A developmental threshold of lO.3°C and a thermal constant of 307 day-degrees C were estimated for a Wisconsin population of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) by rearing eggs and nymphs at various constant temperatures

Harrington, B. J

Kingsley, P. C

English

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 14 
Number 3 - Fall 1981 Number 3 - Fall 1981 Article 3 
October 1981 
Development of Orius Insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in 
Relation to Temperature 
P. C. Kingsley 
University of Wisconsin 
B. J. Harrington 
University of Wisconsin 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Kingsley, P. C. and Harrington, B. J. 1981. "Development of Orius Insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in 
Relation to Temperature," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 14 (3) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss3/3 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
1981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 141 
DEVELOPMENT OF ORIUS INSIDIOSUS (HEMIPTERA: 

ANTHOCORIDAE) IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE 

P. C. Kingsley and B. 1. Hanington l 
ABSTRACT 
A developmental threshold of lO.3°C and a thermal constant of 307 day-degrees C were 
estimated for a Wisconsin population of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) 
by rearing eggs and nymphs at various constant temperatures. 
Orius insidiosus (Say) is a small (-3 mm) widely distributed predaceous bug, commonly 
associated with flowers. It is generally considered a polyphagous predator feeding on a wide 
variety of economically important arthropods including thrips, aphids, mites and eggs of
various Lepidoptera. 
This study estimates the two developmental parameters, thermal constant (K) and de­
velopmental threshold (t), or base temperature, for a population of insidiosus in Wisconsin. 
To 
date, estimations 
oft and K for insidiosus have not been reported although some studi s 
have dealt with developmental times for this bug or related species (Askari and Stern 1972 a, 
b; Barber 
1936; Marshall 1930; Rajasekhara and Chatterji 
1970; Salas-Aguilar and Ehler 
1977). Cambell et al. (1974) stated that the developmental threshold is "the temperature 
below which no measurable development occurs" and Peaks (1927) defined the thermal 
constant as "the total of effective temperatures expressed in day-degrees to which the 
organism is SUbjected during the developmental period under consideration." These param­
eters. 
estimated from laboratory rearing experiments, are necessary to predict the number 
of 
day-degrees required by insidiosus to complete a generation in the field and thereby better 
understand the phenology of this important predator. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
A total of 316 eggs were collected from several females reared at 28°C and under a 
long-day photoperiodic regime of S hours dark and 16 hours light (SD: 16L). These females, 
after being denied ovipositional material for one day, were introduced to alfalfa sprouts (four 
to 
five 
days old) and allowed to oviposit for three hours. Sprouts with eggs were placed in 
5-cm plastic petri dishes with two moist fIlter paper discs lining the bottom. These dishes, 
each 
with approximately 
20 eggs, were distributed among four temperature treatments (IS, 
20, 28, 33°C) in Percival incubator cabinets. All treatments were maintained at SD: 16L 
photoperiod. Eggs were checked every 12 hours until the development of eyes pots and 
thereafter at three hour intervals for eclosion. 
In 
a separate experiment, to determine nymphal development time, first instar nymphs 
were collected at 12-hour intervals as they eclosed from eggs maintained 
at 28°C, 8D: 16L. 
Two 
hundred and six nymphs were distributed among five temperature treatments (IS, 20, 
28, 30 and 
33cC; all at 8D:16L). A large proportion of the nymphs were assigned to the ISO 
treatment to compensate for a high mortality which was expected from the results of pre­
lDepartment of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. 
1
Kingsley and Harrington: Development of Orius Insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)
Published by ValpoScholar, 1981
142 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No.3 
