc. Publ. No. 54. 
. 1968. An annotated list of the Dermaptera, Dictyoptera, Phasmatoptera, 
and Orthoptera of Michigan. Mich. Entomol. 1: 299-346. 
Froeschner, R. C. 1954. The grasshoppers and other Orthoptera of Iowa. Iowa State COIL 
J. of Sci. 29:326-327. 
J. R. DeWitt 
Department of Entomology 
Iowa State University of Science and Technology 
Ames. IA 50011 
TWO OBSERVATIONS OF PR!ZDATION ON LEPIDOPTERA 
During the early afternoon of 25 August, 1977, a large European mantid, Mantis 
religiosa Linnaeus, was observed feeding on an adult male monarch butterfly, Donaus p. 
plexippus Linnaeus (Danaidae) while clinging to the flower head of a blazing star plant 
(Liatris sp.) on a cactus prairie at the Allegan State Game Area, Allegan County, 
Michigan. The mantid had apparently seized its prey as it nectared on the flower, and 
had the monarch firmly clutched in its foreclaws and had nearly subdued it. The 
butterfly was the second victim of the mantid; a set of male monarch wings lay beneath 
the plant. 
The following morning, a few miles away in prairie habitat, I noticed a small noctuid 
moth. Anrotis ducens Walker, in an unusual position on another blazing s t a ~  plant The 
moth; a fresh male, was in contact with a tiny ambush bug, Phymafa em& L i i a e u s  The 
moth was already dead, and apparently was about to be eaten. 
I wish to thank Mogens C. Nielsen for aid in identifying the predators and the noctuid 
moth. All specimens are deposited in the Michigan State University Deparb-nent of 
Entomology collection. 
Irwin Leeuw 
1219 Crystal Lake Road 
Cary, IL 60013 
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 11, No. 4 [1978], Art. 7
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol11/iss4/7


Notes on Mayfly Nymphs from Northeastern Minnesota Which Key to \u3ci\u3eStenonema Vicarium\u3c/i\u3e (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae)

