Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings (mean weight 5.27~c0.29g) were fed raw and boiled Delonix regia seed meals following standard procedures. The weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilization (NPU) were determined as growth indices. Diet formulated with seed boiled for 80 minutes showed significantly (P<0.05) high values for the growth indices. Carcass nutrients composition were significantly (P<0.05) higher than in the control (raw) diet. Delonix regia seed meal when boiled has high potential of being utilized efficiently by O.niloticus. The implications of the respective index in fish metabolism are discusse

Abdullahi, S.A.

Auta, J.

Balogun, J.K.

Ogunlade, O.P.

English

Aquatic Commons

FEED CONVERSION, PROTEIN EFFICIENCY. DIGESTIBILITY AND GROWTH
PERFORMANCE OF Oreochromis nitotictis red De/onix regia Seed IVieal
*J.K.BALOGUN: S.A.ABDULLAHI: J.AUTA & 0.P.OGUNLADE
Department of Biological Sciences.
Ahmadti Bello University
Zar/a. NIGERIA.
For correspondence: jkbalogun2004 cOyahoo.com
Running Title: Oreochromis niloticus fed Delonix regia
ABSTRACT
Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings (mean weight- 5.27± 0.29g) were fed raw and boiled Delonix
regia seed meals following standard procedures. The weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR).
feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilization (NPU) were
determined as growth indices. Diet formulated with seed boiled for 80 minutes showed
significantly (P < 0.05) high values for the growth indices. Carcass nutrients composition were
significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in the control (raw) diet. Delonix regia seed meal when boilr.?.ci
has high potential of being utilized efficiently by O. niloticus. The implications of the respective
index in fiSil metabolism are discussed.
Key words: Oreochromis niloticus. Delonix regia seed meal. growth indices.
INTRODUCTION
Thereare increasing needs to investiga te and A.itilize more of the locally aVailable feed
stuff for fish feed formulation. Nutrients values estimated from the locally available conventional
and non-conventional plant sources are high and would appear to justify continous investigation
and utilization of their nutritional potentials to enhance an economic fish production (Okoye and
Sule, 2001).
A greater proportion of Nigerian fish supply is derived from capture fisheries which hardly
satisfy the demand of the ever growing Nigerian populace. The need to increase fish production
through aquaculture is paramount but these desires are drawn back by the high proportional cost
of commercial feed (Lovell, 1981). The rapid expansion and success of commercial fish culture
therefore depends largely on availability of good quality and cheap feed (Okoye and Sule, 2001).
Most commercial feeds are formulated with cereals and protein sources that are largely utilized in
human nutrition, hence the high cost of such feeds and uneconomical to aquaculture ventures.
Delonix regia is an ornamental, leguminous plant which originated from Madagascar (Keay and
Standfield. 1964). The plant grows wild and also is domesticated It produces tones of pods and
seeds during the fruiting season. all wasted away unutilized,
The proximate and mineral composition of raw and cooked seeds were earlier reported
(Biobaku, 1994) while the amino acid composition of fermented seed nuts were also determined
(Kaga. 2000). Abdullahi and Abdullahl (2004) further analysed the raw and cooked seeds for the
proximate, anti-nutrients and amino acids, the results were encouraging with high nutritional
potentials
8
The high fecundity, survival traits, adaptation to all kinds of aquatic environments and
good feed utilization makes OreochrOmis niloticus a good tool in aquaculture especially where
quick returns are desired.
An attempt is being made therefore in this study to document feed utilization and growth