Iiminary rearing experiments. Rearing cages consisted of 9-cm by 5-cm Pyrex ® cr stallizing 
dishes with a fIlter paper disc lining the bottom and a Teflon® coating painted around the 
upper edge to prevent climbing and escape of the insects. Water was supplied from a 3-dram 
vial with a dental wick inserted into a hole in the cap. An average of five nymphs was placed 
in each cage and both checked for mortality and fed a more than adequate supply of eggs of 
Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), daily. These eggs had been killed 
by freezing and stored at -20"C for approximately one month. After Orius nymphs reached 
the fifth instar, cultures were checked every 12 hours for adult eclosion. 
Thermal constant and developmental threshold parameters were estimated following the 
procedure used by Cambell et aI. (1974), except that, from our experiments with Orius, 
values for t and K were determined for egg and nymphal stages separately. 
To 
study the relationship between temperature and development 
of insidious eggs and 
nymphs, a linear regression, y a + bx, was calculated for each stage as follows. The 
developmental times for each egg and nymph were converted to a rate of development 
O/days) (y), and plotted against the corresponding temperature treatment (x). For clarity, 
only mean rates for each temperature treatment are indicated in Figure 1. A developmental 
threshold for each stage was calculated as the x-intercept of the corresponding regression 
line. Thermal constants (expressed in day-degrees C) were calculated as the reciprocal of the 
slope (b) of each regression line (Cambell et aI. 1974). 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
The 
duration and mortality 
of O. insidiosus eggs maintained at four constant temperature 
treatments are given in Table 1 and the computed regression line is shown in Figure 1. 
The developmental threshold, estimated by extrapolation, for the egg stage was 8.8°C. A 
thermal constant of 66.5 day-degrees was required to complete development from oviposi­
tion to egg hatch. 
Eggs maintained at 15°C showed very slow development and after 23 days the experiment 
was terminated. The expected duration for eggs maintained at 15°C (estimated from the 
regression line computed from the three remaining temperature treatments) is approximately 
11 
days. Yet, after at least twice this long, the experimental eggs had still not completed 
development, suggesting that the actual egg developmental threshold may be higher than the 
estimated 8.8°C. 
Nymphs reared 
at 15"C were also very slow to develop and showed a high degree of 
mortality. The experiment was terminated after 35 days, by which time 96% (109 of 114) of 
the nymphs had died. The five surviving nymphs were in the fIfth stadium. 
The estimated nymphal developmental threshold was 1O.7°C and 240.4 day-degrees were 
required to complete the nymphal development (egg hatch to adult eciosion). Duration and 
mortality of nymphs reared at the various temperatures are given in Table 2 and the com­
puted 
regression line for nymphal development is shown 
in Figure 1. 
Table \. Mortality and developmental duration of Orius insidiosus (Say) eggs maintained at 
four constant temperatures and 8D:16L photoperiod. 
Duration of egg stage (days) 
Temperature Initial Mortality Rate 
("C) No. eggs (%) Mean SE N Range O/days) 
15 88 23
a 
20 
36 17 6.69 0.082 30 6.0-7.3 0.149 
28 73 25 
3.22 
0.023 55 3.0-3.3 0.311 
33 119 10 
2.84 0.015 
107 2.5-3.3 0.352 
aExperiment terminated, see text for explanation. 
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 14, No. 3 [1981], Art. 3
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss3/3
1981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 143 
.35 
fi) 
>­
<0 
.30 
....
" 
-= lI) 
.25
-<0 0"....a: ~~
.20(ij fl,\&\"!i
c: i ..... · -lI) 
.15 
..q,q,'OE 
Q. 
0 
.10(j) 
> t ..........
lI) 
Q 
.05 
-
n1f1\plll 
100 15° 200 25° 300 
Temperature (DC) 
Fig. J. Regression lines of developmental rate (y) on temperature (x) for Orius insidiosus (Say) eggs and 
nymphs maintained at constant temperatures. Points represent mean developmental rates with vertical 
bars indicating ranges. 
Table 2. Mortality and total nymphal duration of Orius insidiosus (Say) reared at five 
constant 
temperatures and 8D:16L photoperiod. 
Duration 
of nymphal stage (days) 
Temperature No. 1st Mortality Rate 
