New observations of maternal care by Neuroctenus simplex and N. elongatus are reported

Taylor, Steven J

English

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 21 Number 4 - Winter 1988 Number 4 - Winter 1988 Article 5 December 1988 Observations on Parental Care in the Family Aradidae (Heteroptera). Steven J. Taylor Southern Illinois University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Taylor, Steven J. 1988. "Observations on Parental Care in the Family Aradidae (Heteroptera).," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 21 (4) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol21/iss4/5 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 1988 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 159 OBSERVATIONS ON PARENTAL CARE IN THE FAMILY ARADIDAE (HETEROPTERA). Steven J. Taylor! ABSTRACT New observations of maternal care by Neuroctenus simplex and N. elongatus are reported. Most Aradidae are thought to be mycetophagous and are typically found in leaf litter, on or under fallen limbs, on po1ypore fungi, or under bark. Literature on aradids found in unusual habitats or thought not to be mycetophagous is reviewed by Kormilev and Froeschner (1987). Aradids of temperate regions, including those reported here, are typically found under loose bark of dead trees where they may aggregate in large numbers (Lee and Pendergrast 1977, McClure 1932, Myers 1921, Usinger and Matsuda 1959). Parental care has been reported for Neuroctenus pseudonymus Bergroth (McClure 1932), Brachyrhynchus membranaceus (Fabricius) (Takahashi 1934), and may occur in Ctenoneurus hochstetteri (Mayr) (Myers 1921). Takahashi (1934) found an adult female of B. membranaceus standing over young nymphs, while McClure (1932) saw an adult (perhaps a male) of N. pseudonymus guarding the eggs and young. Observations reported here provide further evidence of maternal care in Aradidae. Myers (1926) observed first and second instars of Ctenoneurus hochstetteri on the backs of adults in New Zealand, but it is not clear whether this was an instance of parental care or an accidental occurrence in a highly gregarious species. Takahashi (1934) collected two adult females and four nymphs of Brachyrhynchus membranaceus in Taiwan and observed the bugs over a 19 day period (12-31 August) until all had died. He observed nymphs underneath and on top of an adult female in a glass vial with some bark, but did not make any observations in the field. He makes no mention of the female guarding eggs, only guarding nymphs. McClure (1932) suggests the occurrence of paternal care rather than maternal care in N. pseudonymus. Although paternal care is known in a few Heteroptera (Ralston 1977, Ridley 1978, Smith 1980), most notably in the Belostomatidae, maternal care is by far more typical (Bequaert 1935, Hussey 1934, Odhiarnbo 1959, Tallamy and Denno 1981, Wilson 1971). McClure (1932) observed a female of N. pseudonymus leaving her eggs. Subsequently, another adult, which was darker in coloration, moved over the eggs where it remained until two days after the nymphs had emerged, over two weeks later. He stated that the second adult was "probably the male." On 21 March 1985, an adult female of Neuroctenus simplex (Uhler) was observed over 28 eggs under the bark of a dead water oak (Quercus nigra) in Brazos County, Texas. On 16 April, a second female was observed standing over 13 eggs under the bark of an unidentified species of dead oak tree. The latter female, eggs, and other specimens of N. !Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6501. 1Taylor: Observations on Parental Care in the Family Aradidae (HeteropteraPublished by ValpoScholar, 1988160 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 21, No.4 simplex were taken back to the laboratory for observation. The bugs were maintained at 21-24 C (photoperiod not controlled) in petri plates (ca. 9 cm diam., 2 cm depth) covered on the bottom with a disc of filter paper. Oak wood, bark, and moist cotton were also provided. By 21 April, some of the eggs had hatched and the female was now standing over eggs, eggshells and first instar nymphs. At the same time, she was observed mating. On 25 April. the female again mated while standing over the eggs and first instar nymphs. By 26 April, all eggs had hatched and about half of the nymphs were second instars. The exact number of nymphs in each stage was not determined since intrusion might have caused the female to abandon her eggs. She remained over the nymphs until 28 April. All but two nymphs had molted to the second instar by this time, and only two nymphs remained on the now unguarded cluster of eggshells. She was again observed mating on 29 April, but was no longer near the eggshells or young nymphs. The adult female was always motionless when standing over the eggs and nymphs, and was never observed guarding nymphs away from the hatched eggs. An adult female of Neuroctenus elongatus Osborn was observed standing over a mass of eggs under the bark of a dead mesquite tree (Prosopis glandulosa) in Kenedy County, Texas, 22 March, 1986. In both my own observations and those of McClure (1932), the young nymphs remained on the egg mass and under the guarding adult, while Takahashi (1934) observed nymphs underneath and on top of an adult female aradid. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to J. E. McPherson for his critical review of this manuscript. I thank Merrill H. Sweet, Mary K. Wicksten, and Joseph C. Schafner for reviewing early versions of this manuscript. I am grateful to Tsutomu Miyake for translation of Takahashi's paper from Japanese to English. Finally, I thank R. C. Froeschner, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., for confirming my identifications. An earlier version of this manuscript was submitted to Texas A&M University as part of a Master's thesis. Voucher specimens from this study are deposited in the SJT and Texas A&M University Entomology Department collections. LITERATURE CITED Bequaert, J. 1935. Presocial behavior among the Hemiptera. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 30:177-191. Hussey, R. F, 1934. Observations on Pachycoris torridus (Scop.), with remarks on parental care in other Hemiptera. Bull. Brooklyn EntomoL Soc. 29:133-145. Kormilev, N. A. and R. C. Froeschner. 1987. Flat Bugs of the World. A Synonymic List (Heteroptera: Aradidae). Entomography 5:1-245. Lee, C. E. and J. G. Pendergrast. 1977. The Aradidae of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) IV. The Mezirinae, with a consideration of the genitalia. New Zealand J. Zoo!. 4:167-175. McClure, H. E. 1932. Incubation of bark bug eggs (Hemiptera: Aradidae). Entomol. News 43:188-189. Myers, J. G. 1921. The life history of some New Zealand insects: No. 1. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 53:235-237. Myers, J. G. 1926. Biological notes on New Zealand Heteroptera. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56:449-511. Odhiambo, T. R. 1959. An account of parental care in Rhinocoris albopilosus Signoret (Hemiptera­Heteroptera: Reduviidae), with notes on its life history. Proc. Roy. Entomol. Soc, London, A 34:175-185. Ralston, J. S. 1977. Egg guarding by male assassin bugs of the genus Zelus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Psyche 84:103-107. >, 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 21, No. 4 [1988], Art. 5https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol21/iss4/51988 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 161 Ridley, M. 1978. Paternal care. Anim. Behav. 26:904-932. Smith, R. L. 1980. Evolution of exclusive postcopulatory paternal care in the insects. Florida Entomol. 63:65-78. Takahashi, R. 1934. Parental care of Mezira membranacea Fabr. (Hemiptera Aradidae). Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, Taihoku 24:315-316. Usinger, R. L. and R. Matsuda. 1959. Classification of the Aradidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). British Muscum (Natural History), London. 410 pp. Wilson, E. O. 1971. The insect societies. Harvard Univ. Press., Cambridge, Massachusetts. 548 pp. 3Taylor: Observations on Parental Care in the Family Aradidae (HeteropteraPublished by ValpoScholar, 1988

