The dietary carbohydrate requirement of Heterobranchus longifilis was evaluated in two separate experiments.In the first experiment, varying levels of carbohydrate ranging from 28, 24 to58 72% were fed to the fish of mean weight 1.83~c0.02g. Results revealed that the polynomial regression curve for the mean weight gain and the carbohydrate levels did not present a point where Y-max is equal to X-max and so the requirement was not obtained. The second experiment was therefore, conducted with lower levels of carbohydrate ranging from 17.00 to 20.86% and fed to fish with mean weight 0.49~c0.02g. Based on growth and feed efficiency data the carbohydrate requirement was determined to be 19.5

Ovie, S.I.

Ovie, S.O.

Sadiku, S.O.E.

English

Aquatic Commons

DIETARY C L1YDRAT r JIREET 0F HETEROBRANCHUS LONGIFILIS
OVE S. 01., S. O. E. SADIKU2 AND SLOVIE1
National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research, P.M.B. 6006 New Bussa Niger state,
Nigeria.
E - mail ojiteovieyahoo.con
2Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65 Minna Niger state. Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
The dietary catbohydrate requirement of Heterobranchus Ion gifi/is 1NflS evaluated in two SOf)uIlfltO
experiments, in the first eNperiment, varying levels of carbohydrate mn ging from 28 24 to 56 72
% were fed lo the fish of mean weight 2 83 0 02g. Resti/is evcaled that the polynomial
regression cwve for the tiiean weight gain and the carbohydrate levels did not present a point
where Y-max is equal to X-max and so the requirement was not obtained. The second
experiment was therefore, conducted with lower levels of carbohydrate ranging from i 7.00 to
20.86 % and fed to fish with mean weight 0.49 '002g Based on growth and feeçl efficiency data
the caibohyc/rate requirement was determined to be 1 9. 5%.
OTROD1llCTO
The role of carbohydrates in fish nutrition is vita' (Buhier and Halver. 1961: Pieper and
Pfeiffer. 1980. Anderson et al., 1984). Studies on the utihzation ol carbohydrates showed that
CC)fllrnOn carp (Ogino et al., 1976. Shirneno et al., 1977: 1981: Sen et al . 1978 Takeuchi et ¿il
1979 FL1rUiCh and Yone, 1980). channel catfish (Gar}ing and Wilson, 1976. 1977, Liktman &
Wilson. 1982), an.d sea bream (Fururchiand Yone. 1971 1980) prefer higher levels than yeUow
tail (Fururchi and Yone 1971: Firukawa 1976) and Salmbnids aPhillips and Brockway 1956.
Buhier and Halver 1961, Austreng et al.. 1977: Edwards oto!.: 1977. Atkuison and Hilton, 1981)
Omnivorous and herbivorous species of fish like common. carp. and Oreochromis nik tices utilize
dietary carbohydrate than carnivorous species such as pike or salmonids (Philips et 'jiL. 1948.
Ufodike and Matty 1983: Anderson et al.; 1984)
Growth of channel catfish fingerlings were reducedwhen they were fed isocaloric. so-
nitrogenous semkpurified diets containing no dextrin as co,.ipred with fish fed diets containrng
dextrin (Garling & Wilson, 1977: Likimani and Wilson:. 1982). According to NRC (1983)
carbohydrates serve as the least expensive source of dietary energy and it helps the pelletïng
quality of practical fish diets lt spares the use of proteiñ for energy production when it is
adequately supplied. Protein therefore, will be utilized for growth. Carbohydrates may serve as
precursors for various metabolic intermediates necessary for growth (NRC. 1983) From the
foregoing the need to know the carbohydrate requirement of H. Ion qui/is as an important
component of the diet to facilitate good growth cannot be overemphasized. The dearth in the
research on catfishes in this area needs to be addressed in order to have an overall knowledge of
the nutrient rec!urrenlent of this fish
This study was carried out n order to determine the carbohydrate requirement of H
I(.)1)(jfi/iS
Materials and Methods
Two independent feeding trials were carried out to determine the carbohydrate
requirement of H. lonqifilis fingerlings The second experíment was a follow-up of the first
experiment In the first experiment seven diets were formulated 28.24%, 36 5%. 38 45%.