performance of O. niioticus fed Delonix regia seed meal formulated from various levels of heat
treatrnents.
alATE OALS AHD HET 0 S
ell im rook gruit p t's
Mature and dried pods were plucked from the trees in around Ahmadu Bello University,
Zaria. The pods wer further dried in the open air for 96 hours and then manually crushed with
heavy stone. Seeds were collected and further sun-dried for 48 hours and store in 40kg sacks.
LIH[peNnlevria0q1ah
One hundred and twenty Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were procured form Maigana
Fish Farm Hatcheries and transported in two large water baths to the laboratory for two weeks
acclimatization. They were fed with commercial feed while the water parameters were monitored
to avoid large fluctuations
Eperi e 'tal diets
Five diets containing varied heat treatments of Deionix regia seeds were formulated. The
diets contained seeds boiled for 0, 20. 40, 60 and 80 minutes.
The diets were formulated using Pearson Square Method to obtain the desired 35%
crude protein level as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Feed composition for Oreochromis nlloticus
_ _
The Delonix regia seeds were milled using commercial hammer into homogeneous powder after
drying the boiled seeds in the open air. Appropriate weights calculated from the Pearson square
method were taken and mixed up thoroughly. Each diet was mixed with water and manually
pelleted, sundried and stored for the feeding experiment.
Experimental set-up
824
Feed componentsi Percentagest1 2 3 4 5
Raw 20min 40min 60min 80min
(control)
'
Delonix regia seed meal 29.5 29.5 29.5 29.5 29.5
Blood meal 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6
Fisn meal 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6
Cassava meal 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1
Maize meal 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1
Red oil 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Vi::amins/minerals premix 2.8 2.8 ' 2.8 2.8 2.8
Chromic oxide (Cr203) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
TOTAL 100 L 100 100 100 100
Twelve glass aquaria with 25 litre water capacity were used Each aquarium measured
45cm x 30cm x 30cm. The water source was the tap-water supply, this was stored in large bath
for de-chlorination before use. Oxygen supply was through electric aerator and the aquaria werc-:
covered with synthetic nets to prevent fish from jumping out.
The 120 fingerlings were randomly distributed at stocking rate of 10 fish per aquarium
The experimental diets were randomly allocated to duplicate aquaria and labeled. Fish in eai,:h
tank were weighed at the commencement of the feeding experiments.
Feeding rate and management
The fish were fed at 5% of the total fresh body weight. Daily rations were weighed and
-split into two and fed twice 3 9 am and 4 5pm daily. The quantity of ration was gradually
adjusted weekly to reflect weight increases. T.he aquaria were cleaned while the feacal matters
were siphoned out before morning feeding Water levels were maintained and aquaria were
washed completely once a week. The aquaria temperature, p1-1 and dissolved oxygen were re;.,Ri
off daily and means calculated at the end of the experiment.
Fish measurement
The weight gains of fish in eaCh aquarium were taken- weekly. All fish in each aquarium
were weighed together on Sortius Top Electric Loading balance. Average initial and final weights
were then calculated
825
Fish growth and feed utilization.
The percentage weight gain, PWG°/0 (Wannigama et al., 1985), specific growth rate,
SGR`Yoiday and feed conversion ratio, FCR (Hepher, 1988), protein efficiency ratio, PER (Wilson
1989). percentage net protein utilization, PNPU (Zeitoun et al., 1973) and digestibility were
calculated. Experimental diets and fish body were analsed for the proximate composition using
