An expanded program of research on the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), in various north-central states has made it necessary to develop methods of rearing all stages of the beetle for laboratory use. Because the insect survives diapause in the adult state (Castro, 1964 and Connin, et al., 1968) it must presently be stored 10-12 weeks at 38  F before consistent oviposition is obtained. Hoopingarner, et al. \u27(1965) indicated that, while males are sexually mature in the prediapause condition, the female was unwilling to mate until after diapause and was not mature sexually until after mating.
More recent work by Bowers and Blickenstaff (1966) and Connin et al. (1967) indicated the possibility of breaking or eliminating diapause with chemicals. However, photoperiod also seemed influential in terminating diapause after varying periods of cold storage. The present paper reports observations on the photoperiodic effects

Connin, R. V.

Jantz, O. K.

English

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 1 
Number 10 -- March 1969 Number 10 -- March 
1969 
Article 3 
March 1969 
Some Effects of Photoperiod and Cold Storage on Oviposition of 
the Cereal Leaf Beetle Oulema Melanopus (Coleptera: 
Chrysomelidae) 
R. V. Connin 
O. K. Jantz 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Connin, R. V. and Jantz, O. K. 1969. "Some Effects of Photoperiod and Cold Storage on Oviposition of the 
Cereal Leaf Beetle Oulema Melanopus (Coleptera: Chrysomelidae)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 1 
(10) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol1/iss10/3 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
1969 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST 363 
SOME EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND COLD STORAGE ON 
OVIPOSITION OF THE CEREAL LEAF BEETLE, 
OULEMA MELANOPUS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)' 
R. V. Connin and 0. K. Jantz 
Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res. Serv., U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 
East Lansing, Michigan 48823 
An expanded program of research on the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema 
melanopus (L.), in various north-central states has made it necessary to develop 
methods of rearing all stages of the beetle for laboratory use. Because the insect 
survives diapause in the adult state (Castro, 1964 and Connin, e t a l . ,  1968) it must 
presently be stored 10-12 weeks a t  38" F before consistent oviposition is obtained. 
Hoopingarner, et  al. '(1965) indicated that, while males are sexually mature in the 
prediapause condition, the female was unwilling to mate until after diapause and 
was not mature sexually until after mating. 
More recent work by Bowers and Blickenstaff (1966) and Connin et  al. (1967) 
indicated the possibility of breaking or eliminating diapause with chemicals. 
However, photoperiod also seemed influential in terminating diapause after vary- 
ing periods of cold storage. The present paper reports observations on the photo- 
periodic effects. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
Effects of storage and l ightperiod o n  oviposition of  female cereal leaf beetles 
Diapausing laboratory-reared adults refrigerated for 0, 4, 8, 16, or 20 weeks at  
38" F. were removed from storage and 15 virgin males and 15 virgin females 
from each storage period were confined together under lantern globe cages over 
3%-inch-diameter pots of Hudson barley seedlings about 5 inches tall. The caged 
beetles were then exposed to an 8-, 16-, or 24-hour light period. The pots of plants 
were changed every two days and counts were made of the number of eggs pres- 
ent. Each test was repeated 3 times. All tests were conducted in rearing cham- 
bers maintained a t  75' F and 50 % R. H. Light intensity at  plant height was 300 
foot-candles. 
Since the purpose of the tests was to determine the optimum period of storage 
and photoperiod to induce oviposition, the tests were terminated after 30 days, 
even though mating and oviposition were still occurring. (Since diapausing adults 
caged under lantern globes will lay some eggs after 30-40 days without storage, 
oviposition would presently ha've occurred in all cages. ) 
Effects of storage and light period o n  the oviposition of unmated female cereal 
leaf beetles 
Unmated laboratory-reared adults were removed from cold storage at  38" F 
after 12 or 16 weeks and virgin females were caged separately and with males 
Journal No. 4370, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. Par t  of a cooperative project between 
the Entomology Research Division and Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. 