24)
45 16%. 48 13%, 53.45% and 58.72% carbohydrate and 4536% protein using guinea Coin,
groundnut cake, fish meal and soybean (Table 1). These feed were fed to H. Ion gui/is of 2 83 ±
002g stocked 15 fingerlings/trough. The troughs are 25cm in depth and 55cm in diameter
consisting of a flow-through systèm, which supplies water 15 hours daily through a 2mm diameter
hose. The water level was maintained at 26.4 litres. The water is renewed daily by sprinkling troni
holes in the hose into the trough to aid aeration. Each treatment was fed twice daily in triplicate
at 5% body weight for 56 days The ration at each feedingtime (7 00, 17 OOhrsj was half the daily
ration The second experiment was conducted with six diets containing the following levels of
carbohydrates 1(17 00) 11(17 14%) III (17 69%) IV (18 13%) V (20 29%) and VI (20 86%) The
protein level was the same a the first experiment (Table Il). H. long/f//is of 0.49 ± O 02g were
stocked at the same rate as experiment one
The feed and carcass composition .were analyzed according to AOAC (1990) Saripling
was done biweekly by bulk weghing the fish in each trough. Rations were adjusted after
sampling Weight gain and feed efficiency results were subjected to one-way analyis of variance
-ANOVA, multiple range test and second órder polynomial, regression using solid curves
Results ' ' . .
In the first experiment, dietI (28.24) showed the best growth performance while diet VI
(53.45) was the poorest (Table Ill and Fig. 1 ). The polynomial regression curve of mean weight
gain and percentage carbohydrate fed did not present a maximum point X max but presented a
curve which was the right half of a hyperbola graph. (Fig 2) This result revealed that the
requirement of H /oiìgif/Iis for carbohydrate s lower than the least level of carbohydrate in this
e x pe ri ni ent . '
The second experiment showed no significant (P > 0.05) variation n the food conversion
ratio (FOR), specific 'growth raté (SGR), mean initial weight (MIW) and mean final weight (MFW)
of H Ion gifilis fed varying diets There was significant variation (P < 0.05) in protein efficiency
ratio (PER) and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) The fish fed diet I. had the best
biological parameters. FOR 1 60, SGR 3.53 and PER 0.083. Conversely diet IV showed the
poorest parameters FOR 3 55, SOR 2.32 and PER 0.025 (Table IV) In utilizing correlation
coefficient matrices to analyze the relationship between growth parameters of H. ion gift/is fed
17.00 to 20.86% Carbohydrate. the mea,n final weight correlated positivély with specific growtl'i
rate and significant at 0.05, while the food conversion ratio correlated negativély with percentage
survival and' sugnif icant at 0.05.
The carcass crude protein content of H. long/li/is fed diet Il was highest (14.15%). while
the lowest (11 46%) was with diet V. The lipid content was highest (11.00%) with diet I and
lowest (7 10%) with diet IV There was significant variation (P < 0.05) in the crude protein: lipid.
ash and moisture content of carcass of fish fed the varying diets (Table V).
In subjecting the mean weight gain and level of diets to polynomial regression analysis
using second order solid curve, the Y-max/X-max on the curve was found to he 19.5% (fig 3) as
calculated using the equation of the curve a+bx+bx" = c..
Froni the equation of the curve the following calculation confirms the requirement
obtained fiom the mean weight gain of H long/fl/is fed the diets
Y -5 56 + O 78x O 02x' r
çiy..,= 0.78x -.-0 02x
dx
= 0 78 0 04x
o 04x 0 78
x = 0 78
0 04
3:'
x = 19.50
Note that in mathematics the cacu!ated va!ue in a poynomiaI regression is accepted as
more accurate than the extrapo'ated in the graph.