the procedures of AOAC (1990).
Statistical analysis
Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's new
Multiple Range Test (Steel and Torie, 1981). Means and standard deviations were calculated
following the standard statistical procedures (Miller and Miller, 1986).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data on aquaria pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen are presented in Table 2
The water temperature varied between 24 to 25 °C. Similar to the room temperature. the pH
ranged between 7 1 to 7.8 with the peak in aquaria with the 60 to 80 minutes boiled D regia
diets. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 4.2 to 8.7ppm with the highest in aquarium with the 40
minutes boiled D. regia meal.
Table 2: Temperature. DO and pH of aquaria water during
experimentation with O. nilotictis.
Treatment8 Temperature (°C) pH
. - DO (ppm)
Figures for same letter superscripts along the column are not significantly d f erent (p > 0.05)
Duncan's test.
Water parameters are known to influence the feed availability, feed intake, physiology.
grovvth and development of fish (Boyd, 1979). Calabrese (1969) reported that pH threshold of 6 5
9 0 are most suitable for tropical fish production. Similarly pond temperatures of 25 to 30°C and
DO of 6.0 9.5ppm are most appropriate for optimal growth and development. The values
obtained' in this study were within the recommended ranges and their growth performance of the
experimental fish is expected to be limited by only the formulated diet if the fishes are healthy.
The results of the analysis of the proximate components of the diets are presented in Table 3
The moisture contents were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in all diets except the raw (3.88
5.65g/1 00g).
826
1' 22_25a
-
7.1 :77e 4.2 5.9"
2 22 -253 s 7.2 7.5b
3 22 253 7.4 7.5b 4.4 8.6 b
4 22 -253 7.3 7.6b 4.3 8.73
5 22 25° 7.2 7.5b 4.6 .6,1a
6 22 25J 7 4 7.83 4.7 7.8D
Table 3. Proximate composition in/100g) of experimental diets fed
O ndoticus
Components 1 2
, 3 J4
raw(contron ' 20min ; 40min 60min.
Figures represent grand means of duplicate determinations.
Figures for same letter superscripts along the row are not significantly different
Duncan's test.
; 5
80min
The raw diet may probably be less hygroscopic than the rest. The ash contents ranged
from 6.00 to 8.99g/100g, crude fibre 11.95 to 15-.43g/100g, crude lipid 3.25 to 6.25g/100g. The
crude protein levels were not significantly different (p > 0.05) in the formulated diets. The NFE
was higher significantly (p < 0.05) in the 40minutes boiled seeds. The feed analysis is important
because its composition determines what nutrient and what quantity can be available to the
feeding 'fish, the feed consumption. feed conversion and digestibility. In this analysis, the feed
composition and protein levels were within the reference values for O. ni/oficus fingerlings.
Weight gain_is a good index or factor in measuring fish growth and development in
response to experimental diets (Lovell. 1989) In Table 4, the data on weight gain. specific growth
rate, feed conversion efficiency. protein efficiency ratio, apparent net protein utilization,
digestibility and survival rate are presented.
4 9: 5 65" 5.531' 5 12"
825' 6 001" 11.25° 8.908
15.015 ; 12.21" 15.43° 11.95"
3.258 ! 3 62" 4.008 6.25r)
22 508 i 22,45° 22.438 2249°
49 39" 41.891' 53.70' 4941°
50.61" 58 11' 46.308 50.598
95 10'1 94 44" : 96.4r) 94.888
Moisture 3.88'
Ash 8 99"
Crude fibre 14.231g
Crude lipid 3 98"
Crude protein 22 411 :
Sub-total 50 14" '
NFE + Cr:,03 49 86' '
Dry matter ! 94 128 ,
(ID 0.05)
Table 4. G
rowth indices of O
. niloticus fingerlings fed experim
ental diets
Specific
G
rowth
R
ate
(SOR)
98°
D
iet
2
5.37±274a
(20min)
100°
t-D
iet
3
5.33±1.47a
(80min)
Feed
Conversion
Efficiency
(FCE)
Protein
Efficiency
R
atio
(PER)
0.065a
O
. b56°
77.15°
61.18°
0.05
58.40
0.024°
Apparent
N
et Protein
