Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by its heterogeneous clinical evolution. Despite the discovery of the most frequent cytogenomic drivers of disease during the last decade, new efforts are needed in order to improve prognostication. In this study, we used gene expression data of CLL samples in order to discover novel transcriptomic patterns associated with patient survival. We observed that a 3-gene expression signature composed of SCGB2A1, KLF4, and PPP1R14B differentiate a group of circa 5% of cases with short survival. This effect was independent of the main cytogenetic markers of adverse prognosis. Finally, this finding was reproduced in an independent retrospective cohort. We believe that this small gene expression pattern will be useful for CLL prognostication and its association with CLL response to novel drugs should be explored in the future

Antelo Rodríguez, Beatriz

Bello López, José Luis

Díaz Arias, José

Díaz Varela, Nicolás

Mosquera Orgueira, Adrián

Journal of Oncology

English

MOSQUERA ORGUEIRA, ADRIAN

RUNA -  Repositorio de Saúde

A Three-Gene Expression Signature Identifies a Cluster of Patients with Short Survival in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by its heterogeneous clinical evolution. Despite the discovery of the most frequent cytogenomic drivers of disease during the last decade, new efforts are needed in order to improve prognostication. In this study, we used gene expression data of CLL samples in order to discover novel transcriptomic patterns associated with patient survival. We observed that a 3-gene expression signature composed of SCGB2A1, KLF4, and PPP1R14B differentiate a group of circa 5% of cases with short survival. This effect was independent of the main cytogenetic markers of adverse prognosis. Finally, this finding was reproduced in an independent retrospective cohort. We believe that this small gene expression pattern will be useful for CLL prognostication and its association with CLL response to novel drugs should be explored in the future.S

Díaz Arias, José Ángel

Díaz Varela, Nicolás Antonio

Repositorio Institucional da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