Discussion
The mean final weight and mean weight gain showed that there was a trend of increase
from diet I to III and a sharp faIt with diet V and an increase with díet V and VI. As observed from
the polynomial regression curve and calculation using the equation a + bx + bx2 C (Zeitoun et
al.. 1976) the carbohydrate reqUirement for H. long/fills is 19.5%. The nutrient utilization
parameters derived from feeding H. longifilis with varying levels of carbohydrates showed that
there was no significant variation (P > 0.05). The best FCR, SGR and PER values were recorded
for fish fed diet L The mean final weight correlated positively with specific growth rate, which s a
normal relationship in a nutritional study of this nature indicating the favorable response of the
fish being reared to the feed provided. Food conversion ratio correlated negatively with
percentage survival. Survival in any nutritional study is not restricted to the nature of the feed
supplied but an interaction of this wìth water quality parameters and so this observed relationship
may have resulted from the latter reason.
Diet W contained a dietary fibre of 16.42 %, which is slightly higher than 5 - 10% dietary
inclusion recommended by Cowey and Sargent (1979) and Davies (1985) for fish. The fact that
H Ion gifilis can cope with this level shows that the factors suggested below in previous studies as
being responsible for restrictive absorption of carbohydrate are not of any effect ¡n this case lack
of appropriate digestive enzymes (Stickney & Shumway, 1974), restricted access of digestive
enzymes to the carbohydrates due to their physical and or chemical properties (Spannhoff &
Platikow, 1983) and negative physiologica' effect which is caused by saturation of intestinal
absorption sites by glucose thus restricting amino acid assimilation and hence utilization ar*1
growth (Alvarado and Robinson, 1979).
According to NRC. (1973) gross energy in uncooked cornstarch is about approximately
40% digestible by rainbow trout but 60% digestible by channel catfish. Cruz (1975) further stated
that cooking or extrusion processing of fish feeds increases the digestibility of starch for channel
catfish by 5 to 10%. Guinea cornstarch, which was utilized in this study, is more digestible and
less fibrous and so this would have contributed a great deal to the utilization of the feed provided.
Luquet and Moreau (1990) showed that C/ar/as catfish efficiently utilizes non-protein energy from
carbohydrate and hence improve protein retention. Furthermore, Jantrarotai et aI., (1992)
reported that catfish could well utilize up to 49% carbohydrate in diets without any detrimental
effects. When the dietary carbohydrate level was further increased to 54% however, reduction in
growth was observed.
The increasing level of carcass lipid up to diet lii could be as a result of its content in the
feed Although the lipid content is the same in diet I & IV, H. longifi/is utilized it better in diet I.
The utilization of a higher level of lipid in the experiment corroborates NRC (1983), observation
that catfishes require more lipids than tilapia.
322
REFEÇEES
Association of Official AnaIytca Chemists (AOAC) (1990) (151H Edn. K. Hodrick. edition)
Association of Official AnaIytica Chemists, Virginia. U.S.A. pp. 125 - 291.
Alvarado. F and J. W. L. Robinson (1979). A kinetic study of the interactions between amino
acids and monosaccharides at the intestinal brush border membrane. Journa' of
physio'ogy 295 457 - 475:
Anderson, J., Jackson, A., Matty. A. J. and B. S Caper (1984) Effects of dietary carbohydrates
and fibre on the tilapia. (Oreochromis ,;lloticus) (Linn). Aquaculture, 37. 303 - 314.
Atkinson, J. L. and L. W. Hilton (1981). Response of Rainbow trout to increased dietary
carbohydrate Fed. Proc. 40: 34 - 86.
Austreng. E.. Risa, S . Edwards. D. J. and H Huidsten (1977). Carbohydrates in rainbow trouts
thets H. Influence of carbohydrate Ieves on chemica' composition and feed utilization of
. fii from different famihes. Aquacu'ture. i 1 : 39 - 50.
Buhier. D. R and J. E. Halver (1961).. Nutrition of samonid fishes IX carbohydrate requirement of
Chinook salmon. Journa' of Nutrition, 74. 307 - 318.