Uept. of Agriculture, and the Departments of Entomology and Crop Science, Michigan State IJniver- 
sity. The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of J. C. Arnsman, D. L. Cobb, and G. Lawson in 
conducting these experiments. 
Present address: Bioproducts Division, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan 48640. 
1
Connin and Jantz: Some Effects of Photoperiod and Cold Storage
Published by ValpoScholar, 1969
364 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 1, No. 10 
in lantern globe cages over 3%-inch-diameter pots of seedling Hudson barley 
and exposed to a 16- or 24hour light period. Rearing conditions were as  before. 
The pots of plants were cbanged every 2 days, and counts were made of eggs. 
Also, eggs were held for hatching. Each test was replicated 3 times and continued 
for 30 days. 
Table 1. Effects of photoperiod on the oviposition of laboratory-reared cereal 
leaf beetles after various periods of cold storage. 
Weeks in Hours of 
No. of storage a t  light daily Day of 
insects/ 38O F before during 30. first ovi- Avg. no. Xegg 
test test dav test oosition eeeslQ hatch 
Table 2. Effects of photoperiod on the oviposition of virgin cereal leaf beetle 
females after various periods of cold storage. 
Weeks in Hours of 
No. of storage a t  light daily Day of 
insectsf 3a0 F before during 30. first ovi- Avg. no. %egg 
test test day test position eggs/ 9 hatch 
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 1, No. 10 [1969], Art. 3
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol1/iss10/3
1969 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST 365 
Table 3. Effects of photoperiod on ovarian development of virgin cereal leaf 
beetle females after 20 weeks of cold storage. 
No. of Hours of light Day of 
insects/ daily during first ovi- Avg. no. X 9 with 
test 30-day test position eggs/ 9 ha%? dev. ovaries 
1599 16 8 11 0 80 
8 9 9 8 ~ ~  16 11 61 59 100 
1599 24 -- 0 0 7 
8 99 8 cfcf 24 -- 0 0 0 
In another test laboratory-reared adults were removed from storage a t  38' F 
after 20 weeks and virgin females were caged alone and with males under lan- 
tern globe cages over 3l/z-inch-diameter posts of seedling Hudson barley. The 
caged beetles were then exposed to 16- or 24-hour light periods. Rearing con- 
ditions were as  before. The pots of plants were changed every 2 days, and-counts 
were made of eggs. All eggs were held for hatching. Each test was repeated 3 
times and continued for 30 days. At the end of the test, all females were dis- 
sected and observed for ovarian development. 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
As indicated in Table 1, the duration of cold storage and the daily light period 
to which beetles were exposed after storage markedly affected the duration of 
diapause and subsequent wiposition of the female. Oviposition occurred after 
a s  little a s  4 weeks of cold storage when the beetles were subsequently exposed 
to 16 hours of light daily; with other photoperiods, as much as  16 weeks of stor- 
age were required. Oviposition began earlier, and more eggs were laid per fe- 
male, a s  the time m storage increased. 
Tables 2 and 3 indicate that virgin females are  capable of ovarian development 
and oviposition after diapause and before mating when they are exposed to a 16- 
hour daily light period. 80 fO of the females held in storage a t  38O F. for 20 weeks 
and subsequently exposed to a 1 6 h w r  daMy tight period completed ovarian 
development. However, tk numter of eggs oviposited was small, and none was 
viable. 'Females exposed to  a 24-hour light period had slight ovarian develop- 
ment, and ao eggs were wipsi ted .  Phs ,  n m a t e d  females are  capable of ovi- 
po&ion but the eggs are  not via&. The passibility will influence investigations 
of induced sterility. 
In future studies d orvipgsiion, bth the storage inkma1 and the light expo- 
sure after stwage must be &&&. Such conditions would be particularly 
critical in studies irwolving indaced sterility in which conclusions should 
apparently be based on egg hatch instead of total egg production. 
LITERATURE CITED 
Castro, T. R. 1964. Natural history of the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus 
(L.), and its behavior under controlled environmental conditions. Ph.D. thesis, 
Michigan State University. 