Observations on Parental Care in the Family Aradidae (Heteroptera).

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 21 
Number 4 - Winter 1988 Number 4 - Winter 
1988 
Article 5 
December 1988 
Observations on Parental Care in the Family Aradidae 
(Heteroptera). 
Steven J. Taylor 
Southern Illinois University 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Taylor, Steven J. 1988. "Observations on Parental Care in the Family Aradidae (Heteroptera).," The Great 
Lakes Entomologist, vol 21 (4) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol21/iss4/5 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
1988 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 159 
OBSERVATIONS ON PARENTAL CARE IN THE FAMILY 

ARADIDAE (HETEROPTERA). 

Steven J. Taylor! 
ABSTRACT 
New observations of maternal care by Neuroctenus simplex and N. elongatus are 
reported. 
Most Aradidae are thought to be mycetophagous and are typically found in leaf litter, 
on or under fallen limbs, on po1ypore fungi, or under bark. Literature on aradids found in 
unusual habitats or thought not to be mycetophagous is reviewed by Kormilev and 
Froeschner (1987). Aradids of temperate regions, including those reported here, are 
typically found under loose bark of dead trees where they may aggregate in large numbers 
(Lee and Pendergrast 1977, McClure 1932, Myers 1921, Usinger and Matsuda 1959). 
Parental care has been reported for Neuroctenus pseudonymus Bergroth (McClure 
1932), Brachyrhynchus membranaceus (Fabricius) (Takahashi 1934), and may occur in 
Ctenoneurus hochstetteri (Mayr) (Myers 1921). Takahashi (1934) found an adult female 
of 
B. membranaceus standing over young nymphs, while McClure (1932) saw an adult 
(perhaps a male) of 
N. pseudonymus guarding the eggs and young. Observations reported 
here provide further evidence of maternal care in Aradidae. 
Myers (1926) observed first and second instars of Ctenoneurus hochstetteri on the 
backs of adults in New Zealand, but it is not clear whether this was an instance of parental 
care or an accidental occurrence in a highly gregarious species. Takahashi (1934) 
collected two adult females and four nymphs of Brachyrhynchus membranaceus in 
Taiwan and observed the bugs over a 19 day period (12-31 August) until all had died. He 
observed nymphs underneath and on top of an adult female in a glass vial with some bark, 
but did not make any observations in the field. He makes no mention of the female 
guarding eggs, only guarding nymphs. 
McClure (1932) suggests the occurrence of paternal care rather than maternal care in 
N. 
pseudonymus. Although paternal care 
is known in a few Heteroptera (Ralston 1977, 
Ridley 1978, Smith 1980), most notably in the Belostomatidae, maternal care is by far 
more typical (Bequaert 1935, Hussey 1934, Odhiarnbo 1959, Tallamy and Denno 1981, 
Wilson 1971). 
McClure (1932) observed a female of N. pseudonymus leaving her eggs. Subsequently, 
another adult, which was darker in coloration, moved over the eggs where it remained 
until two days after the nymphs had emerged, over two weeks later. He stated that the 
second adult was "probably the male." 
On 21 March 1985, an adult female of Neuroctenus simplex (Uhler) was observed over 
28 
eggs under the bark 
of a dead water oak (Quercus nigra) in Brazos County, Texas. On 
16 
April, a second female was observed standing over 
13 eggs under the bark of an 
unidentified species of dead oak tree. The latter female, eggs, and other specimens of N. 
!Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6501. 
1
Taylor: Observations on Parental Care in the Family Aradidae (Heteroptera
Published by ValpoScholar, 1988
160 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 21, No.4 
simplex were taken back to the laboratory for observation. The bugs were maintained at 
21-24 C (photoperiod not controlled) in petri plates (ca. 9 cm diam., 2 cm depth) covered 
on the bottom with a disc of filter paper. Oak wood, bark, and moist cotton were also 
provided. 
By 21 April, some of the eggs had hatched and the female was now standing over eggs, 
eggshells and first instar nymphs. At the same time, she was observed mating. 