Research ArticleA Three-Gene Expression Signature Identifies a Cluster ofPatients with Short Survival in Chronic Lymphocytic LeukemiaAdrián Mosquera Orgueira ,1,2,3 Beatriz Antelo Rodrı́guez,1,2,3 José Ángel Dı́az Arias,1,2Nicolás Dı́az Varela,1,2 and José Luis Bello López1,2,31Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago, Spain2Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Division of Hematology, SERGAS, Santiago, Spain3University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, SpainCorrespondence should be addressed to Adrián Mosquera Orgueira; adrian.mosquera@live.comReceived 30 April 2019; Revised 4 July 2019; Accepted 6 August 2019; Published 7 November 2019Guest Editor: Hui-Lung SunCopyright © 2019 Adrián Mosquera Orgueira et al. .is is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in anymedium, provided the original work isproperly cited.Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by its heterogeneous clinical evolution.Despite the discovery of themost frequent cytogenomic drivers of disease during the last decade, new efforts are needed in order toimprove prognostication. In this study, we used gene expression data of CLL samples in order to discover novel transcriptomicpatterns associated with patient survival. We observed that a 3-gene expression signature composed of SCGB2A1, KLF4, andPPP1R14B differentiate a group of circa 5% of cases with short survival. .is effect was independent of the main cytogeneticmarkers of adverse prognosis. Finally, this finding was reproduced in an independent retrospective cohort. We believe that thissmall gene expression pattern will be useful for CLL prognostication and its association with CLL response to novel drugs shouldbe explored in the future.1. IntroductionChronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most frequentlymphoproliferative syndrome in western populations, andit is characterized by its remarkable heterogeneous clinicalevolution. In the molecular era of medicine, the discovery ofnew biomarkers is a central issue of disease prognostication.Recurrent cytogenetic aberrations, the IGHV hypermutationstatus, and, more recently, somatic mutations in driver genessuch as TP53, ATM, NOTCH1, SF3B1, MYD88, and BIRC3have improved risk stratification of CLL patients [1–3]..e inherent continuous nature of gene expressionsupposes an opportunity to dissect heterogeneous tumortypes into comprehensive molecular subclasses. Indeed,previous efforts have proven the usefulness of this approachin CLL prognostication. Rodŕıguez et al. reported a seven-gene signature correlated with IGHV mutation status thatpredicts time to treatment [4], whereas Herold et al. reportedan 8-gene prognostic signature that predicted overallsurvival, but the predictability of this pattern was not su-perior to that of the combination of conventional FISH andIGHV mutation status [5]..us, we reasoned that the identification of new andsmall-sized patterns of gene expression associated withadverse survival and their dependency on the main cyto-genomic factors of adverse prognosis may improve CLLprognostication.2. MethodsWe used two public databases of gene expression data in CLLpatients in order to create a training and a validation cohort..e training cohort was composed of transcriptomic datafrom 450 CLL cases enrolled in the International CancerGenome Consortium (data accessible in the European Ge-nome-phenome Archive, accession code EGAD00010000875).Samples were collected and analyzed by the aforementionedconsortium before initiation of any treatment. Overall survivalHindawiJournal of OncologyVolume 2019, Article ID 9453539, 4 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9453539was calculated as time fromCLL diagnosis to time of death fromany cause. Transcriptomic data were measured with AffymetrixHG-u219 microarrays. .e Robust Multichip Algorithm (RMA)[6] was used to preprocess, normalize, and log2-transformexpression data. For genes targeted by multiple probes, themedian value was extracted. For each gene, we determined itsindividual clusterization capacity. .eMclust [7] algorithm wasused in order to detect the 2 most likely patient clustersaccording to the expression of each gene (Mclust function,parameter G� 2). Briefly, the Mclust algorithm determines themost likely set of clusters according to geometric properties(distribution, volume, and shape). An expectation-maximiza-tion algorithm is used for maximum likelihood estimation, andthe best model is selected according to Bayes information cri-teria. .e association of each of these single-gene clusters withoverall survival was calculated using cox regression. .ereafter,those genes whose clusterization was significantly associatedwith survival (q-value <0.05) were selected for multivariateclusterization using the same Mclust algorithm.An independent cohort of 107 CLL samples was used forvalidation (accessible in the Gene Expression Omnibus,accession code GSE22762, array platform Affymetrix Hu-man Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array). .is dataset wascomposed of samples from patients with newly diagnosedand preexisting CLL, a fraction of whom had been pre-viously treated. Overall survival was calculated as the periodof time from microarray analysis to death from any cause.Briefly, normalized gene expression estimates wereextracted, median expression for multiprobe genes wascalculated, and the array platform batch effect was adjustedusing Combat [8]. .en, cluster prediction was performedwith parameters estimated in the training cohort, and coxregression was used to verify the association of this clus-terization with survival.3. Results.ree transcripts were able to individually clusterize patientsin two