ICC) 
instars 
(%) Mean SE N Range (l/days) 
15 114 96 35a 5 
20 29 14 26.54 0.47 25 23.(}"'30.5 0.038 
28 24 21 
13.58 0.16 
19 12.5-15.0 0.074 
30 23 30 12.00 0.29 16 1 (}"'15.0 0.083 
33 16 19 11.35 
0.20 
13 10.5-13.0 0.088 
aExperiment terminated. see lext for explanation. 
Under the conditions of these experiments an overall K of307 day-degrees, for insidiosus, 
development from oviposition to adult eelosion, can be approximated by summing the 
values obtained for the egg and nymphal stages. From separate experiments on egg and 
nymphal development, different developmental threshold values were calculated for the egg 
(t = 8.SCC) and nymphal (t = 1O.7°C) stages. However, a single intermediate developmental 
threshold value of IO.3°C was estimated by interpolation 
x egg K) + (nymphal t x nymphal K) 
overall t. 
overall K 
3
Kingsley and Harrington: Development of Orius Insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)
Published by ValpoScholar, 1981
144 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No.3 
This overall t, utilized with minimal and maximal daily temperature information, can be used 
to calculate accumulated day-degrees in the field for insidiosus populations. 
Two 
important limits 
to interpretation of the results of ch experiments must be con­
sidered, however, when laboratory estimated values for t and K are applied to the phenology 
offield 
populations. First, and most obviously, the inherent differences between laboratory 
and field conditions must be remembered. Second, even though Orius is considered a 
generalist as a predator, developmental times may vary with different prey species and/or 
stages. The degree 
of omnivory also may play an important role in a predator's develop­
ment. Recently, Salas-Aguilar and Ehler (1977) have reported that O. tristlcolor (White) 
developed significantly faster when a diet of thrips was supplemented with pollen. 
With these possible limitations in mind, our laboratory obtained developmental parame­
ters may be used, with the addition of a preovipositional interval, to predict the number of 
generations and approximate time of population peaks for in idlosus in the field in Wiscon­
sin. Such predictions for the single growing season of 1979 coincided quite closely with the 
actual field phenology of insidiosus obtained by regular sampling of soybeans and alfalfa at 
Arlington Experimental Farms, Arlington, Wisconsin, where two generations reached adult 
popUlation peaks on 6 August and 27 September (Kingsley 1980). 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
We thank D. M. Benjamin for helpful comments regarding the manuscript. Research 
supported by the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin­
Madison and by Federal Hatch Support, Project No. 2391. 
LITERATURE CITED 
Askari, A. and V. M. Stem. 1972a. Biology and feeding habits of Orius tristicolor (Hemip­
tera:Anthocoridae). Ann. Entomo!. Soc. Amer. 65:96-[00. 
----. I972b. Effect of temperature and photoperiod on Orius tristicolor feeding on 
Tetranychus pacificus. J. E on. EntomoL 65: 132-135. 
Barber, G. W. 1936. Orius insidiosus (Say), an important natural enemy of the com ear 
worm. USDA Tech. Bull. 504. 24 pp. 
Cambell, A., B. D. Frazer, N. Gilbert, A. P. Gutierrez, and M. Mackauer. 1974. Tempera­
ture requirements of some aphids and their parasites. J. App!. Ecol. 11:431-438. 
Kingsley, P. C. 1980. Some aspects of the biology and ecology of Orius insidiosus (Say) 
(Hemiptera:Anthocoridae) and a survey of arthropods on soybeans in south central Wis­
consin. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. 
MarshalL G. E. 1930 Some observations on Orius (Triphleps) insidiosus (Say). J. Kansas 
Entomol. Soc. 3:29-32. . 
Peairs, L. M. 1927. Some phases of the relationship of temperature to the development of 
insects. Agric. Exp. Sta., Coli. Agric., West Virginia Univ. Bull. 208. 
Rajasekhara, K. and S. Chatterji. 1970 Biology of Orius indicus (Hemiptera:Anthocoridae), 
a predator of Taeniothrips Iligricornis (Thysanoptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 63:364­
367. 
Salas-Aguilar, J. and L. E. Ehler. 1977. Feeding habits of Orius tristicolor. Ann. Entomol. 
Soc. Amer. 70:60-62. 
4
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 14, No. 3 [1981], Art. 3
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss3/3