Utilization
(ANPU
51.04'
D
igestibity
(40min)
100°
D
iet
4
5.28±3.04a
8.79±0.21b
3.69b
69.89
1.0063
0.113
(60min)
1- 100a
D
iet
5
4.91±0.63
9 01±0.97b
4.09b
83 13
1.0072
0.08'
84.23°
85.12a
91.24
98.54°
95a
'
D
iet
ra
w
1
5.6±4.74a
8.22±0.35a
2.61a
46.52°
1.0046°
0.231
'
0.074°
88.90°
62.12e
Survival
D
iets
Initial m
ean
Final m
ean
VVt.
°A
W
t.
R
ate
w
t.
w
t,
gain
gain
(IMW
)
(FMW
)
(W
G)
((DW
G)
8.51±1.83a
3.14a
58.47a
1.0055a
0.14
8.82±0.49
3.29b
61.735
1.00566
0.12°
The growth parameters were consistently and significantly (p < 0.05) increasing
towards the 80minutes boiled D. regia seed meal. Since the least growth was recorded with
the raw meal, it therefore means that the anti-nutrient substances in the seeds reduce with
higher peripd of boiling. This agrees with the report of Abdullahi and Abdullahi (2004) in which
anti-nutrients in D. regia seeds reduces significantly (p < 0.05) with boiling period and
subsequently becoming more palatable and consumption increases.
Eighty minutes boiling gave the highest growth performance. Proteins, being the
major nutritional factors in growth are usually denatured and destroyed at high temperatures
however the values obtained in this study indicated good feed conversion, utilization and
protein efficiency. The energy requirement of the fish seemed provided by the diet at such
temperatures and therefore proteins were sparred and maximally utilized for tissue protein
synthesis. The results are supported by the findings of Shiau and Huang (1989) on the growth
of O. nilotictis in seawater tanks. The feed conversion efficiency compared favourably with
those obtained by Jauncey (1982) for S. mossambicus and Omoniyi (1995) for O. nilatictis
and S. galilaelis and also those reported for Tilapias' by Falaye and Akinbode (1998). The low
values of protein efficiency ratio, apparent net protein utilization and digestibility were at low
protein levels were equally reported by Hanley (1987); Siddiqui et al. (1988) and Omoniyi
(1997). The gross body composition of initial and final analyses are shown in Table 5.
Table 5..._Carcass proximate composition of O. nilotictis
' Component initial Final Composition
9/1009 dry wt.
i
; Ash
Lipid
; Protein
! Carbohydrate
Values with same superscript in the same row are not significantly different (p > 0.05)
Duncan's test.
The gradual increase in the ash protein and lipid contents indicated utilization* of the nutrient
contents of the diets. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the ash content with
increased boiling period. The minerals probably leached out of the seeds during the boiling.
The decrease in the lipid content could be attributed to its being metabolized for energy while
the prOtein and carbohydrate were used for tissue synthesis (Ipinjolur 200).
CONCLUSION
The results of the growth performance of O. oiloticus fed varied D. regia seed meal
indicates that the fish utilized the meal efficiently. D. regia seeds could be a good substitute
for the cereals which are highly consumed by human. The overall cost of culturing O. nllotictis
can therefore be reduced when D. regia Seeds are used in feed formulation.
composition 1
28.30 21.41a 1.)
LiKraw) 2(20mihl._ 3(40mint_L4(.60min) ' 5(80min)
_.....e.. _ .. .. .. _
a 5. -: 21.59a 20 1 la 17.62c
. .
15.70 4.823 4.96a 3.45') 1 3.04') 3.45b
51.21 61.90a 65.22* 64.49' 61.163 64.19b
4.79 11.87 a 14.5e 10.47a 15.69b 14.74b
REFERENCE:S
Abdullahi, S.A. and Abdullahi. G M (2004). Preliminary survey of proximate, anti-nutrients and
arnino acid composition of seeds of DeMinx feyin (Flaivie of the forests). Nigerian
Food :Journal 22: 65 70.
AOAC (1990). t"..)fficial Methods of Analysis of Assnciation of OfficialAnalytical Chemists-
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC. 1094pp.
Biobaku, W.0 (1994). Effect of feeding raw and cooked Delonix regia seed bean on the
performance of rabbits. Journal of Agricultural Technology. Vol. 56 60