groups with significantly different survival in thestudy cohort (Benjamini–Hochberg q-value <0.05) (Sup-plementary Figure 1 and Supplementary Table 1). .esegenes were SCGB2A1, KLF4, and PPP1R14B. A multivariateclusterization based on the three genes was created usingMclust. According to the BIC, the geometrical model ren-dering the optimal clusterization was diagonal, with varyingvolume and equal shape (VEI in Mclust argot). .is clus-terization was markedly associated with overall survival (coxregression p-value 4.31× 10− 6, hazard ratio 4.86, lower 95%confidence interval 2.48, upper 95% confidence interval 9.53;Figures 1(a) and 2(a)). .e cluster of patients with adversesurvival supposed 4.22% of the study cohort. .e prognosticimpact of this clusterization on survival was validated in anindependent cohort (cox regression p-value 5.7×10− 6,hazard ratio 10.79, lower 95% confidence interval 3.86,upper 95% confidence interval 30.17; Figures 1(b) and 2(b);Supplementary Table 2). .e cluster of patients with adversesurvival represented 5.60% of the validation cohort. Wecould visually detect one case in validation cohort whoseprobability of belonging to the small cluster was 52.79%(indicated with an asterisk in Figure 2(b)). Discarding thisevent from the survival analysis did not significantly changethe results: p-value 6.31× 10− 6; 95% HR: 0.03–0.26.In order to assess the independence of our clusterizationapproach, we used data from Puente et al. [1] to analyze for0 2500 5000 7500 10000Time0.000.250.500.751.00Survival probabilityCluster 1Cluster 2Training cohort(a)0 500 1000 1500 2000Time0.000.250.500.751.00Survival probabilityCluster 1Cluster 2Validation cohort(b)Figure 1: Kaplan–Meier plots representing the different evolution of CLL patients belonging to the two different clusters in the (a) trainingand (b) validation cohorts.2 Journal of Oncologypotential confounders in the study cohort. .e followingcovariates were included in the model: patient’s age at di-agnosis, Binet stage at diagnosis, IGHV mutation status,presence of TP53 mutation or 17p deletion, ATM mutationor 11q deletion, NOTCH1 mutation, SF3B1 mutation, andBIRC3 mutation. .e association of the transcriptomeclusterization remained significant independently of theeffect of these adverse prognostic factors (cox regressionp-value 8.95×10− 3, hazard ratio 2.76). Since we could notget access to the status of these markers in the validationcohort, we could not reproduce this finding.4. DiscussionIn this paper, we present a new gene expression signaturethat identifies a group of CLL patients with shorter survival..e signature was composed of the following genes: KLF4,SCGB2A1, and PPP1R14B. KLF4 belongs to the Kruppelfamily of transcription factors. KLF4 has both growthsuppressive and antiapoptotic functions since it can triggercell-cycle arrest by inducing TP53-mediated expression ofCDKN1A and it can also block apoptosis by inhibiting TP53activity and suppressing BAX expression [9]. Less is knownabout SCGB2A1 and PPP1R14B. SCGB2A1 encodes a gene ofthe secretoglobin family. SCGB2A1 is highly expressed insome tumor types [10], and it has been linked to adversecancer prognosis in others [11]. PPP1R14B encodes a pu-tative inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1, a pleiotropicenzyme that plays multiple functions in cellular growth, cell-cycle regulation, and apoptosis [12].Patients from both cohorts were diagnosed and treatedin the era of chemoimmunotherapy. A limitation of thisanalysis is that we ignore which treatment regimens (if any)were administered to each patient. Nevertheless, the re-markable strong association of the reported clusterizationwith overall survival in both the training and validationcohorts suggests a treatment-independent mechanism. Itwill be important to study the impact of new targeted drugssuch as tyrosine kinase inhibitors or BCL2 antagonists in thesurvival of these CLL cases.In conclusion, we report a 3-gene expression signaturethat identifies a subgroup ∼5% of CLL patients with shortsurvival before the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Fur-thermore, this clusterization in the training cohort wasassociated with adverse outcome independently of the mostimportant cytogenomic factors.5. ConclusionsA 3-gene expression signature characterizes a group of circa5% of CLL patients with short survival..e prognostic impactof this signature was independent of the main cytogenomicmarkers of adverse prognosis at least in the study cohort. .issmall signature might be useful for future studies aboutdisease prognostication and drug response in CLL.Data Availability.is study used public data accessible in the Gene Ex-pression Omnibus and in the repository of the InternationalCancer Genome Consortium.7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.47.27.47.67.88.08.28.49.0 9.5 10.09.09.510.0891011PPP1R14BKLF4SCGB2A18 9 10 11Training cohort(a)7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.67.67.88.08.28.48.69.0 9.5 10.09.09.510.08.08.59.09.510.5PPP1R14BKLF4SCGB2A18.