Introduction: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of thyme extract in drinking
water on immune response of broiler chickens.
Methods: A total of 245-day-old broiler chicks were purchased and 20 chicks were bled for
determination maternal antibody and remaining chicks were divided into 5 equal groups.
Chickens of group A, B and C received 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2% of Pediatric Cough Syrup including
thyme extract respectively in drinking water for all of the experimental period. Chickens of group
D were not received Pediatric Cough Syrup but vaccinated against Influenza disease. Chickens of
group E were kept as control group and were not received Pediatric Cough Syrup and Influenza
disease vaccine. Chickens of group A, B, C and D were vaccinated with AI-ND killed vaccine
(subtype H9N2), subcutaneously in neck back. Blood samples were collected before vaccination
as well as on days 14, 28 and 35 after vaccination. Ten chickens of each group were bled randomly
and antibody titer against influenza vaccine virus was determined by hemagglutination inhibition
(HI) test.
Results: The results of the present study showed that Pediatric Cough Syrup including thyme
extract at 0.2%, increased the specific antibody response against Influenza vaccine virus compared
to all groups.
Conclusion: Pediatric Cough Syrup including thyme extract can improve the specific antibody
response against Influenza vaccine virus

Brian E. Krumm

Reinhard Grisshammer

Frontiers in Pharmacology

Introduction: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of thyme extract in drinking water on immune response of broiler chickens.Methods: A total of 245-day-old broiler chicks were purchased and 20 chicks were bled for determination maternal antibody and remaining chicks were divided into 5 equal groups. Chickens of group A, B and C received 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 of Pediatric Cough Syrup including thyme extract respectively in drinking water for all of the experimental period. Chickens of group D were not received Pediatric Cough Syrup but vaccinated against Influenza disease. Chickens of group E were kept as control group and were not received Pediatric Cough Syrup and Influenza disease vaccine. Chickens of group A, B, C and D were vaccinated with AI-ND killed vaccine (subtype H9N2), subcutaneously in neck back. Blood samples were collected before vaccination as well as on days 14, 28 and 35 after vaccination. Ten chickens of each group were bled randomly and antibody titer against influenza vaccine virus was determined by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test.Results: The results of the present study showed that Pediatric Cough Syrup including thyme extract at 0.2, increased the specific antibody response against Influenza vaccine virus compared to all groups.Conclusion: Pediatric Cough Syrup including thyme extract can improve the specific antibody response against Influenza vaccine virus

Talazadeh, Forough.

Mayahi, Mansoor.

