Poor quality of drinking water in many countries, people have recently changed to bottled water consumption. This study wanted to measure the fluoride (F) concentration of drinking water in comparison with commercial brands of mineral bottled water available in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. 11 different brands of bottled mineral water and 90 samples of tap water were evaluated for fluoride concentration. The standard SPADNS method was used for analysis of Fluoride in the water (DR/5000s Spectrophotometer). The highest concentration of fluoride in a bottled water brand was found to be 0.41 mg/L. There was a significant difference between the average fluoride value of tap water (municipal) (0.20 ± 0.03 mg/L), tap water (rural) (0.13 ± 0.02 mg/L), and bottled water (0.24 ± 0.02 mg/L) (P < 0.05). The measured fluoride concentrations of bottled water were lower than those displayed on the labels. Results showed that the average fluoride value of both mineral bottled water and tap water samples contain fluoride below the maximum allowable level. © 2014 RASĀYAN. All rights reserved

Fadaei, A.

shahrekord university of medical scinces

  Vol. 7 | No.2 | 114-117 | April - June| 2014 ISSN: 0974-1496 | e-ISSN: 0976-0083 | CODEN: RJCABP http://www.rasayanjournal.com http://www.rasayanjournal.co.in  FLUORIDE IN CHAHARMAHAL AND BAKHTIARI PROVINCE                                                                                            Abdolmajid Fadaei FLUORIDE CONTENT OF MINERAL WATER AND TAP WATER IN CHAHARMAHAL AND BAKHTIARI  PROVINCE, IRAN  Abdolmajid Fadaei Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran *E-mail: ali2fadae@yahoo.com  ABSTRACT Poor quality of drinking water in many countries, people have recently changed to bottled water consumption. This study wanted to measure the fluoride (F) concentration of drinking water in comparison with commercial brands of mineral bottled water available in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. 11 different brands of bottled mineral water and 90 samples of tap water were evaluated for fluoride concentration. The standard SPADNS method was used for analysis of Fluoride in the water (DR/5000s Spectrophotometer). The highest concentration of fluoride in a bottled water brand was found to be 0.41 mg/L. There was a significant difference between the average fluoride value of tap water (municipal) (0.20 ± 0.03 mg/L), tap water (rural) (0.13 ± 0.02 mg/L), and bottled water (0.24 ± 0.02 mg/L) (P < 0.05). The measured fluoride concentrations of bottled water were lower than those displayed on the labels. Results showed that the average fluoride value of both mineral bottled water and tap water samples contain fluoride below the maximum allowable level.   Keywords: Fluoride, Tap water; Water. ©2014 RASĀYAN. All rights reserved  INTRODUCTION Recently there has been a great increase in the consumption of bottled water in Iran. One of the most common trends among consumers in recent years in various  provinces of Iran, such as: Khuzestan,Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchistan, and Busherhr is the replacement of their daily water drinking with bottled water, possibly due to anxiety about poor quality in natural water supplies secure and good quality drinking water is the basis for fine human health. Water provides essential elements, but when polluted it may become the source of objectionable substances dangerous to human health.1In human nutrition, the fluoride ion is a critical element for organism that is found mainly in skeleton. Fluorides can be fixed in bony and dental tissues and exercise their beneficial effects.2Indeed, the role of fluorides is very important in preventing tooth Fluoride in water has been found to have a significant effect against dental caries.3 Fluoride in little quantity is an essential component for normal mineralization of bones and formation of dental enamel Fluoride in water has both beneficial and harmful effects on the environment and the human4. The mean fluoride concentration in bottled water was in many countries such as: Mexico, Turkish, Greece, Australia 0.34, 0.58, 0.35, 0.031 mg/L, respectively5-10. The present study aimed to evaluate the fluoride content of community tap water as well as available commercial brands of bottled water in Charharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran.  