Boyd, CE. (1979). Water quality in warm water fish ponds. Agricultura Experimental Station.
Auburn Univers,ity, Craftsmaster Publ. Co. Alabama, USA 1 edn. 341pp,
CalabreseA. (1969). Effects of acids and alkalines on survival of bluegills nd largemouth
bass. US Fish and Wildlife Technical Paper. 42: 10 25.
Fa/aye, A.E ad Akinbode, G.O. (1998). The influence of feeding frequency on the growth
and -feed utilization of Tilapia fingerlings. In: S.O. Otubusin, G.N.0 Ezeri, 0.A.
Ugwumba and A.A.A. Ugwumba
(editors). Slistainal utilization or aquatic/wetland Resources. Proceedings of the Nigerian
,e-',ssociation of Aquatic Sciences, 204 210pp.
Harnley. F. (1987). The digestibility of feedstuffs and the effects of feeding selectivity on
digestibility determination in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 66: 163
179
Hepher. B (1988). Nutrrtion of pond fishes. Cambridge Univesity Press, Cambridge. 388pp.
lpinjolu. j.K (2000). Growth, nutrient utilization and skin pigmentation of juvenile orange Koi
carp ((.ypi-inus carpio L.) fed diets containing pawpaw fruit meal. J011111,91 Of
Agricolluto and Environment. -I 1: 85 100.
Jouncey, K. (1982). The effects of varying dietary protein level on the growth. food
conversion, protein utilization and body composition of juvenile tilapia (S.
roossainly(us), Aquacuiture 27: 43 54.
Kaga, Si (2000). Dietary potentials of Albizia, Adansonia, Delonix and Sesamurn seeds
protein for rnaintance of laboratory rats. M. Sc. Thesis, A, B. U. Zane.
Keay, R.W.J. and Standsfieid, B. (1964). Nigerian Trees. Edward Arnold Publ, Co. :
London. 280pp
Lovell, R.i. 0981) Escalating feed costs requires more efficient fish feeding. Aquaccilltif, 7
5: 38 42
Lovell, T. (1989), Nutrition and feeding of fish. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 60pp.
Miller, WC. and Miller, J.N. (1986). Statistics for Analytical Chemistry. edn. Ellis- Horwood,
Chichester, England, p10 50.
Okoye, F.C. and Sule, 0.D. (2001). Utilization and Composition of conventional and non-
conventional fish feed stuff in Arid Zone of Nigria. Journal of NO Zonc
Fisheries. 1: 23 32.
Omoniyi, I.T.(1995). Hybridization in Oreochroinis niloticus and Sarotheroclon galitaeus an
assessment of morphometrics and the response of the fry to formulated diets. Ph. D.
Thesis. University of lbadan. 286pp.
Omoniyi. I.T. (1997). Dietary protein requirement of Sarotherodon galilaeus fry.. African
Journal of Science. 11 1: 14 21,
Steel, R.D. and Torie, J.H. (1931). Principles and Procedures of Statistics. A Bionietncai
Approach. 2 edn. McGraw-Hill International, Auckland. 102pp.
Shiau, S.Y. and Huang, S.L.(1989). Optimal dietary protein level for hybrid tilapia (O. tole(icier;
x O. amens) reared in seawater. Aquaculture 81 11'9 127,
830
aiddiqui, A.O., Howlader, M.S. and Adamu, A.A. (1988). Effects of dietary protein levels on
growth, feed conversion and protein utilization in fry and young of Nile tilapia (O.
niloticus). Aquaculture. 70: 63 73.
Wannigama, N.D., D.E.M. Weerakan and Muthukumarana, G. (1985). Cage Culture of S.
niloticus in Sri-Lanka: Effect of stocking density and dietary crude protein levels on
growth. In: C.Y Cho, C.B.Cowey and T. Watanabe (eds)- Fin fish Nutrition in Asia.
international Development Research Centre. (IDRC-233E) Ottawa- Canada. P113 -
117.
Wilson, R.P, (1989). A1771.110 acids and Proteins. In: J.E Halver (eds). Fish Nutrition. Academic
Press. Inc. California. Pp111 151.
Zeitoun, H.I., P.I.Tack, Halver, J.E. and Ullrey, D.E. (1973). Influence of salinity on protein
requirements of rainbow trout (Salino gairdneri fingerlings. Journal of Fishery
Research of Canada. 30: 1867 1873.
831


Feed conversion, protein efficiency, digestibility and growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus fed Delonix regia seed meal

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Aquatic Commons