The geography and topography of Bangladesh has created many rural and remote areas. The progress of rural electrification in Bangladesh faces specific problems because of the scarcity of power generation. The major electricity grid and a number of isolated local grids cannot economically reach many rural areas. A photovoltaic system is one suitable solution because of its flexibility, low environmental impact and freedom from fuel requirements. Therefore photovoltaic technology is a most feasible option to provide an alternative source of energy in areas where conventional grid electrification is a major issue. Various photovoltaic systems ranging from solar home systems, photovoltaic-pumping systems for drinking water, TV repeaters, public health centers, institutions and office systems have been installed in Bangladesh. More recently PV system are also effectively used in income generating enterprises such as grocery shops, tailoring shops, clinics, restaurants, rice mills, cellular phone services, barber shops, buzzers, and micro utilities which sell electricity to customers in the neighborhood. And Solar PV also introduced in the electrification of cyclone shelter in the coastal areas

Alam, M. M. Asraful

Ferdous, C. M. R.

Islam, M. Mainul

Islam, M. Shahidul

Rahman, A. N. M.Mizanur

English

University of Southern Queensland ePrints

SOLAE. PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY AND BANGLADESH ABSTRACT IC.M.R. Ferdous 1M. Shahidul Islam" lM.Mainul Islam, 'M.M. Asraful Alam, 2A.N.M. Mizanur Rahman I Lecturer, 2Professor. Department'of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering &Techno]ogy, Khuinn, Bnngladesh. The geogmphy"and topography of Bangladesh has created many rural and remote areas. The progress of rural electrification in Bangladesh faces specific problems because of the scarcity of power generation. The major electricity grid and a number of isolated local grids cannot economically reach many rural areas. A photovoltaic system is one suitable' solution because of its flexibility, low environmental impact and freedom from fuel requirements. Therefore photoyoltaic technology is a most feasible option to provide an alternative source of en\!rgy in areas where conventional grid electrification is a major issue. Various photovoltaic systems ranging from solar home systems, photovoltaic-pumping systems for drinking water, TV repeaters, public health centers, institutions and offices systems have been installed in Bangladesh. More recently PV system are also effectively used in income generating enterprises such as grocery shops, tailoring shops, clinics, restaurants, rice mills, cellular phone services, barber shops, buzzers, and micro utilities which sale electricity to customers in the neighborhood. And Solar PV also introduced in the electrification of cyclone shelter in the coastal areas. INTRODUCTION The increasing energy demand and the radiation of the limited availability of fossil energy prompted us to find out alternative energy Sources. The utilization of natural energy which is clean, non-pollution and non-exhaustible is considered as an excellent alternative. Among these alternative energy sources, solar energy is the most promising. The sun provides virtually all the energy for natural and an artificial process. Solar radiation is the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sun produced by the complex and chemical reaction on the sun's surface. Solar radiation arrives at the earth surface with a minimum power of one kilowatt per square meter (1 kW/m 2). The energy coming from the sun can be used for power generation using solar or photovoltaic cell. Edmund Becquerel first discovered the photovoltaic in 1839; this effect was first observed in all solid-state system in 1876 by willough by smith using selenium. 112 TECHNOLOGIES Crystalline Silicon (c-Si): Crystalline silicon (c-Si) is the leading commercial material for photovoltaic celis, and is used in several forms: single-crystalline or monocrystalline silicon, multicrystalline or polycrystalline silicon, ribbon and sheet silicon and thin-layer silicon. Common techniques for the production of crystalline silicon include the Czochralski (CZ) method, float-zone (FZ) methOd, and other methods such as c{lsting and die or wire pulling. The removal of impurities and defects in the silicon is of critical importance, and is addressed with teChniques such as surface passivation (reacting the surface with hydrogen) and gettering (a chemical heat treatment that causes impurities to diffuse out of the silicon). Also at issue as the industry grows is the availability and purity of the solar-grade silicon feedstock. Although crystalline silicon solar cells have been in existence since 1954, new innovations COntinue to be developed, including the emitter wrap-through (EWT) cell and the self-aligned selective-emitter (SASE) cell. Thin Films: Thin film photovoltaic cells use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick, attached to an inexpensive backing such as glass, flexible plastic, or stainless steel. Semiconductor materials for use in thin films include