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.5Validation cohort(b)Figure 2: Scatterplot matrix representing the relationship of patients according to the expression of SCGB2A1, KLF4, and PPP1R14B.Separate plots are provided for the training (a) and validation (b) cohorts. Points are labeled according to the cluster assignation: black dotsrepresent patients in the cluster of adverse prognosis and red dots represent the remaining group of patients. In (b), the asterisk indicates anevent near the limit of both clusters (see text).Journal of Oncology 3Additional PointsA 3-gene expression signature identifies a subgroup of pa-tients with chronic lymphocytic characterized by shortsurvival. .e classifier was independent of the main cyto-genomic predictors of adverse prognosis in the study cohort.Disclosure.e content of this paper is part of the doctoral thesis of AdriánMosquera Orgueira to obtain a PhD at the Department ofMedicine, University of Santiago de Compostela.Conflicts of Interest.e publication costs associated with this manuscript havebeen partially paid by Roche Pharmaceuticals. .e funderplayed no role in the study design, data collection, analysis,results interpretation, and writing or in the decision tosubmit this paper for publicationAuthors’ ContributionsAMO designed the study and performed the research. AMO,BAR, JADA, and NDV wrote the paper. JLBL reviewed thepaper.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank the International Cancer GenomeConsortium for facilitating the data and the SupercomputingCenter of Galicia (CESGA) for providing informatics sup-port for the analysis.Supplementary MaterialsSupplementary Figure 1: individual patient clusterizationaccording to the expression of the three selected genes in thetraining cohort (red and blue bars). Black bars representgene expression for each patient in the cohort. Supple-mentary Table 1: expression levels of SCGB2A1, KLF4, andPPP1R14B, survival data, and cluster membership of pa-tients in the training cohort. Supplementary Table 2: ex-pression levels of SCGB2A1, KLF4, and PPP1R14B, survivaldata, and cluster membership of patients in the validationcohort. (Supplementary Materials)References[1] X. S. Puente, S. Beà, R. Valdés-Mas et al., “Non-coding re-current mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia,” Na-ture, vol. 526, no. 7574, pp. 519–524, 2015.[2] D. A. Landau, E. Tausch, A. N. Taylor-Weiner et al., “Mu-tations driving CLL and their evolution in progression andrelapse,” Nature, vol. 526, no. 7574, pp. 525–530, 2015.[3] H. Döhner, S. Stilgenbauer, A. Benner et al., “Genomic ab-errations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia,” NewEngland Journal of Medicine, vol. 343, no. 26, pp. 1910–1916,2000.[4] A. Rodŕıguez, R. Villuendas, L. Yáñez et al., “Molecularheterogeneity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is dependenton BCR signaling: clinical correlation,” Leukemia, vol. 21,no. 9, pp. 1984–1991, 2007.[5] T. Herold, V. Jurinovic, K. H. Metzeler et al., “An eight-geneexpression signature for the prediction of survival and time totreatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia,” Leukemia,vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 1639–1645, 2011.[6] R. A. Irizarry, B. Hobbs, F. Collin et al., “Exploration, nor-malization, and summaries of high density oligonucleotidearray probe level data,” Biostatistics, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 249–264,2003.[7] L. Scrucca, M. Fop, T. B. Murphy, and A. E. Raftery, “Mclust 5:clustering, classification and density estimation usingGaussian finite mixture models,” <e R Journal, vol. 8, no. 1,pp. 289–317, 2016.[8] W. E. Johnson, C. Li, and A. Rabinovic, “Adjusting batcheffects in microarray expression data using empirical Bayesmethods,” Biostatistics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 118–127, 2007.[9] A. M. Ghaleb and V. W. Yang, “Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4):what we currently know,” Gene, vol. 611, pp. 27–37, 2017.[10] S. Bellone, R. Tassi, M. Betti et al., “Mammaglobin B(SCGB2A1) is a novel tumour antigen highly differentiallyexpressed in all major histological types of ovarian cancer:implications for ovarian cancer immunotherapy,” BritishJournal of Cancer, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 462–471, 2013.[11] L. Chen, D. Lu, K. Sun et al., “Identification of biomarkersassociated with diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancerpatients based on integrated bioinformatics analysis,” Gene,vol. 692, pp. 119–125, 2019.[12] J. Figueiredo, O. da Cruz e Silva, and M. Fardilha, “Proteinphosphatase 1 and its complexes in carcinogenesis,” CurrentCancer Drug Targets, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 2–29, 2014.4 Journal of OncologyStem Cells InternationalHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Hindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018MEDIATORSINFLAMMATIONofEndocrinologyInternational Journal ofHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Hindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Disease MarkersHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018BioMed Research InternationalOncologyJournal ofHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2013Hindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Oxidative Medicine and Cellular LongevityHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018PPAR ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2013www.hindawi.comThe Scientific World Journal8Immunology ResearchHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Journal ofObesityJournal ofHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Hindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018 Computational and  Mathematical Methods in MedicineHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Behavioural NeurologyOphthalmologyJournal ofHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Diabetes ResearchJournal ofHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Hindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Research and TreatmentAIDSHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Gastroenterology Research and PracticeHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Parkinson’s DiseaseEvidence-Based Complementary andAlternative MedicineVolume 2018Hindawiwww.hindawi.comSubmit your manuscripts atwww.hindawi.com