shahrekord university of medical scinces

Journal of Herbmed PharmacologyJournal homepage: http://www.herbmedpharmacol.com J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2017; 6(1): 33-36.Immune response of broiler chickens supplemented with pediatric cough syrup including thyme extract in drinking water against influenza vaccine*Corresponding author: Forough Talazadeh, Tel: +98-6113330073; Fax: +98-6113360807; Email: ftalazade@gmail.comIntroductionHerbal plants have some effects on animal immune system including stimulation and suppression of the indicators of non-specific defense mechanism, humoral and cellular immunity. A critical determinant of immune responses is nutrition (1,2). The immunostimulating activities of  a lot of herbal plants have been studied in chicken, human, and mouse cell lines (3-5). For example, steroidal ginseng saponins can stimulate immune system by production of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-2, IL6, and INF-γ), lymphocyte and macrophage activities (6). Due to possessing flavonoid and terpene compounds, Ginkgo biloba leaves are able to mediate production of inflammatory cytokines (7). Saponins have the ability to stimulate humoral and cellular immunity (8) and induce production of cytokines such as interferons and interleukins (9,10). The immune-stimulant activities of saponins are considered to be based on aldehyde groups or branched sugar chains (11) or an acyl residue bearing the aglycone (10). Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharide-based herbal plants have also been widely studied (12,13). Qiu and Cui reported that administration of four Chinese herbs obtained from Astragalus root, Achyranthes root, Isatis root and Chinese Yam, could significantly enhance the antibody titers in vaccinated chicken. Beta-sitosterol and its glycoside are found to have profound immune modulating activities Forough Talazadeh1*, Mansoor Mayahi21Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran 2Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education:Utilization of immunostimulants is a solution to improve the immunity of animals and decrease their susceptibility to infectious disease. Herbs that are rich in flavonoids such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris) may extend the activity of vitamin C, act as antioxidants and may therefore enhance the immune function. Please cite this paper as: Talazadeh F, Mayahi M. Immune response of broiler chickens supplemented with pediatric cough syrup including thyme extract in drinking water against influenza vaccine. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2017;6(1):33-36. Introduction: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of thyme extract in drinking water on immune response of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 245-day-old broiler chicks were purchased and 20 chicks were bled for determination maternal antibody and remaining chicks were divided into 5 equal groups. Chickens of group A, B and C received 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2% of Pediatric Cough Syrup including thyme extract respectively in drinking water for all of the experimental period. Chickens of group D were not received Pediatric Cough Syrup but vaccinated against Influenza disease. Chickens of group E were kept as control group and were not received Pediatric Cough Syrup and Influenza disease vaccine. Chickens of group A, B, C and D were vaccinated with AI-ND killed vaccine (subtype H9N2), subcutaneously in neck back. Blood samples were collected before vaccination as well as on days 14, 28 and 35 after vaccination. Ten chickens of each group were bled randomly and antibody titer against influenza vaccine virus was determined by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test.Results: The results of the present study showed that Pediatric Cough Syrup including thyme extract at 0.2%, increased the specific antibody response against Influenza vaccine virus compared to all groups.Conclusion: Pediatric Cough Syrup including thyme extract can improve the specific antibody response against Influenza vaccine virus.A R T I C L E I N F OKeywords:Avian influenza virus (AIV) Pediatric Cough SyrupThyme extractImmune responseBroiler chickensArticle History:Received: 16 July 2016Accepted: 22 October 2016Article Type:Original ArticleA B S T R A C T Talazadeh F and  Mayahi MJournal of Herbmed Pharmacology, Volume 6, Number 1, January 2017 http://www.herbmedpharmacol.com 34(14). This phytosterol complex targets the TH1 and TH2 cells, resulting in improved T-lymphocyte and natural killer cell activities (15). Chinese herbs can also help to develop immune organs, such as the spleen and thymus (16) as well as increase in antibody production. Some herbs such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris) are full of flavonoids. Carvacrol and thymol are the main phenolic components of T. vulgaris (17). Studies have shown that thyme plant (oil and its major constituents) possesses a strong antibacterial effect against Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella sonnei, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella enteric (18-24). In addition, performance promoting effects of essential oil, extract, powder or principal components of thyme have been demonstrated in poultry (25-30). Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae. They are divided into three types, A, B, and C with segmented, negative-strand RNAs (31). All three types of influenza can infect humans, but only the type A viruses can infect birds and are collectively referred to as avian influenza (AI) viruses. Type A influenza viruses are divided into subtypes based on the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins. Currently, 10 NA subtypes (N1–N9) and 17 HA subtypes (H1–H16) have been described (31).  Due to the similar receptor  binding epitopes with human influenza viruses, H9N2 virus will have a broader host range to infect humans. In addition, H9N2 AIV infection in chickens is latent and easily over  looked,  increasing its chance of infecting humans. In turkeys and chickens, clinical signs reflect abnormalities in the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary organs. In breeders and layers, hens may show decreased egg production and increased broodiness. Domestic poultry might show generalized clinical signs including decreased feed and water consumption, occasionally diarrhea, ruffled feathers, huddling, listlessness, lethargy, and decreased activity (32). This study was conducted to study the immune response of broiler chickens supplemented with Pediatric Cough Syrup including thyme extract in drinking water against Influenza vaccine.Materials and MethodsChickensA total of 245-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were procured.  