Cowey, C. B. and J. K. Sargent (1979). Nutrition in fish physio'ogy by Wes Hoar, D. J. RandaU
and J. R Brett (eds.) Bioenergetics and Growth vo). PII. P. 1 - 69.
Cruz E M. (1975). Determination of nutrient digestibility in various classes of natural purified
feed materia's for channe' catfish. PhD dissertation Auburn University.
Davies (1985). The role of dietary fibre n fish nutrition n: Recent Advances in Aquacu'ture
(eds Muir, J and Roberts, R. J.) vol. 2 pp 219 -- 249. Croom Hern.
Edwards. D J Austreng, E.. Risa, S. and T Chedren (1977). Carbohydrate in rainbow trout
diets I Growth of fish of different farniles fed diets containing different proportions of
carbohydrate. Aquaculture 11: 31 -38.
Furt.iichi, M., and Y. Yone (1971). Studies on nutrition of red sea bream IV. Nutritive value of
dietary carbohydrate. Report of Fish cries Research Laboratory, Kyushu University. i
75-81.
Furuichi, M and Y. Yone (1980). Effect of dietary dextrin levels on the growth and feed
efficiency, the chemical composition of liver and dorsal muscle, and the absorption of
dietary protein and dextrin in fishes. Bulletin. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries
46. 252 - 229
Furukawa, A, (1976). Diet in yellow tail culture. In: Proceedings of the First International
Conference on Aquaculture Nutrition, K. S. Price. W. N. Shaw and K S. Danbert. eds
Lewes/Rehoboth University of Delaware. Pp. 85- 104.
Garluig. D L. Jr., and R. P. Wilson (1976). The optimum dietary protein to energy ratio for
channel catfish fingerlíngs (Ictaluruspiinclatus). Journal of Nutrition. 106: 1368-1375.
Garling, D L. Jr. and R. P. Wilson (1977) Effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio on growth
and body composition of fingerling channel catfish. Progressive Fish-Culturist 39: 43 -
47
Jantrarotai, W., P. Sitasit and S. Raichapakdee (1992). Optimum dietary level of broken rice for
growth and performance of hybrid walking catfish. National Inland Fisheries Institute
Technical Paper (in press Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand.
Likimani, T. A. and R. P. Wilson (1982). Effect of diet on lipogenic enzyme activities in channel
catfish hepatic and: adipose tissue. Journal of Nutrition. 112: 112 117.
Luquet. P. and Y. Moreau (1990) Energy protein management by some warm water fishes, p. 751
756. In: Advances in tropical Aquaculture Actes CoIloq. No. 9/FREMEK, Paris, France.
National Research Council (1973) Nutrient requirements of trout, salmon and catfish. Nutrient
requirement of domestic. Animals. National Academy of Science. 11: 57pp.
Ntiona Research Counc (1983) Nutrient requirement of warm water fishes and sheU fishes.
National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. p 102
Ono, C. and H. Takeda (1976). Miner requfrements in fish H. Calcium and phosphorus
requirements n carp. Bulletin. Japanese Society of Scientific Fsherìes 42: 793-799.
Phillips, A. M. Jnr., Tunison, AV. and DR. Brockway (1948). The utihzation of carbohydrates by
trouts. Fisheries Research Bulletin VoL 9. State of New York conservation Department,
Albany.
Phillips, A. A. Jr., D.R. Brockway (1957) The nutrition of trout IV vitamin requirements.
Progressive Fish Culturist. 79: 119 - 123.
Pieper, A. and E. Pfeiffer (1980) Studies on the comparative efficiency of utilization of gross
energy from some carbohydrates. protein and fats by rainbow trout (Salmo gaidneri R).
Aqualculture 20: 323 - 332.
Sen, P. R., N.G.S. Rao, S.R. Ghosh, and M. Rout (1978). Observations on the protein and
carbohydrate requirements of Carps. Aquaculture 13 245-255.
