The effect of inclusion of grasshopper meal on the growth, feed conversion ratio and survival of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings of mean weight 9.71g was investigated. The results show that the best growth and food utilization indexes were recorded in the fingerling fed with 10% grasshopper meal and 30% fish meal, while the poorest growth and food utilization indexes were recorded with the diet containing 25% grasshopper meal and 15% fish meal. The best survival of 100% was observed in the diet containing 30% grasshopper meal and 10% fish meal while the worst survival of 73.3% was observed in the diet containing 25% grasshopper meal and 15% fish mea

Nnaji, C.J.

Okoye, F.C.

English

Aquatic Commons

SU STITUTING FISH MEAL VVITH GRASSHOPPER MEAL IN
THE DIET IF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS FINGERLINGS.
By
NNAJI, C J. AND F. C. OKOYE.
National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research, New-Bussa.
ABSTRACT.
The effect of inclusion of grasshopper meat On the growth, feed conversion ratio and survival of
Danes gariepinus fingerlings of mean weight, 9.71g was investigated. The results show that the
best growth and food utilization indexes were recorded in the fingening fed with 10% grasshopper
meal and 30% fish meal while the poorest growth and food utilization indexes vere recorded with
the diet containing 25% grasshopper meal and 15% fish meal. The best survival of 100% was
observed in the diet containing 30% grasshopper meal and 10% fish meal while the worst survival
of 73.3% was observed in the diet containing 25% grasshopper meal and 15% fish meal
INTRODUCTION
Catfish is very important in the sustainability of aquaculture industry in Nigeria. In spite of
the breakthrough in the artificial propagation of the African catfish species (Madu et al, 1988 and
Madu, 1990). demand for fingerlings in the [expanding industry. still outstrips the supply. The
increasing human population and the destr. to obtain a nutritionally balanced level of protein
intake is the major cause of the high fish demand in Nigeria.
Fishmeal is used extensively as a saurce of protein in fish feed because of its unrivalled
nutritive value. Compared with other commercially used protein sources, fishmeal has the highest
biological value; higher in digestible energy; rich in available lysine and methionine minerals,
vitamins and perhaps, unidentified growth factors required by fish (Lovell, 1981: Eyo and Ngugu,
1989). Although fishmeal has been recognised as the best source of animal protein for most fish
species, it is relatively expensive. As a result, numerous attempts have been made to replace
fishmeal in fish feed with other less expensive feedstuffs (Jackson et al, 1982). Research on
partial replacement of fishmeal with li.dney bean and pigeon pea for Clarias Gariepinus has been
carried out by Adeparusi (1994) and Adeparusi and Balogun (1998). Fagbenro (1999 a, b. c, d).
used winged beans as a protein feedstuff in fish meal-free diets for Clarias gariepinus. Akegbejo-
Samsons (1999), used periwinkle flesh to replace fish meal in the diet of C gariepinus:
Arowosoge (1987), used cotton seed meal while Fasakin and Balogun (1996) worked on
groundnut cake.
In the last decade, much effort has been made in the use of soya bean meal as a good
replacement for fishmeal in the diet of C. gariepinus (Balogun and Ologhoba, 1989; Sadiku and
Jauncy, 1998 a, 13, Fagbenro and Davies, 2002; Fagbenro and Davies, 2003; Eyo, 1990 and
1999; Davies et al, 1999). The search for less expensive feedstuffs to replace fish meal in the diet
of Clarias ganepinus has stimulated this study which is aimed at substituting fish meal with
grasshopper meal in the diet of Ciarías gariepinus fingerlings.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (mean weight. 9.71g) used for this study were obtained
from the outdoor tanks of the National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research's Hatchery
complex and acclimated in an open hatchery trough for three days. During acclimation, they were
fed with commercial feed of 40% crude protein level at 5% of their body weight twice daily,
30
Twenty fingerlings of C. gariepinus were later randomly selected and distributed into each of the
18 experimental flow-through bowls of 25 litre capacity. A constant volume of 20 litres was
maintained throughout the study. Each bowl was assigned to one of the e,,perimental diets (Table
1) containing different levels of grasshopper meal and fishmeal in three replicates. Experimental
diets were prepared according to methods described by Ufodike and Matty (1983).
At the onset of the feeding trials, the catfish fingerlings were weighed with Acculab
electronic top-loading balance and fed twice daily (morning and evening) at 5% body weight with
the daily ration divided into two. Sampling of the experimental fish, clearing of faecal matter and
Changing of water were done weekly in each plastic bowl. The mean weights of the fingerlings
were obtained using the same balance mentioned above and mortality in each bowl was