EXPERIMENTAL Province Charharmahal and Bakhtiari is small province in southeast Iran, with a population of 857,910 people (2011) and an area of 16,403 km. The province is mainly active in the agriculture sector. The chemical compositions reported on the label of 33 bottled waters were used as data set for this study. This data was obtained generally by purchasing the bottled waters from different supermarkets in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The chemical parameter determinations were carried out and certified by official laboratories of analysis and their accuracy and precision were not questioned in this  Vol. 7 | No.2 | 114-117 | April - June| 2014 FLUORIDE IN CHAHARMAHAL AND BAKHTIARI PROVINCE                                                                                            Abdolmajid Fadaei 115 study. All bottles were stored in a dark place at room temperature in their original sealed plastic containers until the fluoride analysis was made. Samples of tap water were also collected from4 city and 5 rural different residential areas of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The survey was conducted during the summer and winter of 2011-2012 .The standard SPADNS method was used for analysis of Fluoride in the water (DR/5000s Spectrophotometer). Data was coded and analyzed using SPSS 11.5 software.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The highest concentration of F was found in tap water (municipal) with a value of 0.26±0.03 mg/L, tap water (rural) with a value of 0.20±0.03 mg/L, and in mineral water with a value of 0.41±0.02 mg/L (Table1).All of the waters was found to contain less than 0.41mg/L fluoride (Table 1). The results indicated that the fluoride concentrations on the labels were higher than the levels measured in this study. The results indicated that the fluoride concentrations on the labels were higher than the levels measured in this study. There was a significant difference between the average fluoride value of tap water (municipal) (0.20 ± 0.03 mg/L), tap water (rural) (0.13 ± 0.02mg/L), and bottled water (0.24±0.02mg/L) (P<0.05) (Table2). The results obtained in this study are similar to research done in Fiji (0.09 ±0.05 mg/L)11. Findings from another study done in Mexico showed higher value for mean concentration of fluoride in bottled water (0.35 ± 1mg/L)12 in comparison to the present study (0.41 ± 0.02) mg/L.  Our results are similar to those obtained by Cidu et al.13 and Guler6  who analyzed bottled water and tap water in the Italian and Turkish, respectively .They found a mean fluoride concentration in bottled waters and tap water below 0.5 mg/L compared to our study.   Table-1: Fluoride concentrations of bottled waters and tap water from rural and municipal area.  Type of water Fluoride Mean± SD( mg/L) Number Labeled content     Tap water(Municipal)    Shahrekord 0.14±0.01 10 N/A Favrohshahr 0.18±0.02 10 N/A Taqanak 0.25±0.03 10 N/A Hafshejan 0.26±0.03 10 N/A Tap water(Rural)    Kharaji 0.12±0.01 10 N/A Dezak 0.10±0.01 10 N/A Harchaghan 0.11±0.02 10 N/A Howrah 0.20±0.03 10 N/A Vardanjan 0.11±0.01 10 N/A Bottled mineral water    Gholh 0.28±0.02 3 0.30 Zamzam 0.06±0.02 3 Not labeled Kohrang 0.21±0.02 3 0.23 Sapidan 0. 38±0.02 3 0.4 Arvand 0.28±0.02 3 Not labeled Demah 0.28±0.02 3 0.3 Caristal 0.31±0.02 3 Not labeled Poolor 0.22±0.02 3 0.3 Vata 0.10±0.02 3 0.11 Dalahoo 0.41±0.02 3 0.5 Damavand 0.20±0.02 3 0.2  The F concentration of the type waters in the present study was below several standards such as: European Economic Community (EEC), World Health Organization (WHO), US Environmental  Vol. 7 | No.2 | 114-117 | April - June| 2014 FLUORIDE IN CHAHARMAHAL AND BAKHTIARI PROVINCE                                                                                            Abdolmajid Fadaei 116 Protection Agency (EPA), International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 10. The maximum concentration allowed for fluoride are EEC (1.5 mg/ L), WHO (1.5 mg/ L), EPA (2 mg/ L), IBWA (1.7 mg/ L) and FDA (2.4 mg/ L). The F concentration of both mineral water and tap water (municipal and rural) samples in the    present study was measured below the maximum allowable level. This might be attributed to the type of local soil and its mineral content, seasonal variations and possible presence of volcanic sediments in underground water reservoirs8,14.This low fluoride content of groundwater resources in Iran was also observed by Mesdaghinia et al. (2010) and Mohebbi et al. (2013)15,16 wherein the nationwide mean fluoride concentration in groundwater resources was found to be 0.47±0.28 mg/L (±standard deviation). Similar studies have been conducted in Iran and other parts of the world. For example, Poureslami and colleagues in 2007 studied the fluoride content in drinking water of various cities in Kerman province, southeastern Iran and reported that all samples had fluoride levels below the minimum acceptable value17. In another study conducted in northern India, it was shown that the fluoride concentration in almost half of the studied water samples was within the optimum range18.  