Shimeno, S., H. Hosokawa, H. Hirata and. M. Takeda (1977). Comparative studies on
carbohydrate metabolism of yellow tail, and carp. Bulletin. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries. 43: 213-217.
Shimeno, S., M. Takeda, S. .Takayama., A. Fukui, H. Sasaki and H. Kayiyama (1981). Adaptation
of hepatopancreatic enzymes to dietary carbohydrates in carp Bulletin. Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries. 47' 71 - 77.
Spannhoff, L. and H. Platikow (1983). Studies on carbohydrate digestion in rainbow trout.
Aquaculture 30; 95 - 108.
Stickney, R. R. and S.E. Shunway (1974) Occurrence of cellutase activity in the stomachs of
fishes. Journal of Fish Biology. 6: 779 - 790.
Takeuchi, T., Watanabe, T., and C. Ogino (1979). Availability of carbohydrates and lipids as
dietary energy sources for carp. Bulletin of Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 48
(8): 972 982.
.Ufodike, E. B. and Matty, A. J. (1983). Growth responses and nutrient digestibility ¡n mirror carp
(Cyprinus carpio) fed different levels of cassava and rice. Aquaculture. 31: 41 - 50.
Zeitoun, I. H., D. E. Ulirey., W T. Magee., J. L. Gill and W.G. Bergen (1976). Quantifying nutrient
requirements of fish. Journal of Fisheries Research Board Canada. 33: 167 172.
324
Table t: Ingredients and percentage proximate composition of feed fed to I-I.
/ongífllis containing varying IeveJs of carbohydrates in Experiment I.
Dietary carbohydrate levels (%)
Ingredients Diet I Diet lt Diet III Diet 1V Diet V betVt Diet
28.24 36.50 38.45 4516 48 13 .5345 VII
5872
-Soybean 18.81 162Ò 13.60 H09'9 8.38 57/ 3.16
Ground n u t
Cake 1881 16.20 13.60 10.99 838 5.77 3.16
16.20 3.16
Fish meal 1881 30.46 13.60 10.99 8.38 5.77 54.49
Guinea corn 25 66 2.00 35 27 40.08 44.88 49.69 2.00
2.00 1892 2.00
Premix '15.90 21.94 2.00 200 200 34.03
Binder 24.97 27.99 31.01
Proximate 7 38 5.90
Composition 6.15 45.36
of feed (V s 45 36 7 28 10 75
fed) 45.36 2.00
1665 45 36 7 03 56.72
Moisture 15.50 7 55 6.25
2.90 14.25 45.36 3.73
Protein 1.90 45.36 45.36
2534 2.80 1085
Luid '34,69
. 12.05 14.00
1
4.58 36.65 1.50
Cñjde fibre 2.40 1.90
5.84 43.6
NFE 381
. 4573 51.57
Äcd insoluble. 5.91
ash 5.07 3.17
Table Il: Ingredienis and percentage proximate composiion olfeed fed to H.
Long'fiIis cornaining varying levels of caroohydraes an Experiment H
ngredients Diet
17.00Soy e23
Groundnut 28.73
cake
28.73
Fish meal
2.81
Guinea corn
2.00
Premix
L9.o1
Binder
Proximate
composition
of feed as
fed)
Moisture 4.52
Protein 45.36
Lipid 27.92
Ash
:.
5 60
Crude fibre 16.42
NFE 058
326
Dietary carbohydrate levels
Diet II Diet III
)
Diet IV Diet V Diet VI
17.14 17.69 18 13 20.29 2086
2882 28.63 28.53 28.44
. 28.92 28 82 28.63 p8.53 28.44
28.92 2882
. 2863 28.3 28.44
0.08 1.45 4.18 5.54 6.91
2.00 2 00 2 00 2.00W. 200
:1117 10.09 793 6.86 578
4 32 4.26 4.73 3.65 3.67
45.36 j 45.36 45.36 45.36 45.36
26.32 26.32 27.92 25100 25 00
6.86 641 616 570 5.11
16.09 17,32 1698 ' 17.32 1792
1.05 .0.33 1.15 1297 294
Ta
bl
e 
III
: G
ro
wt
h,
of
 H
. I
on
gi
fili
s 
fe
d 
va
ry
in
gl
ev
el
s 
of
 c
ar
bo
hy
dr
at
es
 in
 a
m
in
i-f
lo
w
th
ro
ug
h
sy
st
em
 in
 E
xp
er
im
en
t I
.