Development of \u3ci\u3eOrius Insidiosus\u3c/i\u3e (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in Relation to Temperature

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 14 Number 3 - Fall 1981 Number 3 - Fall 1981 Article 3 October 1981 Development of Orius Insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in Relation to Temperature P. C. Kingsley University of Wisconsin B. J. Harrington University of Wisconsin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Kingsley, P. C. and Harrington, B. J. 1981. "Development of Orius Insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in Relation to Temperature," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 14 (3) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss3/3 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 1981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 141 DEVELOPMENT OF ORIUS INSIDIOSUS (HEMIPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE) IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE P. C. Kingsley and B. 1. Hanington l ABSTRACT A developmental threshold of lO.3°C and a thermal constant of 307 day-degrees C were estimated for a Wisconsin population of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) by rearing eggs and nymphs at various constant temperatures. Orius insidiosus (Say) is a small (-3 mm) widely distributed predaceous bug, commonly associated with flowers. It is generally considered a polyphagous predator feeding on a wide variety of economically important arthropods including thrips, aphids, mites and eggs ofvarious Lepidoptera. This study estimates the two developmental parameters, thermal constant (K) and de­velopmental threshold (t), or base temperature, for a population of insidiosus in Wisconsin. To date, estimations oft and K for insidiosus have not been reported although some studi s have dealt with developmental times for this bug or related species (Askari and Stern 1972 a, b; Barber 1936; Marshall 1930; Rajasekhara and Chatterji 1970; Salas-Aguilar and Ehler 1977). Cambell et al. (1974) stated that the developmental threshold is "the temperature below which no measurable development occurs" and Peaks (1927) defined the thermal constant as "the total of effective temperatures expressed in day-degrees to which the organism is SUbjected during the developmental period under consideration." These param­eters. estimated from laboratory rearing experiments, are necessary to predict the number of day-degrees required by insidiosus to complete a generation in the field and thereby better understand the phenology of this important predator. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 316 eggs were collected from several females reared at 28°C and under a long-day photoperiodic regime of S hours dark and 16 hours light (SD: 16L). These females, after being denied ovipositional material for one day, were introduced to alfalfa sprouts (four to five days old) and allowed to oviposit for three hours. Sprouts with eggs were placed in 5-cm plastic petri dishes with two moist fIlter paper discs lining the bottom. These dishes, each with approximately 20 eggs, were distributed among four temperature treatments (IS, 20, 28, 33°C) in Percival incubator cabinets. All treatments were maintained at SD: 16L photoperiod. Eggs were checked every 12 hours until the development of eyes pots and thereafter at three hour intervals for eclosion. In a separate experiment, to determine nymphal development time, first instar nymphs were collected at 12-hour intervals as they eclosed from eggs maintained at 28°C, 8D: 16L. Two hundred and six nymphs were distributed among five temperature treatments (IS, 20, 28, 30 and 33cC; all at 8D:16L). A large proportion of the nymphs were assigned to the ISO treatment to compensate for a high mortality which was expected from the results of pre­lDepartment of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. 1Kingsley and Harrington: Development of Orius Insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)Published by ValpoScholar, 1981142 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No.3 Iiminary rearing experiments. Rearing cages consisted of 9-cm by 5-cm Pyrex ® cr stallizing dishes with a fIlter paper disc lining the bottom and a Teflon® coating painted around the upper edge to prevent climbing and escape of the insects. Water was supplied from a 3-dram vial with a dental wick inserted into a hole in the cap. An average of five nymphs was placed in each cage and both checked for mortality and fed a more than adequate supply of eggs of Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), daily. These eggs had been killed by freezing and stored at -20"C for approximately one month. After Orius nymphs reached the fifth instar, cultures were checked every 12 hours for adult eclosion. Thermal constant and developmental threshold parameters were estimated following the procedure used by Cambell et aI. (1974), except that, from our experiments with Orius, values for t and K were determined for egg and nymphal stages separately. To study the relationship between temperature and development of insidious eggs and nymphs, a linear regression, y a + bx, was calculated for each stage as follows. The developmental times for each egg and nymph were converted to a rate of development O/days) (y), and plotted against the corresponding temperature treatment (x). For clarity, only mean rates for each temperature treatment are indicated in Figure 1. A developmental threshold for each stage was calculated as the x-intercept of the corresponding regression line. Thermal constants (expressed in day-degrees C) were calculated as the reciprocal of the slope (b) of each regression line (Cambell et aI. 1974). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The duration and mortality of O. insidiosus eggs maintained at four constant temperature treatments are given in Table 1 and the computed regression line is shown in Figure 1. The developmental threshold, estimated by extrapolation, for the egg stage was 8.8°C. A thermal constant of 66.5 day-degrees was required to complete development from oviposi­tion to egg hatch. Eggs maintained at 15°C showed very slow development and after 23 days the experiment was terminated. The expected duration for eggs maintained at 15°C (estimated from the regression line computed from the three remaining temperature treatments) is approximately 11 days. Yet, after at least twice this long, the experimental eggs had still not completed development, suggesting that the actual egg developmental threshold may be higher than the estimated 8.8°C. Nymphs reared at 15"C were also very slow to develop and showed a high degree of mortality. The experiment was terminated after 35 days, by which time 96% (109 of 114) of the nymphs had died. The five surviving nymphs were in the fIfth stadium. The estimated nymphal developmental threshold was 1O.7°C and 240.4 day-degrees were required to complete the nymphal development (egg hatch to adult eciosion). Duration and mortality of nymphs reared at the various temperatures are given in Table 2 and the com­puted regression line for nymphal development is shown in Figure 1. Table \. Mortality and developmental duration of Orius insidiosus (Say) eggs maintained at four constant temperatures and 8D:16L photoperiod. Duration of egg stage (days) Temperature Initial Mortality Rate ("C) No. eggs (%) Mean SE N Range O/days) 15 88 23a 20 36 17 6.69 0.082 30 6.0-7.3 0.149 28 73 25 3.22 0.023 55 3.0-3.3 0.311 33 119 10 2.84 0.015 107 2.5-3.3 0.352 aExperiment terminated, see text for explanation. 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 14, No. 3 [1981], Art. 3https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss3/31981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 143 .35 fi) >­<0 .30 ...." -= lI) .25-<0 0"....a: ~~.20(ij fl,\&\"!ic: i ..... · -lI) .15 ..q,q,'OE Q. 0 .10(j) > t ..........lI) Q .05 -n1f1\plll 100 15° 200 25° 300 Temperature (DC) Fig. J. Regression lines of developmental rate (y) on temperature (x) for Orius insidiosus (Say) eggs and nymphs maintained at constant temperatures. Points represent mean developmental rates with vertical bars indicating ranges. Table 2. Mortality and total nymphal duration of Orius insidiosus (Say) reared at five constant temperatures and 8D:16L photoperiod. Duration of nymphal stage (days) Temperature No. 1st Mortality Rate ICC) instars (%) Mean SE N Range (l/days) 15 114 96 35a 5 20 29 14 26.54 0.47 25 23.(}"'30.5 0.038 28 24 21 13.58 0.16 19 12.5-15.0 0.074 30 23 30 12.00 0.29 16 1 (}"'15.0 0.083 33 16 19 11.35 0.20 13 10.5-13.0 0.088 aExperiment terminated. see lext for explanation. Under the conditions of these experiments an overall K of307 day-degrees, for insidiosus, development from oviposition to adult eelosion, can be approximated by summing the values obtained for the egg and nymphal stages. From separate experiments on egg and nymphal development, different developmental threshold values were calculated for the egg (t = 8.SCC) and nymphal (t = 1O.7°C) stages. However, a single intermediate developmental threshold value of IO.3°C was estimated by interpolation x egg K) + (nymphal t x nymphal K) overall t. overall K 3Kingsley and Harrington: Development of Orius Insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)Published by ValpoScholar, 1981144 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No.3 This overall t, utilized with minimal and maximal daily temperature information, can be used to calculate accumulated day-degrees in the field for insidiosus populations. Two important limits to interpretation of the results of ch experiments must be con­sidered, however, when laboratory estimated values for t and K are applied to the phenology offield populations. First, and most obviously, the inherent differences between laboratory and field conditions must be remembered. Second, even though Orius is considered a generalist as a predator, developmental times may vary with different prey species and/or stages. The degree of omnivory also may play an important role in a predator's develop­ment. Recently, Salas-Aguilar and Ehler (1977) have reported that O. tristlcolor (White) developed significantly faster when a diet of thrips was supplemented with pollen. With these possible limitations in mind, our laboratory obtained developmental parame­ters may be used, with the addition of a preovipositional interval, to predict the number of generations and approximate time of population peaks for in idlosus in the field in Wiscon­sin. Such predictions for the single growing season of 1979 coincided quite closely with the actual field phenology of insidiosus obtained by regular sampling of soybeans and alfalfa at Arlington Experimental Farms, Arlington, Wisconsin, where two generations reached adult popUlation peaks on 6 August and 27 September (Kingsley 1980). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank D. M. Benjamin for helpful comments regarding the manuscript. Research supported by the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin­Madison and by Federal Hatch Support, Project No. 2391. LITERATURE CITED Askari, A. and V. M. Stem. 1972a. Biology and feeding habits of Orius tristicolor (Hemip­tera:Anthocoridae). Ann. Entomo!. Soc. Amer. 65:96-[00. ----. I972b. Effect of temperature and photoperiod on Orius tristicolor feeding on Tetranychus pacificus. J. E on. EntomoL 65: 132-135. Barber, G. W. 1936. Orius insidiosus (Say), an important natural enemy of the com ear worm. USDA Tech. Bull. 504. 24 pp. Cambell, A., B. D. Frazer, N. Gilbert, A. P. Gutierrez, and M. Mackauer. 1974. Tempera­ture requirements of some aphids and their parasites. J. App!. Ecol. 11:431-438. Kingsley, P. C. 1980. Some aspects of the biology and ecology of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera:Anthocoridae) and a survey of arthropods on soybeans in south central Wis­consin. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. MarshalL G. E. 1930 Some observations on Orius (Triphleps) insidiosus (Say). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 3:29-32. . Peairs, L. M. 1927. Some phases of the relationship of temperature to the development of insects. Agric. Exp. Sta., Coli. Agric., West Virginia Univ. Bull. 208. Rajasekhara, K. and S. Chatterji. 1970 Biology of Orius indicus (Hemiptera:Anthocoridae), a predator of Taeniothrips Iligricornis (Thysanoptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 63:364­367. Salas-Aguilar, J. and L. E. Ehler. 1977. Feeding habits of Orius tristicolor. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 70:60-62. 4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 14, No. 3 [1981], Art. 3https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss3/3

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Development of \u3ci\u3eOrius Insidiosus\u3c/i\u3e (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in Relation to Temperature

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