All chickens were divided into 5 groups and raised under standard conditions. Chickens of group A, B, C and D were submitted to vaccinations against AIV.VaccineAI-ND killed vaccine (subtype H9N2).Thyme extractPediatric Cough Syrup (T. vulgaris aqueous extract) was purchased commercially as solution (Dineh Iran- The Group of Pharmaceutical, Hygienic & Food industries). The product contained 5 mg thymol/5 mL of the solution.Experimental designChickens of groups A, B and C received 0.1%, 1.5% and 0.2% of Pediatric Cough Syrup including thyme extract respectively in drinking water for all of the period of experiment. Chickens of group D did not receive Pediatric Cough Syrup but vaccinated against Influenza disease. Chickens of group E were kept as control group and did not receive Pediatric Cough Syrup and influenza vaccine. Chickens of groups A, B, C and D were vaccinated with AI-ND killed vaccine (subtype H9N2) subcutaneously of neck back. Blood collection and serological testsBlood samples were collected before vaccination as well as on days 14, 28 and 35 post vaccination. Ten chickens of each group were bled randomly. Then, an antibody titer against influenza vaccine was determined by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Blood samples were drained from the brachial vein and sera were separated, identified and frozen at -20°C until the serological tests were performed. Serum samples were analyzed by the HI test to detect antibodies against influenza vaccine. Microplate hemagglutination inhibition assayBeta procedure of micro-plate HI test was performed in U-bottomed 96-well microtiter  plates with 1% chicken erythrocytes to determine the antibody level of the sera samples collected from the chicks of different groups. The test was conducted using constant 4HA unit AIV and diluted.Statistical analysisThe titers obtained by HI were analyzed by SPSS software version 18.0. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) LSD test was performed to determine the significant differences in HI titers of chickens of each group after vaccination. Means were compared at a significance level of 5%.ResultsBased on the results obtained from Table 1, 14 days after vaccination, there was a significant  difference between group C and all groups. Twenty-eight and 35 days after vaccination, antibody titers in groups A, B, and C were higher than group D, but there were no significant difference between groups A, B, C as compared to group D. Fourteen, 28 and 35 days after vaccination, group C showed the highest antibody levels. The results of present study suggest that Pediatric Cough Syrup including thyme extract is able to improve the specific antibody response against Influenza vaccine virus. DiscussionNatural products can be used as immune-stimulants. Herbal plants exert their beneficial effects on animal immune system mostly by secondary metabolites (33). Immune response of broiler chicken to thyme Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, Volume 6, Number 1, January 2017http://www.herbmedpharmacol.com 35The results of the present study showed that thyme extract at 0.2%, was able to improve the specific antibody response against Influenza vaccine virus, as compared to all other groups. In contrast to our results, Teymouri-Zadeh et al reported that there was no difference between T. vulgaris extract received birds and control group, when they studied the effect of T. vulgaris extract on antibody responses to red blood cell and Newcastle disease virus (34). Toghyani et al reported that albumin to globulin ratio, heterophile to lymphocyte ratio, and antibody titer against sheep red blood cell, influenza and Newcastle viruses in broilers treated with 5 and 10 g/kg thyme powder had no significantly differences with control birds (35). Furthermore, in disagreement with our results, Rahimi et al reported that dietary thyme extract (0.1%) soluble in water increased performance and lactic acid counts and reduced E. coli numbers but did not affect immune system compared with control group (P < 0.05) (36). The weak results of thyme extracts on the immune system in some researches are probably related to type of thyme, the dose of additives, and also vaccination program times and stimulator materials used in their studies.The results are in agreement with the findings of Al-Ankari et al who found that the use of herbal mint (Mentha longifolia) in broiler chicken diets increased antibody titers against NDV. This suggests that the plant’s essential oil may stimulate the immune system (37). Also the results of the present study are in agreement with the findings of Mahmoodi Bardzardi et al who found that myrtle essential oil (MEO) at 200 mg/kg was more effective in increasing antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus (38). ConclusionThe results of the present study show that Pediatric Cough Syrup including thyme extract is able to improve the specific antibody response against Influenza vaccine virus.AcknowledgmentsThe authors are grateful to Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran, for supporting this study.Authors’ contributionsStudy concept and design: FT and MM. Analysis and interpretation of data: FF and MM. Drafting of the manuscript: FT. Critical revision of the manuscript for Table 1. Effect of probiotic on HI antibody titer against avian influenza disease virusDays post- vaccination groups0 14 28 35A (0.1% ) 6.7±0.29 2.37±0.9 c* 4±0.8e 3.04±0.2eB (0.15% ) 2.19±0.35 c 4.1±0.9e 3.25±0.53eC (0.2% ) 3.25±0.9 abde 4.3±0.9e 3.47±0.4eD (vaccinated) 2.05±0.7 c 3. 5±0.3e 2.9±0.37eE (unvaccinated) 1.85±0.35 c - -The column with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05).*Mean ± standard deviation.              important intellectual content: FT and MM. Statistical analysis: FTConflict of interestsThe authors declared no competing interests.Ethical considerationsEthical issues (including plagiarism, misconduct, data fabrication, falsification, double publication or submission, redundancy) have been completely observed by the authors.Funding/SupportShahid Chamran University of Ahvaz supported this study.References1. Kirk CK. Interaction Between Nutrition and Infections Disease Infectious Disease. In:Calnek BW, ed. Diseases of Poultry. Ames, IA, USA:Iowa State University Press; 1997:73-4.2. Chandra RK. Nutrition and the immune system:an introduction. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:460-3.3. Shan BE, Yoshida Y, Sugiura T, Yamashita U. Stimulating activity of Chinese medicinal herbs on human lymphocytes in vitro. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1999;21:149-59.4. Cao LZ , Lin ZB. Regulatory effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on cytotoxic T-lymphocytes induced by dendritic cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2003;24:312-26.5. Lin ZB, Zhang HN. Anti-tumor and immunoregulatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum and its possible mechanisms. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2004;25:1387-95.6. Tan BK, Vanitha J. Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of some traditional Chinese medicinal herbs: a review. Curr Med Chem. 2004;11:1423-30.7. Li XY. Immuno-modulating components from Chinese medicines. Pharm Biol. 2000;38:33-40.8. Oda K, Matsuda H, Murakami T, Katayama S, Ohgitani T, Yoshikawa M. Adjuvant and haemolytic activities of 47 saponins derived from medicinal and food plants. Biol Chem. 2000;381:67-74.9. Jie YH, Cammisuli S, Baggiolini M. Immunomodulatory effects of Panax ginseung ca MEYER in the mouse. Agents Actions. 1984;15:386-91.10. Kensil CR. Saponins as vaccine adjuvants. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 1996;13:1-55.11. Bomford R, Stapleton M, Winsor S, et al. Adjuvanticity and ISCOM formation by structurally diverse saponins. Vaccine. 1992;10:572-7.12. Nair PK, Melnick SJ, Ramachandran R, Escalon E, Ramachandran C. Mechanism of macrophage activation by (1, 4)-α-D-glucan isolated from Tinospora cordifolia. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006;6:1815-24.13. Chen W, Zhang W, Shen W, Wang K. Effects of the acid polysaccharide fraction isolated from a cultivated Cordyceps sinensis on macrophages in vitro. Cell Immunol. 2010;262:69-74.14. Qiu Y, Cui B. Effects of four polysaccharides on antibody titer and T-lymphocyte in vaccinated chicken. J Nanjing Agric Univ. 2008;31:77-8.15. Bouic PJ, Lamprecht JH. Plant sterols and sterolins: a  Talazadeh F and  Mayahi MJournal of Herbmed Pharmacology, Volume 6, Number 1, January 2017 http://www.herbmedpharmacol.com 36review of their immune-modulating properties. Altern Med Rev. 1999;4:170-7.16. Gao X, Wu W. The effect of dang-gui (Angelica sinensis) and ferulic acid on mice immune system. Chin J Biochem Pharm. 1994;15:107-10.17. Masada Y. Analysis of oils by gass chromatography and mass spectrometry. Johan Wiley and Sons; 1976. 18. Nevas M, Korhonen AR, Lindstrom M, et al. Antibacterial efficiency of finnish spice essential oils against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. J Food Prot. 2004;67:199-202. 19. Fan M, Chen J. Studies on antimicrobial activity of extracts from thyme. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 2001;41:499-504. 20. Tabak M, Armon R, Potasman I, et al. In vitro inhibition of Helicobacter pylori by extracts of thyme. J Appl Bacteriol. 1996;80:667-72.21. Juven BJ, Kanner J, Schved F, et al. Factors that interact with the antibacterial action of thyme essential oil and its active constituents. J Appl Bacteriol. 1994;76:626-631. 22. Ultee A, Slump RA, Steging G, et al. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol toward Bacillus cereus on rice. J Food Prot. 2000;63:620-4. 23. Friedman M, Henika PR, Mandrell RE. Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. J Food Prot. 2002;65:1545-1560. 24. Thakare M. Pharmacological screening of some medicinal plants as antimicrobial and feed additive [Thesis]. Blacksburg, Virginia USA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 2004.25. Al-Kassie GAM. Influence of two plant extracts derived from thyme and cinnamon on broiler performance. Pak Vet J. 2009;29:169-73. 26. Cross DE, McDevitt RM, Hillman K, et al. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. British Poult Sci. 2007;48:496-506. 27. Al-Mashhadani EH, Farah K, Al-Jaff Y, et al. Effect of anise, thyme essential oils and their mixture (EOM) on broiler performance and some physiological traits. Egyptian Poult Sci. 2011;31(2):481-9. 28. Lee KW, Everts H, Kappert HJ, et al. Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. British Poult Sci. 2003;44:450-7. 29. Bolukbasi S, Erhan M. Effect of dietary Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on laying hens performance and Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentration in feces. Int J Nat Eng Sci. 2007;1(2):55-8. 30. El-Ghousein SS, Al-Beitawi NA. The effect of feeding of crushed Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on growth, blood constituents, gastrointestinal tract and carcass characterestrics of broiler chickens. J Poult Sci. 2009;46:100-104. 31. Zhu X, Yu W, McBride R, et al. Hemagglutinin homologue from H17N10 bat influenza virus exhibits divergent receptor-binding and pH-dependent fusion activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:1458-63. 32. Swayne DE, Halvorson DA. Influenza. In: Saif YM, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, MCDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, eds. Diseases of Poultry (vol 1). 12th ed. Ames, Iowa, USA Blackwell; 2008:153-174.33. Hashemi SR, Zulkifli I, Hair Bejo M, Farida A, Somchit MN. Acute toxicity study and phytochemical screening of selected herbal aqueous extract in broiler chickens. Int J Pharmacol. 2008;4:352-360.34. Teymouri Zadeh Z, Rahimi SH, Karimi Torshizi MA, Omidbaigi R. The effects of Thymus vulgaris L., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Allium sativum L. extracts and virginiamycin antibiotic on intestinal microflora population and immune system in broilers. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 2009;25(1):39-48.35. Toghyani M, Tohidi M, Gheisari A, Tabeidian S. Performance, immunity, serum biochemical and hematological parameters in broiler chicks fed dietary thyme as alternative for an antibiotic growth promoter. Afr J Biotech. 2010;9(40):6819-6825.36. Rahimi S, Teymouri Zadeh Z, Karimi Torshizi MA, et al. Effect of the three herbal extracts on growth performance, immune system, blood factors and intestinal selected bacterial population in broiler chickens. J Agri Sci Tech. 2011;13:527-39.37. Al-Ankari AS, Zaki MM, Al-Sultan SI. Use of habek mint (Mentha longifolia) in broiler chicken diets. Int J Poult Sci. 2004;3:629-34.38. Mahmoodi Bardzardi M, Ghazanfari S, Salehi A, Sharifi SD. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, antibody titers and blood parameters in broiler chickens fed dietary myrtle (Myrtus communis) essential oil as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter. Poult Sci J. 2014;2 (1):37-49.