amorphous silicon (a-Si), copper indium diselenide (CIS), and cadmium telluride (CdTe). Amorphous silicon has no crystal structure and is gradually degraded by exposure to light through the Staebler-Wronski Effect. Hydrogen passivation can reduce this effect. Because the quantity of semicondul::tor material required for thin films is far smaller than for traditional PV cells, the cost of thin film manufacturing is far less than for crystalline silicon solar cells. Group III-V Technologies: These photovoltaic technologies, based on Group III and V elements in the Periodic Table, show very high conversion efficiencies under either normal sunlight or sunlight that is concentrated (see "Concentrating Collectors" below). Single-crystal cells of this type are usually made of gallium arsenide (GaAs). Gallium arsenide can be alloyed with elements such as indium, phosphorus, and aluminum to create semiconductors that respond to different energies of sunlight. High-Efficiency MuItijunction Devices: Multijunction devices stack individual solar cells on top of each other to maximize the capture and conversion of solar energy. The top layer (or junction) captures the highest-energy light and passes the rest on to be absorbed by the lower layers. Much of the work in this area uses gallium arsenide and its alloys, as well as using amorphous silicon, copper indium diselenide, and gallium indium phosphide. Although two-junction cells have been built, most research is focusing on three-junction (thyristor) and four-junction devices, using materials such as germanium (Ge) to capture the lowest-energy light in the lowest layer. 113 Fabricating Solar Cells and Modules: A variety of technical~issues are involved in the fabrication of solar cells. The semiconductor material is often doped with impurities such as boron or phosphorus to tweak the frequencies of light that it responds to: Other treatments include surface passivation of the material and application of antireflection coatings. The encapsulation of the complete PV module in a protective shell is another important step in the fabrication process. Advanced Solar Cells: A variety of advanced approaches to solar cells are under investigation. Dye-sensitized solar cells use a dye-impregnated layer of titanium dioxide to generate", voltage, rathe~ than the semi conducting materials used in most solar cells. Because titanium dioxide is relatively inexpensive, they offer the potential to significantly cut the cost of solar cells. Other advanced approaches include polymer (or plastic) solar cells (which may include large carbon molecules called fullerenes) and photo electrochemical cells, which produce hydrogen directly from water in the presence of sunlight. Balance of System (BOS) Components: The balance of system (BOS) components includes everything in a photovoltaic system other than the photovoltaic modules. BQS components may include mounting structures, tracking devices, batteries, power electronics (including an inverter, a Charge controller, and a grid interconnection), and other devices. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE Solar cell construction is very simple. The top layer of the solar cell that the sunlight encounters is transparent. The outer most layers, which' are the cover glass, is an encapsulating layer to protect the rest of the structure from the environment. Transparent adhesive holds the cover glass to the solar cell. After light passes through the cover glass and the transparent adhesives it encounters the anti reflective CAR) coating. This coating is transparent layer designed to reduce the amount of reflected sunlight. The front contact serves at the contact between the solar cell and the external electric circuit. The back contact, which can be a sheet metal since it, is hot in the way of any sunlight. Beneath the front contact and above the back contact lie the guts of solar cell. It is shown as n-type and p-type semiconductor where sunlight is absorbed and electricity is generated. COVER GLASS Figurel: Atypical configuration of a solar cell. 114 Semiconductor is a materials shoe electrical conductivities are between those of highly conduction metals and poorly conducting insul~tors. Most of the solar cells are composed of semiconductors which are prepared to haVe, soled state Charest eristic and holes. The conductivity of a material such as crystalline silicon of various thin film materials is related to the energy required to promote an electron valence bond to conduction bond. Semiconductor have small bond gap due to which it from an electronic structure such that one bond of allowed states completely occupied by electrons is separated by a forbidden energy gap from the next bond of allowed state s whiCh is virtually of electrons. Most of semiconductors have band gap energies 1- 2 e V. The p- type and n-type semiconductor are heart of solar cello Semiconductor materials such as a GIE and SI are referred to as tetravalent atoms because they each have four valance electrons. Adding predetermined number impurity atoms in to a geranium and silicon base forms both the n-type and p-type materials. The n-type