Research ArticleA Three-Gene Expression Signature Identifies a Cluster ofPatients with Short Survival in Chronic Lymphocytic LeukemiaAdria´n Mosquera Orgueira ,1,2,3 Beatriz Antelo Rodrı´guez,1,2,3 Jose´ A´ngel Dı´az Arias,1,2Nicola´s Dı´az Varela,1,2 and Jose´ Luis Bello Lo´pez1,2,31Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago, Spain2Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Division of Hematology, SERGAS, Santiago, Spain3University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, SpainCorrespondence should be addressed to Adria´n Mosquera Orgueira; adrian.mosquera@live.comReceived 30 April 2019; Revised 4 July 2019; Accepted 6 August 2019; Published 7 November 2019Guest Editor: Hui-Lung SunCopyright © 2019 Adria´n Mosquera Orgueira et al. .is is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in anymedium, provided the original work isproperly cited.Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by its heterogeneous clinical evolution.Despite the discovery of themost frequent cytogenomic drivers of disease during the last decade, new efforts are needed in order toimprove prognostication. In this study, we used gene expression data of CLL samples in order to discover novel transcriptomicpatterns associated with patient survival. We observed that a 3-gene expression signature composed of SCGB2A1, KLF4, andPPP1R14B differentiate a group of circa 5% of cases with short survival. .is effect was independent of the main cytogeneticmarkers of adverse prognosis. Finally, this finding was reproduced in an independent retrospective cohort. We believe that thissmall gene expression pattern will be useful for CLL prognostication and its association with CLL response to novel drugs shouldbe explored in the future.1. IntroductionChronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most frequentlymphoproliferative syndrome in western populations, andit is characterized by its remarkable heterogeneous clinicalevolution. In the molecular era of medicine, the discovery ofnew biomarkers is a central issue of disease prognostication.Recurrent cytogenetic aberrations, the IGHV hypermutationstatus, and, more recently, somatic mutations in driver genessuch as TP53, ATM, NOTCH1, SF3B1, MYD88, and BIRC3have improved risk stratification of CLL patients [1–3]..e inherent continuous nature of gene expressionsupposes an opportunity to dissect heterogeneous tumortypes into comprehensive molecular subclasses. Indeed,previous efforts have proven the usefulness of this approachin CLL prognostication. Rodr´ıguez et al. reported a seven-gene signature correlated with IGHV mutation status thatpredicts time to treatment [4], whereas Herold et al. reportedan 8-gene prognostic signature that predicted overallsurvival, but the predictability of this pattern was not su-perior to that of the combination of conventional FISH andIGHV mutation status [5]..us, we reasoned that the identification of new andsmall-sized patterns of gene expression associated withadverse survival and their dependency on the main cyto-genomic factors of adverse prognosis may improve CLLprognostication.2. MethodsWe used two public databases of gene expression data in CLLpatients in order to create a training and a validation cohort..e training cohort was composed of transcriptomic datafrom 450 CLL cases enrolled in the International CancerGenome Consortium (data accessible in the European Ge-nome-phenome Archive, accession code EGAD00010000875).Samples were collected and analyzed by the aforementionedconsortium before initiation of any treatment. Overall survivalHindawiJournal of OncologyVolume 2019, Article ID 9453539, 4 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9453539was calculated as time fromCLL diagnosis to time of death fromany cause. Transcriptomic data were measured with AffymetrixHG-u219 microarrays. .e Robust Multichip Algorithm (RMA)[6] was used to preprocess, normalize, and log2-transformexpression data. For genes targeted by multiple probes, themedian value was extracted. For each gene, we determined itsindividual clusterization capacity. .eMclust [7] algorithm wasused in order to detect the 2 most likely patient clustersaccording to the expression of each gene (Mclust function,parameter G� 2). Briefly, the Mclust algorithm determines themost likely set of clusters according to geometric properties(distribution, volume, and shape). An expectation-maximiza-tion