Immune response of broiler chickens supplemented with pediatric cough syrup including thyme exteract in drinking water against influenza vaccine

Crossref

Peptide ligand recognition by G protein-coupled receptors

Forough Talazadeh

Mansoor Mayahi

Directory of Open Access Journals

Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology

Immune response of broiler chickens supplemented with pediatric cough syrup including thyme extract in drinking water against influenza vaccine

MUCC (Crossref)

Introduction: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of thyme extract in drinking

water on immune response of broiler chickens.

Methods: A total of 245-day-old broiler chicks were purchased and 20 chicks were bled for

determination maternal antibody and remaining chicks were divided into 5 equal groups.

Chickens of group A, B and C received 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2% of Pediatric Cough Syrup including

thyme extract respectively in drinking water for all of the experimental period. Chickens of group

D were not received Pediatric Cough Syrup but vaccinated against Influenza disease. Chickens of

group E were kept as control group and were not received Pediatric Cough Syrup and Influenza

disease vaccine. Chickens of group A, B, C and D were vaccinated with AI-ND killed vaccine

(subtype H9N2), subcutaneously in neck back. Blood samples were collected before vaccination

as well as on days 14, 28 and 35 after vaccination. Ten chickens of each group were bled randomly

and antibody titer against influenza vaccine virus was determined by hemagglutination inhibition

(HI) test.

Results: The results of the present study showed that Pediatric Cough Syrup including thyme

extract at 0.2%, increased the specific antibody response against Influenza vaccine virus compared

to all groups.

Conclusion: Pediatric Cough Syrup including thyme extract can improve the specific antibody

response against Influenza vaccine virus

Immune response of broiler chickens supplemented withpediatric cough syrup including thyme extract in drinkingwater against influenza vaccine

file:///data/core-remote/dit/data/Frontiers/pdf/cc0/aHR0cDovL2pvdXJuYWwuZnJvbnRpZXJzaW4ub3JnL2FydGljbGUvMTAuMzM4OS9mcGhhci4yMDE1LjAwMDQ4L3BkZg==.pdf

Peptide ligand recognition by G protein-coupled receptors

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

shahrekord university of medical scinces

Crossref

Directory of Open Access Journals

Crossref

MUCC (Crossref)

MUCC (Crossref)

shahrekord university of medical scinces

Crossref

MUCC (Crossref)

MUCC (Crossref)