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 11 Number 4 - Winter 1978 Number 4 - Winter 1978 Article 7 December 1978 Notes on Mayfly Nymphs from Northeastern Minnesota Which Key to Stenonema Vicarium (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) Thomas M. Lager Institute of Paper Chemistry Philip A. Lewis U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Lager, Thomas M. and Lewis, Philip A. 1978. "Notes on Mayfly Nymphs from Northeastern Minnesota Which Key to Stenonema Vicarium (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 11 (4) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol11/iss4/7 This Entomological Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES NOTES ON MAYFLY NYMPHS FROM NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA WHICH KEY TO STENONEMA VICARIUM (EPHEMEROPTERA: HEPTAGENIIDAE) A review of the literature indicates that Stenonema vicarium (Walker) adults have not been collected from northeastern Minnesota. However, mayfly nymphs which key to that species, based on the descriptions in Lewis (1974), have been collected from many streams in the area which are also inhabited by nymphs of the closely related species, Stenonema fuscum (Clemens). The identity of vicarium nymphs from northeastern Minnesota has been questioned because males reared from similar vicarium nymphs in Wisconsin were determined to  be Stenonema fuscum rivulicolum (McDunnough) (Flowers and Hilsenhoff, 1975). Previous records for vicarium are from New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and West Virginia. The junior author has also seen typical vicarium adults from Michigan, Maine, and Ontario. Since a vicarium male was reared from a stream near Kenora, Ontario, Canada, 240 km to  the northwest (Lewis, 1974), it was thought these Minnesota nymphs, which appear to be vicarium, were vicarium rather than fuscum rivulicolum. However, nine of the typical vicarium male nymphs from Snake Creek, T.l6N, R.lOW, 5.12, Lake County, Minnesota were reared and found to  be fuscum rivulicolum. Diagnostic characters used to separate fuscum and vicarium nymphs are the amount of dark pigment on the ninth sternum and the number of setae on the maxilla (Lewis, 1974). These characters are sufficient to separate nymphs of these species in the eastern United States where both occur, but if vicarium occurs in Minnesota additional characters must be found to  identify these species. Nymphs which key to vicarium should be reared to  determine their identity. LITERATURE CITED Flowers, R. W., and W. L. Hilsenhoff. 1975. Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) of Wis- consin. Great Lakes Entomol. 8:201-218. Lewis, P. A. 1974. Taxonomy and ecology of Stenonema mayflies (Heptageniidae: Ephemeroptera). U.S. Env. Prot. Ag., Env. Monit. Series, Report EPA-67014-74-006. Thomas M. Lager Institute of Paper Chemistry Appleton, WI 54911 Philip A. Lewis Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 COLLECTING NEOCURTILLA HEXADACTYLA, THE NORTHERN MOLE CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE), IN IOWA The northern mole cricket, Neocurtilla hexadactyla (Perty), is a common insect that is infrequently collected perhaps owing to its burrowing and nocturnal habits. It tunnels into moist soil and feeds on tender roots, earthworms, or various insect larvae (Blatchley, 1920). Although most general entomological collections exhibit specimens of mole crickets, these specimens are usually obtained only incidentally. Entomological textbooks often refer collectors to pond and stream banks for obtaining specimens of hexadactyla, but this insect is not always easily detected. In Michigan, hexadactyh occurs in sometimes abundant but very local populations under four general conditions: moist but not saturated soil, shoreline free from wave action, available organic food material, and a soil texture suitable for burrowing (Cantrall, 1943; 1968). In Iowa hexadactyla has been reported from only 20 countries (Froeschner, 1954) but is probably distributed state- 1Lager and Lewis: Notes on Mayfly Nymphs from Northeastern Minnesota Which Key to <Published by ValpoScholar, 1978262 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 11, No. 4 wide. This note describes two occurrences of collecting numerous specimens of hexa- dacty la. On 21 and 23 July, 1976, hexadactyla was found in abundant numbers at Lost Lake in the Ledges State Park in Boone County, Iowa (a new county record). On the f i s t  date, hexadactyla was noted on the surface of moist soil adjacent to the water after a seine had been brought to shore. About 20 immature mole crickets were observed. The disruption of the upper surface soil near the water line by the seine apparently dislodged numerous specimens. Most were about 15 mm long and attempted to  reburrow into the moist soil. On the second date, the soil near the shoreline was raked in a area of about 9 m long by 0.3 m wide to a depth of about 20 to 4 0  mm. More than 5 0  immature mole crickets were immediately detected. Mixed with the moist soil that had settled on the shoreline was decaying duckweed, Lemna sp., and watermeal, Wolffzb sp. The conditions observed at  this collection site were likely typical of the genera1 conditions required for successful development of northern mole crickets. The soil to  about I m from the shoreline was moist but not saturated and wave action or moving water was not present Decaying organic debris, particularly duckweed and watermeal, provided satisfactory material for some food, and soil texture was favorable for easy and rapid burro wing. These observations may assist collectors in determining specific local collecting sites for hexadactyla. LITERATURE CITED Blatchley, W. S. 1920. Orthoptera of northeastern America Nature Publ. Co., Indian- apolis. Cantrall, I. J. 1943. The ecology of the Orthoptera and Dermaptera of the George Reserve, Michigan. Univ. Mich. Misc. Publ. No. 54. . 1968. An annotated list of the Dermaptera, Dictyoptera, Phasmatoptera, and Orthoptera of Michigan. Mich. Entomol. 1: 299-346. Froeschner, R. C. 1954. The grasshoppers and other Orthoptera of Iowa. Iowa State COIL J. of Sci. 29:326-327. J. R. DeWitt Department of Entomology Iowa State University of Science and Technology Ames. IA 50011 TWO OBSERVATIONS OF PR!ZDATION ON LEPIDOPTERA During the early afternoon of 25 August, 1977, a large European mantid, Mantis religiosa Linnaeus, was observed feeding on an adult male monarch butterfly, Donaus p. plexippus Linnaeus (Danaidae) while clinging to the flower head of a blazing star plant (Liatris sp.) on a cactus prairie at the Allegan State Game Area, Allegan County, Michigan. The mantid had apparently seized its prey as it nectared on the flower, and had the monarch firmly clutched in its foreclaws and had nearly subdued it. The butterfly was the second victim of the mantid; a set of male monarch wings lay beneath the plant. The following morning, a few miles away in prairie habitat, I noticed a small noctuid moth. Anrotis ducens Walker, in an unusual position on another blazing s t a ~  plant The moth; a fresh male, was in contact with a tiny ambush bug, Phymafa em& L i i a e u s  The moth was already dead, and apparently was about to be eaten. I wish to thank Mogens C. Nielsen for aid in identifying the predators and the noctuid moth. All specimens are deposited in the Michigan State University Deparb-nent of Entomology collection. Irwin Leeuw 1219 Crystal Lake Road Cary, IL 60013 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 11, No. 4 [1978], Art. 7https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol11/iss4/7

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Notes on Mayfly Nymphs from Northeastern Minnesota Which Key to \u3ci\u3eStenonema Vicarium\u3c/i\u3e (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae)

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