algorithm is used for maximum likelihood estimation, andthe best model is selected according to Bayes information cri-teria. .e association of each of these single-gene clusters withoverall survival was calculated using cox regression. .ereafter,those genes whose clusterization was significantly associatedwith survival (q-value <0.05) were selected for multivariateclusterization using the same Mclust algorithm.An independent cohort of 107 CLL samples was used forvalidation (accessible in the Gene Expression Omnibus,accession code GSE22762, array platform Affymetrix Hu-man Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array). .is dataset wascomposed of samples from patients with newly diagnosedand preexisting CLL, a fraction of whom had been pre-viously treated. Overall survival was calculated as the periodof time from microarray analysis to death from any cause.Briefly, normalized gene expression estimates wereextracted, median expression for multiprobe genes wascalculated, and the array platform batch effect was adjustedusing Combat [8]. .en, cluster prediction was performedwith parameters estimated in the training cohort, and coxregression was used to verify the association of this clus-terization with survival.3. Results.ree transcripts were able to individually clusterize patientsin two groups with significantly different survival in thestudy cohort (Benjamini–Hochberg q-value <0.05) (Sup-plementary Figure 1 and Supplementary Table 1). .esegenes were SCGB2A1, KLF4, and PPP1R14B. A multivariateclusterization based on the three genes was created usingMclust. According to the BIC, the geometrical model ren-dering the optimal clusterization was diagonal, with varyingvolume and equal shape (VEI in Mclust argot). .is clus-terization was markedly associated with overall survival (coxregression p-value 4.31× 10− 6, hazard ratio 4.86, lower 95%confidence interval 2.48, upper 95% confidence interval 9.53;Figures 1(a) and 2(a)). .e cluster of patients with adversesurvival supposed 4.22% of the study cohort. .e prognosticimpact of this clusterization on survival was validated in anindependent cohort (cox regression p-value 5.7×10− 6,hazard ratio 10.79, lower 95% confidence interval 3.86,upper 95% confidence interval 30.17; Figures 1(b) and 2(b);Supplementary Table 2). .e cluster of patients with adversesurvival represented 5.60% of the validation cohort. Wecould visually detect one case in validation cohort whoseprobability of belonging to the small cluster was 52.79%(indicated with an asterisk in Figure 2(b)). Discarding thisevent from the survival analysis did not significantly changethe results: p-value 6.31× 10− 6; 95% HR: 0.03–0.26.In order to assess the independence of our clusterizationapproach, we used data from Puente et al. [1] to analyze for0 2500 5000 7500 10000Time0.000.250.500.751.00Survival probabilityCluster 1Cluster 2Training cohort(a)0 500 1000 1500 2000Time0.000.250.500.751.00Survival probabilityCluster 1Cluster 2Validation cohort(b)Figure 1: Kaplan–Meier plots representing the different evolution of CLL patients belonging to the two different clusters in the (a) trainingand (b) validation cohorts.2 Journal of Oncologypotential confounders in the study cohort. .e followingcovariates were included in the model: patient’s age at di-agnosis, Binet stage at diagnosis, IGHV mutation status,presence of TP53 mutation or 17p deletion, ATM mutationor 11q deletion, NOTCH1 mutation, SF3B1 mutation, andBIRC3 mutation. .e association of the transcriptomeclusterization remained significant independently of theeffect of these adverse prognostic factors (cox regressionp-value 8.95×10− 3, hazard ratio 2.76). Since we could notget access to the status of these markers in the validationcohort, we could not reproduce this finding.4. DiscussionIn this paper, we present a new gene expression signaturethat identifies a group of CLL patients with shorter survival..e signature was composed of the following genes: KLF4,SCGB2A1, and PPP1R14B. KLF4 belongs to the Kruppelfamily of transcription factors. KLF4 has both growthsuppressive and antiapoptotic functions since it can triggercell-cycle arrest by inducing TP53-mediated expression ofCDKN1A and it can also block apoptosis by inhibiting TP53activity and suppressing BAX expression [9]. Less is knownabout SCGB2A1 and PPP1R14B. SCGB2A1 encodes a gene ofthe secretoglobin family. SCGB2A1 is highly