3
Connin and Jantz: Some Effects of Photoperiod and Cold Storage
Published by ValpoScholar, 1969
366 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 1, No. 10 
Bowers, W. S., and C. C. Blickenstaff. 1966. Hormonal termination of diapause 
in the alfalfa weevil. Science 154: 1673-4. 
Connin, R. V., D. L. Cobb, J. C. Arnsman, and G. Lawson. 1968. Mass rearing the 
cereal leaf beetle in the laboratory. ARS 33-125. 
Connin, R. V., 0 .  K. Jantz, and W. S. Bowers. 1967. Termination of diapause in the 
cereal leaf beetle by hormones. J .  Econ. Entomol. 60: 1752-53. 
Hoopingarner, R. A,, S. Kumararaj, and A. L. French. 1965. Gametogenesis and 
radiation effects in the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopa. Ann. Entomol. 
Soc. Amer. 58:777-81. 
THREE NEW SPECIES OF HI'PERASPIS FROM EASTERN 
NORTH AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) 
W. Y. Watson 
Department of Biology, Laurentian University 
Sudbury, Ontario, Canada 
A number of apparently related species, including the three which are newly 
described in this paper, belong to the large binotata group of Dobzhansky (1941). 
I t  has been found necessary to re-examine this group and to divide it into small- 
er ,  more homogeneous species clusters. These new species clusters may 
indicate more clearly the relationships of the species involved. 
Specimens which have formed the basis for the new species were located in 
the collections of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ) and 
Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS). To the custodians of these collections 
I extend my thanks. 
Key to separate some of the species of 
Hyperaspis in Eastern North America 
1. Elytra with never more than one pair of reddish spots placed near the 
middle of the elytra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . 2  
Elytra with two pairs of reddish spots, a larger pair on disc, a smaller pair 
nearapex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3 
2. Prosternal lines converging to an anterior point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4 
. . . . .  Prosternal lines parallel (Figs. 3, 4 ;  Watson, 1960). paspalis Watson 
3. Sides of abdomen testace~us,  disc black; aedeagus asymmetrical but with- 
. . . . . .  out triangular tooth (Fig. 118, Dobzhansky, 1941). .signata (Say) 
Abdomen wholly black beneath or with a greyish cast; aedeagus with one 
. . . . .  side having a distinct triangular tooth (Fig. 3 ) .  congeminnta n. sp. 
1 Contribution No. 1, Department of Biology. Laurentian Un~versi ty.  Sudbury, Canada 
4
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 1, No. 10 [1969], Art. 3
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol1/iss10/3


Some Effects of Photoperiod and Cold Storage on Oviposition of the Cereal Leaf Beetle Oulema Melanopus (Coleptera: Chrysomelidae)

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 1 Number 10 -- March 1969 Number 10 -- March 1969 Article 3 March 1969 Some Effects of Photoperiod and Cold Storage on Oviposition of the Cereal Leaf Beetle Oulema Melanopus (Coleptera: Chrysomelidae) R. V. Connin O. K. Jantz Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Connin, R. V. and Jantz, O. K. 1969. "Some Effects of Photoperiod and Cold Storage on Oviposition of the Cereal Leaf Beetle Oulema Melanopus (Coleptera: Chrysomelidae)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 1 (10) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol1/iss10/3 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 1969 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST 363 SOME EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND COLD STORAGE ON OVIPOSITION OF THE CEREAL LEAF BEETLE, OULEMA MELANOPUS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)' R. V. Connin and 0. K. Jantz Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res. Serv., U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 An expanded program of research on the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), in various north-central states has made it necessary to develop methods of rearing all stages of the beetle for laboratory use. Because the insect survives diapause in the adult state (Castro, 1964 and Connin, e t a l . ,  1968) it must presently be stored 10-12 weeks a t  38" F before consistent oviposition is obtained. Hoopingarner, et  al. '(1965) indicated that, while males are sexually mature in the prediapause condition, the female was unwilling to mate until after diapause and was not mature sexually until after mating. More recent work