D
IE
T
M
IW
M
FW
(28
 24
)
28
3±
00
2
6 
48
±0
 1
4
(36
 59
)
28
4±
00
1
63
5±
0
53
(
Ill (38
 45
)
2 
82
±0
01
5
15
9±
O
65
a
a
Iv (45
 16
)
2 
84
±0
 0
1
4 
74
±0
 9
8
J
L
V (4
81
3)
28
5±
00
2 
i4
81
±0
23
1t
)
M
W
G
SG
R
FC
R
PE
R
AN
PU
PS
3 
64
±0
 1
5
1 
42
±0
04
35
4±
0 
16
1
00
84
±0
00
4b
10
86
±0
10
77
78
±2
22
32
5±
0 
46
1 
43
±0
 0
8
39
2±
0 
44
0 
10
±0
 0
1'
60
8±
0 
02
86
67
±8
01
23
7±
06
5t
c
10
8±
0 
14
'
0.
07
3±
0.
80
4±
0.
04
d
97
.7
8±
3
cja
.
4
1 
9±
0 
97
'
09
2±
0 
US
ia
84
4±
3 
16
00
62
±0
 0
01
e
26
6±
0 
01
1
88
 8
9±
39
i 9
6±
02
4'
>
O
93
±0
24
'>
68
4±
30
1
00
75
±0
 Q
Ui
a
78
8±
00
1k
'
93
33
±5
88
1.
27
±0
.4
8a
O
 6
8±
00
3a
56
.6
7±
67
.2
9
0.
05
7±
0.
O
la
4.
70
±0
.0
7
86
.6
7±
4.
45
f
H
1 
77
±0
24
O
83
±O
.O
7t
h
5
91
.1
1±
3.
85
Fi
gu
re
s 
in
 th
sa
m
e
 c
o
lu
m
n 
w
ith
 th
e 
sa
m
e 
su
pe
rs
cr
ip
t a
re
 n
ot
 s
ig
ni
fic
an
tly
 d
iff
er
en
t.
M
IW
M
ea
n 
In
iti
al
 W
ei
gh
t =
M
o
M
FW
M
ea
n 
Fi
na
s 
W
ei
gh
t =
M
t
M
W
G
í1
ea
n 
W
ei
gh
t G
ai
n
M
t -
 M
o
SG
R
Sp
ec
ific
 G
ro
wt
h 
Ra
te
 =
 1
00
 x
 In
 W
t -
 In
 W
o!
 ti
m
e
FC
R
Fo
od
 C
on
ve
rs
io
n 
Ra
tio
 =
 F
ee
d 
jöv
en
 / W
t - 
W
o
PE
R
Pr
ot
ei
n 
Ef
fic
ie
nc
y 
Ra
tio
 =
 W
ei
gh
t g
ai
n 
/ p
ro
te
in
 fe
d
AN
PU
 -
.
2p
ar
en
t N
et
 P
ro
te
in
 U
tili
za
tio
n 
= 
lo
o 
x 
Ca
rc
as
s 
pr
ot
ei
n 
ga
in
!p
ro
te
in
fe
d
PS
Pe
rc
en
ta
ge
 S
ur
viv
al
VI (5
34
5)
28
4±
00
1
41
1±
0.
04
8
VI
I (58
.72
)
2.
84
±0
 0
3
46
1±
0,
26
51


Dietary carbohydrate requirement of Heterobranchus longifilis

http://aquaticcommons.org/4044/1/320.CV01.pdf

Dietary carbohydrate requirement of Heterobranchus longifilis

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Aquatic Commons