expressed insome tumor types [10], and it has been linked to adversecancer prognosis in others [11]. PPP1R14B encodes a pu-tative inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1, a pleiotropicenzyme that plays multiple functions in cellular growth, cell-cycle regulation, and apoptosis [12].Patients from both cohorts were diagnosed and treatedin the era of chemoimmunotherapy. A limitation of thisanalysis is that we ignore which treatment regimens (if any)were administered to each patient. Nevertheless, the re-markable strong association of the reported clusterizationwith overall survival in both the training and validationcohorts suggests a treatment-independent mechanism. Itwill be important to study the impact of new targeted drugssuch as tyrosine kinase inhibitors or BCL2 antagonists in thesurvival of these CLL cases.In conclusion, we report a 3-gene expression signaturethat identifies a subgroup ∼5% of CLL patients with shortsurvival before the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Fur-thermore, this clusterization in the training cohort wasassociated with adverse outcome independently of the mostimportant cytogenomic factors.5. ConclusionsA 3-gene expression signature characterizes a group of circa5% of CLL patients with short survival..e prognostic impactof this signature was independent of the main cytogenomicmarkers of adverse prognosis at least in the study cohort. .issmall signature might be useful for future studies aboutdisease prognostication and drug response in CLL.Data Availability.is study used public data accessible in the Gene Ex-pression Omnibus and in the repository of the InternationalCancer Genome Consortium.7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.47.27.47.67.88.08.28.49.0 9.5 10.09.09.510.0891011PPP1R14BKLF4SCGB2A18 9 10 11Training cohort(a)7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.67.67.88.08.28.48.69.0 9.5 10.09.09.510.08.08.59.09.510.5PPP1R14BKLF4SCGB2A18.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.5Validation cohort(b)Figure 2: Scatterplot matrix representing the relationship of patients according to the expression of SCGB2A1, KLF4, and PPP1R14B.Separate plots are provided for the training (a) and validation (b) cohorts. Points are labeled according to the cluster assignation: black dotsrepresent patients in the cluster of adverse prognosis and red dots represent the remaining group of patients. In (b), the asterisk indicates anevent near the limit of both clusters (see text).Journal of Oncology 3Additional PointsA 3-gene expression signature identifies a subgroup of pa-tients with chronic lymphocytic characterized by shortsurvival. .e classifier was independent of the main cyto-genomic predictors of adverse prognosis in the study cohort.Disclosure.e content of this paper is part of the doctoral thesis of Adria´nMosquera Orgueira to obtain a PhD at the Department ofMedicine, University of Santiago de Compostela.Conflicts of Interest.e publication costs associated with this manuscript havebeen partially paid by Roche Pharmaceuticals. .e funderplayed no role in the study design, data collection, analysis,results interpretation, and writing or in the decision tosubmit this paper for publicationAuthors’ ContributionsAMO designed the study and performed the research. AMO,BAR, JADA, and NDV wrote the paper. JLBL reviewed thepaper.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank the International Cancer GenomeConsortium for facilitating the data and the SupercomputingCenter of Galicia (CESGA) for providing informatics sup-port for the analysis.Supplementary MaterialsSupplementary Figure 1: individual patient clusterizationaccording to the expression of the three selected genes in thetraining cohort (red and blue bars). Black bars representgene expression for each patient in the cohort. Supple-mentary Table 1: expression levels of SCGB2A1, KLF4, andPPP1R14B, survival data, and cluster membership of pa-tients in the training cohort. Supplementary Table 2: ex-pression levels of SCGB2A1, KLF4, and PPP1R14B, survivaldata, and cluster membership of patients in the validationcohort. (Supplementary Materials)References[1] X. S. Puente, S. Bea`, R. Valde´s-Mas et al., “Non-coding re-current mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia,” Na-ture, vol. 526, no. 7574, pp. 519–524, 2015.