by Bowers and Blickenstaff (1966) and Connin et  al. (1967) indicated the possibility of breaking or eliminating diapause with chemicals. However, photoperiod also seemed influential in terminating diapause after vary- ing periods of cold storage. The present paper reports observations on the photo- periodic effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Effects of storage and l ightperiod o n  oviposition of  female cereal leaf beetles Diapausing laboratory-reared adults refrigerated for 0, 4, 8, 16, or 20 weeks at  38" F. were removed from storage and 15 virgin males and 15 virgin females from each storage period were confined together under lantern globe cages over 3%-inch-diameter pots of Hudson barley seedlings about 5 inches tall. The caged beetles were then exposed to an 8-, 16-, or 24-hour light period. The pots of plants were changed every two days and counts were made of the number of eggs pres- ent. Each test was repeated 3 times. All tests were conducted in rearing cham- bers maintained a t  75' F and 50 % R. H. Light intensity at  plant height was 300 foot-candles. Since the purpose of the tests was to determine the optimum period of storage and photoperiod to induce oviposition, the tests were terminated after 30 days, even though mating and oviposition were still occurring. (Since diapausing adults caged under lantern globes will lay some eggs after 30-40 days without storage, oviposition would presently ha've occurred in all cages. ) Effects of storage and light period o n  the oviposition of unmated female cereal leaf beetles Unmated laboratory-reared adults were removed from cold storage at  38" F after 12 or 16 weeks and virgin females were caged separately and with males Journal No. 4370, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. Par t  of a cooperative project between the Entomology Research Division and Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Uept. of Agriculture, and the Departments of Entomology and Crop Science, Michigan State IJniver- sity. The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of J. C. Arnsman, D. L. Cobb, and G. Lawson in conducting these experiments. Present address: Bioproducts Division, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan 48640. 1Connin and Jantz: Some Effects of Photoperiod and Cold StoragePublished by ValpoScholar, 1969364 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 1, No. 10 in lantern globe cages over 3%-inch-diameter pots of seedling Hudson barley and exposed to a 16- or 24hour light period. Rearing conditions were as  before. The pots of plants were cbanged every 2 days, and counts were made of eggs. Also, eggs were held for hatching. Each test was replicated 3 times and continued for 30 days. Table 1. Effects of photoperiod on the oviposition of laboratory-reared cereal leaf beetles after various periods of cold storage. Weeks in Hours of No. of storage a t  light daily Day of insects/ 38O F before during 30. first ovi- Avg. no. Xegg test test dav test oosition eeeslQ hatch Table 2. Effects of photoperiod on the oviposition of virgin cereal leaf beetle females after various periods of cold storage. Weeks in Hours of No. of storage a t  light daily Day of insectsf 3a0 F before during 30. first ovi- Avg. no. %egg test test day test position eggs/ 9 hatch 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 1, No. 10 [1969], Art. 3https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol1/iss10/31969 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST 365 Table 3. Effects of photoperiod on ovarian development of virgin cereal leaf beetle females after 20 weeks of cold storage. No. of Hours of light Day of insects/ daily during first ovi- Avg. no. X 9 with test 30-day test position eggs/ 9 ha%? dev. ovaries 1599 16 8 11 0 80 8 9 9 8 ~ ~  16 11 61 59 100 1599 24 -- 0 0 7 8 99 8 cfcf 24 -- 0 0 0 In another test laboratory-reared adults were removed from storage a t  38' F after 20 weeks and virgin females were caged alone and with males under lan- tern globe cages over 3l/z-inch-diameter posts of seedling Hudson barley. The caged beetles were then exposed to 16- or 24-hour light periods. Rearing con- ditions were as  before. The pots of plants were changed every 2 days, and-counts were made of eggs. All eggs were held for hatching. Each test was repeated 3 times and continued for 30 days. At the end of the test, all females were dis- sected and observed for ovarian development. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As indicated in Table 1, the duration of cold storage and the daily light period to which beetles were exposed after storage markedly affected the duration of diapause and subsequent wiposition of the female. Oviposition occurred after a s  little a s  4 weeks of cold storage when the beetles were subsequently exposed to 16 hours of light daily; with other photoperiods, as much as  16 weeks of stor- age were required. Oviposition began earlier, and more eggs were laid per fe- male, a s  the time m storage increased. Tables 2 and 3 indicate that virgin females are  capable of ovarian development and oviposition after diapause and before mating when they are exposed to a 16- hour daily light period. 80 fO of the females held in storage a t  38O F. for 20 weeks and subsequently exposed to a 1 6 h w r  daMy tight period completed ovarian development. However, tk numter of eggs oviposited was small, and none was viable. 'Females exposed to  a 24-hour light period had slight ovarian develop- ment, and ao eggs were wipsi ted .  Phs ,  n m a t e d  females are  capable of ovi- po&ion but the eggs are  not via&. The passibility will influence investigations of induced sterility. In future studies d orvipgsiion, bth the storage inkma1 and the light expo- sure after stwage must be &&&. Such conditions would be particularly critical in studies irwolving indaced sterility in which conclusions should apparently be based on egg hatch instead of total egg production. LITERATURE CITED Castro, T. R. 1964. Natural history of the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), and its behavior under controlled environmental conditions. Ph.D. thesis, Michigan State University. 3Connin and Jantz: Some Effects of Photoperiod and Cold StoragePublished by ValpoScholar, 1969366 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 1, No. 10 Bowers, W. S., and C. C. Blickenstaff. 1966. Hormonal termination of diapause in the alfalfa weevil. Science 154: 1673-4. Connin, R. V., D. L. Cobb, J. C. Arnsman, and G. Lawson. 1968. Mass rearing the cereal leaf beetle in the laboratory. ARS 33-125. Connin, R. V., 0 .  K. Jantz, and W. S. Bowers. 1967. Termination of diapause in the cereal leaf beetle by hormones. J .  Econ. Entomol. 60: 1752-53. Hoopingarner, R. A,, S. Kumararaj, and A. L. French. 1965. Gametogenesis and radiation effects in the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopa. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 58:777-81. THREE NEW SPECIES OF HI'PERASPIS FROM EASTERN NORTH AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) W. Y. Watson Department of Biology, Laurentian University Sudbury, Ontario, Canada A number of apparently related species, including the three which are newly described in this paper, belong to the large binotata group of Dobzhansky (1941). I t  has been found necessary to re-examine this group and to divide it into small- er ,  more homogeneous species clusters. These new species clusters may indicate more clearly the relationships of the species involved. Specimens which have formed the basis for the new species were located in the collections of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ) and Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS). To the custodians of these collections I extend my thanks. Key to separate some of the species of Hyperaspis in Eastern North America 1. Elytra with never more than one pair of reddish spots placed near the middle of the elytra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . 2  Elytra with two pairs of reddish spots, a larger pair on disc, a smaller pair nearapex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3 2. Prosternal lines converging to an anterior point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4 . . . . .  Prosternal lines parallel (Figs. 3, 4 ;  Watson, 1960). paspalis Watson 3. Sides of abdomen testace~us,  disc black; aedeagus asymmetrical but with- . . . . . .  out triangular tooth (Fig. 118, Dobzhansky, 1941). .signata (Say) Abdomen wholly black beneath or with a greyish cast; aedeagus with one . . . . .  side having a distinct triangular tooth (Fig. 3 ) .  congeminnta n. sp. 1 Contribution No. 1, Department of Biology. Laurentian Un~versi ty.  Sudbury, Canada 4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 1, No. 10 [1969], Art. 3https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol1/iss10/3

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Some Effects of Photoperiod and Cold Storage on Oviposition of the Cereal Leaf Beetle Oulema Melanopus (Coleptera: Chrysomelidae)

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