On 25 April. the female again mated while standing over the eggs and first instar 
nymphs. By 26 April, all eggs had hatched and about half of the nymphs were second 
instars. The exact number of nymphs in each stage was not determined since intrusion 
might have caused the female to abandon her eggs. She remained over the nymphs until 
28 
April. All but two nymphs had molted 
to the second instar by this time, and only two 
nymphs remained on the now unguarded cluster of eggshells. She was again observed 
mating on 29 April, but was no longer near the eggshells or young nymphs. 
The adult female was always motionless when standing over the eggs and nymphs, and 
was 
never observed guarding nymphs away from the hatched eggs. An 
adult female 
of Neuroctenus elongatus Osborn was observed standing over a mass 
of 
eggs under the bark 
of a dead mesquite tree (Prosopis glandulosa) in Kenedy County, 
Texas, 22 March, 1986. 
In both my own observations and those of McClure (1932), the young nymphs 
remained on the egg mass and under the guarding adult, while Takahashi (1934) observed 
nymphs underneath and on top of an adult female aradid. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
I am grateful to J. E. McPherson for his critical review of this manuscript. I thank 
Merrill H. Sweet, Mary K. Wicksten, and Joseph C. Schafner for reviewing early 
versions of this manuscript. I am grateful to Tsutomu Miyake for translation of 
Takahashi's paper from Japanese to English. Finally, I thank R. C. Froeschner, National 
Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., for confirming my identifications. An 
earlier version of this manuscript was submitted to Texas A&M University as part of a 
Master's thesis. 
Voucher specimens from this study are deposited in the SJT and Texas A&M University 
Entomology Department collections. 
LITERATURE CITED 
Bequaert, J. 1935. Presocial behavior among the Hemiptera. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 
30:177-191. 
Hussey, R. F, 1934. Observations on Pachycoris torridus (Scop.), with remarks on parental care in 
other Hemiptera. Bull. Brooklyn EntomoL Soc. 29:133-145. 
Kormilev, N. A. and R. C. Froeschner. 1987. Flat Bugs of the World. A Synonymic List 
(Heteroptera: Aradidae). Entomography 5:1-245. 
Lee, C. E. and J. G. Pendergrast. 1977. The Aradidae of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) IV. 
The Mezirinae, with a consideration of the genitalia. New Zealand J. Zoo!. 4:167-175. 
McClure, H. E. 1932. Incubation of bark bug eggs (Hemiptera: Aradidae). Entomol. News 
43:188-189. 
Myers, J. G. 1921. The life history of some New Zealand insects: No. 1. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 
53:235-237. 
Myers, J. G. 1926. Biological notes on New Zealand Heteroptera. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56:449-511. 
Odhiambo, T. R. 1959. An account of parental care in Rhinocoris albopilosus Signoret (Hemiptera­
Heteroptera: Reduviidae), with notes on its life history. Proc. Roy. Entomol. Soc, London, A 
34:175-185. 
Ralston, J. S. 1977. Egg guarding by male assassin bugs of the genus Zelus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). 
Psyche 84:103-107. 
>, 
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 21, No. 4 [1988], Art. 5
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol21/iss4/5
1988 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 161 
Ridley, M. 1978. Paternal care. Anim. Behav. 26:904-932. 
Smith, R. L. 1980. Evolution of exclusive postcopulatory paternal care in the insects. Florida 
Entomol. 63:65-78. 
Takahashi, R. 1934. Parental care of Mezira membranacea Fabr. (Hemiptera Aradidae). Trans. Nat. 
Hist. Soc. Formosa, Taihoku 24:315-316. 
Usinger, R. L. and R. Matsuda. 1959. Classification of the Aradidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). 
British Muscum (Natural History), London. 410 pp. 
Wilson, E. O. 1971. The insect societies. Harvard Univ. Press., Cambridge, Massachusetts. 548 pp. 
3
Taylor: Observations on Parental Care in the Family Aradidae (Heteroptera
Published by ValpoScholar, 1988


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