is created by introducing impurity elements the have five valance electrons (Pentavalent) such as antimony, arsenic and phosphorus. Due to impurity atom these is and any particular co-valiant bond. This loosely bond remaining electron is relatively free to move with in the newly formed n-type material, the p-type material is formed by adding p a pure germanium or silicon crystal with impurity atoins having three valance electrons such as boron, gallium, indium, These is now an insufficient number of e3lectrons to complete the co-valiant bonds the newly formed lattice, The resulting vacancy is called a hole which will readily accept 'free' electron. If p-type semiconductor is joined to an n-type semiconductor the interface in between is called the p-n junction on both sides of which the majority change carries being oppositely charged tend to attract each other. These charge carriers diffuse to the other side of junction, with excess electrons from the n-type region filling up the holes in the p-type region until it reaches an equilibrium state. At this point the forward and backward current is equal to each other. This form a region on both sides of the junctions depleted of charge carriers, which is the origin of the "photo-voltage" of the cell. The basis of photovoltaic energy conversion i& the absorption of photo's of appropriate energy in a properly selected semiconductor. In selection the semiconductor, it is a must consider the spectrum of the light source relative to the absorption an~ reflection spectra of the material. When photons strike the atoms in a semiconductor electron will absorb energy from the photons. Due to these increase in energy some electron can gain enough energy to "electrical conduction. Photo voltaic cells provide thus converted energy via the electric current through an extemal circuit. APPLICA nON Concentrator Collectors: Concentrating photovoltaic collectors use devices such [\S Fresnel lenses, mirrors, and mirrored dishes to concentrate sunlight onto a solar cell. Cerluin solar celis, such as gallium arsenide cells, can efficiently convert concentrated solar energy into electricity, allowing the use of only a small amount of semi conducting material per square foot of solar collector. liS Concentrating collectors are usually mounted on a two'..axis tracking system to keep the collector pointed toward tile sun. Building~Integrated Photovo~taic (BIPV): Building~integrated photovoltaic materials are manufactured with the double purpose of producing electricity and serving as construction materials. They can replace traditional building components, including curtain walls, skylights, atrium roofs, awnings, roof tiles and shingles, and windows. Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems: Stand-alone systems produce power independently of the utility grid. In some off-the-grid locations as near as one-quarter mile from the power lines, stand-alone photovoltaic systems can be more cost-effective than extending power lines. They are especially appropriate for remote. environmentally sensitive areas, such as national parks, cabins, and remote homes. In rural areas, small stand-alone solar arrays often power farm lighting, fence chargers, and solar water pumps, which provide water for livestock. Direct-coupled systems need no electrical storage because they operate only during daylight hours, but most systems rely on battery storage so that energy produced during the day can be used at night. Some systems, called hybrid systems, combine solar power with additional power sources such as wind or diesel. Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems: Grid-connected photovoltaic systems, also called grid interface systems, supply surplus power back through the grid to the utility, and take from the utility grid when the home system's power supply is low. These systems remove the need for battery storage, although arranging for the grid interconnection can be difficult. In some cases, utilities allow net metering, which allows the owner to sell excess power back to the utility. Space Applications: Solar arrays work well for generating power in space and power virtually all satellites. Most satellites and spacecraft are equipped with crystalline silicon or high-efficiency Oroup III-IV cells, but recently satellites have beglin using thin-film amorphous-silicon-based solar panels. APPLICATION IN BANGLADESH Solar cell utilization is being accepted gradually. The tropical climate of Bangladesh is an advantage to the utilization of solar cell but its slow progress in our country is due to high initial lost, low daily operation time and lower output level. Bangladesh atomic energy commission ran the first photovoltaic pilot project at Swandip Island in 1988.These gave been the substantial intervention in Bangladesh in the field of rural electrification through solar photovoltaic cell. These are solar PV project by Grameen Shakti (OS) and Narshingd: pilot project by rural electrification Board (REB). These projects attempted to provide basic needs such electric lighting and power for TV or Radio with assistance from the French Government; REB