[2] D. A. Landau, E. Tausch, A. N. Taylor-Weiner et al., “Mu-tations driving CLL and their evolution in progression andrelapse,” Nature, vol. 526, no. 7574, pp. 525–530, 2015.[3] H. Do¨hner, S. Stilgenbauer, A. Benner et al., “Genomic ab-errations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia,” NewEngland Journal of Medicine, vol. 343, no. 26, pp. 1910–1916,2000.[4] A. Rodr´ıguez, R. Villuendas, L. Ya´ñez et al., “Molecularheterogeneity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is dependenton BCR signaling: clinical correlation,” Leukemia, vol. 21,no. 9, pp. 1984–1991, 2007.[5] T. Herold, V. Jurinovic, K. H. Metzeler et al., “An eight-geneexpression signature for the prediction of survival and time totreatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia,” Leukemia,vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 1639–1645, 2011.[6] R. A. Irizarry, B. Hobbs, F. Collin et al., “Exploration, nor-malization, and summaries of high density oligonucleotidearray probe level data,” Biostatistics, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 249–264,2003.[7] L. Scrucca, M. Fop, T. B. Murphy, and A. E. Raftery, “Mclust 5:clustering, classification and density estimation usingGaussian finite mixture models,” <e R Journal, vol. 8, no. 1,pp. 289–317, 2016.[8] W. E. Johnson, C. Li, and A. Rabinovic, “Adjusting batcheffects in microarray expression data using empirical Bayesmethods,” Biostatistics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 118–127, 2007.[9] A. M. Ghaleb and V. W. Yang, “Kru¨ppel-like factor 4 (KLF4):what we currently know,” Gene, vol. 611, pp. 27–37, 2017.[10] S. Bellone, R. Tassi, M. Betti et al., “Mammaglobin B(SCGB2A1) is a novel tumour antigen highly differentiallyexpressed in all major histological types of ovarian cancer:implications for ovarian cancer immunotherapy,” BritishJournal of Cancer, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 462–471, 2013.[11] L. Chen, D. Lu, K. Sun et al., “Identification of biomarkersassociated with diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancerpatients based on integrated bioinformatics analysis,” Gene,vol. 692, pp. 119–125, 2019.[12] J. Figueiredo, O. da Cruz e Silva, and M. Fardilha, “Proteinphosphatase 1 and its complexes in carcinogenesis,” CurrentCancer Drug Targets, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 2–29, 2014.4 Journal of OncologyStem Cells InternationalHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Hindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018MEDIATORSINFLAMMATIONofEndocrinologyInternational Journal ofHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Hindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Disease MarkersHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018BioMed Research InternationalOncologyJournal ofHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2013Hindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Oxidative Medicine and Cellular LongevityHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018PPAR ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2013www.hindawi.comThe Scientific World Journal8Immunology ResearchHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Journal ofObesityJournal ofHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Hindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018 Computational and  Mathematical Methods in MedicineHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Behavioural NeurologyOphthalmologyJournal ofHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Diabetes ResearchJournal ofHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Hindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Research and TreatmentAIDSHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Gastroenterology Research and PracticeHindawiwww.hindawi.com Volume 2018Parkinson’s DiseaseEvidence-Based Complementary andAlternative MedicineVolume 2018Hindawiwww.hindawi.comSubmit your manuscripts atwww.hindawi.com

A Three-Gene Expression Signature Identifies a Cluster of Patients with Short Survival in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

https://runa.sergas.gal/xmlui/bitstream/20.500.11940/12861/1/9453539.pdf

A Three-Gene Expression Signature Identifies a Cluster of Patients with Short Survival in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

RUNA - Repositorio de Saúde

Repositorio Institucional da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

RUNA - Repositorio de Saúde