Table-2: Fluoride concentration at different waters  Type of water  Number Fluoride Mean± SD( mg/L)  Tap water(Municipal)  40  0.20±0.03 Tap water(Rural) 50 0.13±0.02 Bottled mineral water 33 0.24±0.02  CONCLUSION Results showed that the fluoride content of mineral bottled water and local tap water in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province below the maximum allowable level. Moreover, mean concentration of fluoride in mineral bottled water is significantly higher than public tap water. The real fluoride content of mineral bottled waters was lower than the information on their labels.  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research has been supported by Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences.  REFERENCES 1. H.  Chen, M. Mei Yan, X. Xuefei Yang , Z. Chen, G. Wang , D. Schmidt-Vogt, et al., Hazard  Mater.,235,201(2012). 2. Z. Bengharez, S. Farch, M. Bendahmane, H.Merine, M. Benyahia, e-SPEN J., 7(1), e41 (2012). 3. M. Emamjomeh, M. Sivakumar, Environ Manage., 90, 1204(2009). 4.  S.R. Grobler, A.J. Louw, U.M.E Chikte, R.J Rassouw, W. Van, T.J Kotze, Open Dent J.,3,48( 2009). 5. E. E. MacFadyen, S. G. McNee, D. A. Weetman, Br. Dent. J., 153, 423, (1982).  6. C. Guler, Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 86, 86, (2007). 7. V .Ahiropoulos, Int J Paediatr Dent., 16,111 (2006). 8. N.J.  Cochrane, S.Saranathan, M.V. Morgan, S.G. Dashper , Aust. J. Chem.,  51,242,(2006). 9. C.  Guler, Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 86, 86, (2007a). 10. C.  Guler, J Food Compost Anal., 20, 262, (2007b). 11. A.Ram, S.Lal, Public Health Res., 2, 174, (2012). 12. M.D. Jimenez-Farfan , J.C. Hernandez-Guerrero , J.P. Loyola-Rodriguez , C. Ledesma-Montes , Int J Paediatr Dent., 14, 260,(2004).  13. R. Cidu, F. Frau, P .Tore, J Food Compost Anal., 24, 184, (2011). 14. A. Davraz, E. Sener, S. Sener, Environ Geol., 56,159, (2008).  Vol. 7 | No.2 | 114-117 | April - June| 2014 FLUORIDE IN CHAHARMAHAL AND BAKHTIARI PROVINCE                                                                                            Abdolmajid Fadaei 117 15. A.R. Mesdaghinia, K. Azam Vaghefi, A. Montazeri, M.R. Mohebbi, R. Saeedi. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 84, 432, (2010). 16. M. R. Mohebbi, R. Saeedi, A. Montazeri, K. Vaghefi, A. Labbafi, S. Sogol Oktaie, et al., Ecol Indic., 30,28,(2013) 17. H.R. Poureslami, P. Khazaeli, G.R. Noori, Fluoride., 41, 216, (2008). 18. S. Suthar  V.K. Garg , S. Jangir , S. Kaur , N. Goswami , S. Singh , Environ Monit Assess.,145,1  (2008)  [RJC-1119/2014]   ijCEPr ISSN: 2229-3892(Print) ISSN: 2229-5283(Online)    [April, August and December] All articles will be peer-reviewed.   All submissions should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief  by e-mail to: ijcepr@gmail.com International Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Pharmaceutical Research www.ijcepr.com; www.ijcepr.in [Abstracted in :  Chemical Abstracts Service , USA and CAB(I) , UK]  IJCEPR (the Journal) publishes original research papers in the advance and dissemination of research findings in all related areas such as chemistry, environmental engineering, environmental chemistry and pharmaceutics. Scope and Coverage: The subject coverage by the Journal may be summarized as follows: Chemistry section: Organic, Inorganic, Physical, Analytical, Biological, Industrial, Agricultural & Soil, Petroleum, Polymers, Nanotechnology, Green Chemistry, Forensic, Phytochemistry, Computational, as well as Chemical Physics and Chemical Engineering.  Environmental section: Environmental chemistry, wastewater treatment and engineering, biosorption, chemisorption, heavy metal remediation, phytoremediation, novel treatment processes for wastewaters, land reclamation methods, solid waste treatment, anaerobic digestion, gasification, landfill issues, leachate treatment and gasification.  Pharmaceutical section: drug discovery, over drug delivery to drug development, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, drug absorption and metabolism, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, drug delivery including gene delivery, drug targeting, pharmaceutical technology, pharmaceutical biotechnology and clinical drug evaluation The Journal may also publish selected papers from conferences, book reviews and reviews.  Review articles would be generally solicited by the Editors from the experts.  Important: There is no printing, procession and postal charges are involved for the publication.   Adopt GREEN CHEMISTRY  and Save Our Planet. We publish papers of Green Chemistry on priority. If you think that you may be a potential reviewer in field of your interest, write us at rasayanjournal@gmail.com with your detailed resume and recent color photograph.   

Fluoride content of mineral water and tap water in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

shahrekord university of medical scinces