has implemented a solar PV electrification project for rural households and commercial enterpriser at a remote island in Narshingdi district. This pilot project serves about 700 households of the island community. Other application of PV. Include water 116 pumping and power for mosques, institutions and office. p,:, s~stem are als~ :ffec~ivelY used in income generating enterprises such as grocery ·.shops, tadonng sh?ps, cl~~I~S, lest~urants, rice mills cellular phone services, barber shops, buzzers, and micro utilities which sell electricity'to customers in the neighborhood. In addition to these LGED (local GoveJ'~ment Engineering Department) is continuing its work on the electrification of cyclone she.lteI' In the costal areas through solar PV installation. In the current place. cyclone shelters. III greater Patuakhale, Noakhali, and Cox's Bazer district have thus electnfied. ~e~eral ~atlOnal NGO h BRAC and PROSHIKA have used solar PV system to electnclty t~elr offices. and suc as . I NGO h t ·ymg up projects some targets group homes in 111ral areas. CMES a natLona ,as I . . involving pilot marketing system through them in 111ral areas and developmg Its own accessories and appliances for this. Table 1: Solar PV installation 1985_1995[21 Sponsoring Year Wattage Purpose Description & Location or~anizatiou (W) Solar numoin!!, Saver BAFC 1985 14000 Pumping Solar pumping, Shiola BAFC 1989 2332 Irrigation in tea - parden Solar lighting, Tanaail BAFC 1988 480 CharoiMii.ht Solar system, Sawandio BAFC 1988 1880 Freeze, Li !!hts Solar system, Sawandio BAFC 1989 329 Freeze Solar system, BAFC 1993 1000 TV, Lights, Freeze Moheskhali Badarkali,Cyclone center LGED 1995 745 Light, Bacon light, Loud sneaker Kazikamda,Galachipa LGED 1995 300 Light, Bacon light, Cyclone center Loud speaker Char Mantaz,Cycione LGED 1995 300 Light, Bacon light, center, Galachipa Loud speaker Char Agasti, Cyclone LGED 1995 300 Light, Bacon light, center, Galachi·oa Loud speaker 117 Table 2: Solar PV installation 1996-1997. for private consumer [2] "' Description of Organization No. of System Total wattage Svstem consumer wattage (W) (W) Lanterns 'REB 200 6 1200 2 Lights, a socket for REB 380 Charged at Charged at TV charging station charQine station 3 Lights, 1 Fan, a REB 120 Charged at socket - char£:!!lg statio!!._ 3 Lights, 1 Fan, a REB 100 46 4600 . socket 3 Lights, 1 Fan, a REB 140 92 12880 socket Battery charging REB 14720 station, Karimour . - -Battery charging REB 7360 station, Natun Bazer' - -Battery charging REB - 7360 station, AIiour - -Lights, 1 Fan, socket, GS 409 30-35 21743 TV Table 2: Solar PV installation 1996-1997. for private consumer [6] SI Solar System Capacity(Watt) Location No. 1 Solar household 19650 Kuakata in PatuaKhali,Noakhali,Cox' system B azzer, Kutubdi a, Chi tagong( Specially Cyclone Center),Khagrachari 2 Solar household 1800 Solar Voltage in system Baliadangi,Takurgaon 3 Solar Battery 150 Kazikanda,Patuakhali Charging Station 4 Solar Pumping 300 Prantik Lake,bandurban System 5 Solar Market 1500 Gangutia Growth Center,Jenaidah Electrification{AC) 6 Community Center 530 Milon Karbaripara,Dighinala,Tangaii, Electrification Khagrachari $ Sadar Thana 7 Cluster Voltage Electrification 1725 Ashrayan Project,Nalitabari,Sherpuf Total in Watt 25655 liS CONCLUSION Thus the most beneficial solar photovoltaic PV) system are gaining acceptance as a technology for electricity generation in remote and rural areas. But these no manufactures of PV panels in Bangladesh in the country by private companies. The government encourages promotion of PV industry. Also the solar PY system is established. However, more commitment and effective policies will strengthen PV promotion and load to full commercialization of this technology. REFERENCES 1. Erwin R. Cruz" Solar cells and Photovoltaic Modules" Seminar on Photovoltaic technology, University of the Philippines, 19~20 June 1997 2. D.K. Das & M.A. R. Sarker " Alternative Renewable energy- Bangladesh Context" Proceeding of 6th annual paper meet and International conference, Mechanical division, IEB, Dhaka, 17-19 February, 2000. 3. Renewable Energy Technology in ASIA, A Regional Reaseich and Dissemination Programme. 4. Boylesad L. Robert & Nashelsky Louis, Electronic devices and circuit theory 5. U.S. Department of Energy,Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy http://www.EERESolarEnergy-Photovoltaics.htm 6. Sadrul Islam M.K.A & Infield G.D(2001),Photovoltaic Technology for Bangladesh, Dept. of Mech. Engg, Buet & center for Renewable energy System Technology. 119 

Department of Energy,Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy http://www.EERESolarEnergy-Photovoltaics.htm

Electronic devices and circuit theory

Renewable Energy Technology in ASIA, A Regional Reaseich and Dissemination Programme.

Sarker &quot; Alternative Renewable energy- Bangladesh Context&quot;

Solar cells and Photovoltaic Modules&quot;

Solar photovoltaic technology and Bangladesh

http://eprints.usq.edu.au/8192/1/Ferdous_Islam_Islam_Alam_SRRAESND2003_PV.pdf

Solar photovoltaic technology and Bangladesh

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