estimated at the end of the 8-week experimental period. The six 'experimental diets were
analysed for crude protein, crude fibre, crude lipid, moisture content, total ash and carbohydrate
(NFE) using standard methods described by AOAC (1990). The following water quality
parameters were monitored weekly using standard methods described by APHA (1980):
temperature, pH, total alkalinity and dissolved oxygen. Mean growth rates of the fingerlings and
food utilization were obtained in the form of mean weight gain, mean relative growth, specific,
growth rate and food conversion ratio, all calculated with recommended formulae. The results
obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Duncan's Multiple Range Test at 95%
.cenfidence level.
. _
ingredie
nts
Grassh
opper
meal
-Fish
meal
Ground
nut
cake
Yellow
maize
Soya
bean
meal
Vegetab
le oil
Vitamin\
, mineral
'. premix
Table 1. Composition of the experimental diets fed to C. gariepinus fingerlingS for 8
weeks.
D
_
D ..r D11:1)
2 . 1 3 45r1
1 . 2 3 ---- .-
0 5 0 5 0
0
2
o
, 2 2
3 3
7
2 2
5 0 ! 5
2 12 2 1 2
0 . 0 0
2
3
7
2
1 3
7 1.7
f -5 55 5
5 i 5
O
4
o
2
0
5
5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The water quality parameters monitored throughout the experiment were within tolerable
range for cultured warm water fish (Table 2) as recommended by Boyd and Lichtkoppler (1979)
The proximate composition of the experimental diets did not show much variation in the nutrients
of the various diets except diet D6 which had no grasshopper meal (Table 3). Diet 05 had a
higher leve of crude fibre than the other diets (P < 0.05) possibly due to the ,higher level of
grasshopper meai since grasshopper has exoskeleton made of chitIn.
Table 2. Mean water quality parameters measured during the experimental period
Table 3. Proximate composition of experimental diets fed to C. gariepinus fingerlings
for 8 weeks.
Corn
posit'
Crud
prote
in
C'rod
e
fibre
,
Crud
e
lipid
Moist
ure
Ash
_
NFE
(carb
' ohyd
rate)
With a range of 9.3 - 10.1g and a mean weight of 9.71g, there were no significant
differences among the initial weight of the fingerlings (P > 0.05) at stocking. However the final
weights for most of the treatments showed significant difference (P < 0,05, Table 4). The various
D D D D D D
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 3 2 43 t 3
1 2 3 0 9 8
.
.
.
.
0 7 4 8 4 5 .
6 6 2 7 8 5
1 1 1 1 1
4 4 6 6 8 4
.
3
.
6
.
8
.
7
,
9 3
1 8 3 4 6 2
1 1 1 1 i 1
3 5 8 7 5 0
.
.
. .
2 7 4 8 8 8
5 5 7 2 6 1
'i-
5 5 5 9
.
4
.
5
.
0
,
4
.
4 5
1 2 3 12 8 3
4 6 4 4 5 6
. .
.
.
6 1 4 0 6 5
-
2 5 7 1 7 6
3 - 2 2 2
1 6 1 5 4 0
. .
.
.
.
3 1 7 1 5 2
5 4 8 4 5 3
Parameters Ran e
22.95
Mean
Temperature (C)
pH
D issolved Oxygen (mg/I)
Alkalinity (mg/I)
2-
0 -
6.9-7.1
6,95 -
20.25 - 25.63
28.50
7.20
diets have been shown to produce different effects on the growth of C. gariepinus fingerlings.
From the mean cumulative weight increases (Fig 1), it was observed that diet D1 had the highest
weight gain and together with diet D6 were significantly higher than the results obtained in other
diets (P < 0.05). Other growth and food utilisation parameters like specific growth rate (SGR) and
food conversion ratio (FCR) followed the same grovvth pattern as the cumulative weight increases
(Table 4). This indicates that 10% grasshopper meal/30'Y° fishmeal led to the greatest increases
and best food utilisation by the fingerlings of C. gariepinus.
Many researchers who have worked on various substitutes of fishmeal for C. gariepinus
feed obtained various results. Faturoti and Oyelese (1989), found yellow maize and sweet potato
as good energy source in the diet of C. gariepinus while Eyo and Ngugu (1989), Eyo (1999),
obtained poor growth rate while feeding C .anguillaris with soyabean diet. In this study, an
attempt has been made to incorporate grasshopper. meal into the diet of C. gariepinus. Al l the
diets showed good performance (Table 4) but diet D1 had higher performance than other diets
closely follov ad by diet 06 which had no grasshopper meal but high fish meat (40%) and high
level of protein (48.5%). This confirms earlier findings by Ufodike and Ekokotu (1986) that excess
levels of dietary protein might retard fish growth due to energy expenditure in deamination and
excretion of excess protein. Fingerlings fed diets D4 and D5 had poor growth performance
possibly because of low protein value and high level of crude fibre in them.
The survival rate in the treatments ranged from 73 33% in treatment 04 with the least
growth performance to 100% in treatment 05. Generally, the survival rate was good in most of
the treatments.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to the staff of the Hatchery complex of the Nationat Institute for
Freshwater Fisheries research. New Bussa for the cooperation given us in terms of materials and
equipment during this study.
Table 4. Growth and food utilisation of C. gariepinus fingerlings fed experimental diets
for 8 weeks.
Pa D
9
6
n
4 5 6
1 1 4
6 8 2
2 7 9
ra
me
ter
1 2 3
'nit 1 1
ial
we
igh
it
0
'1
0
1
9
3
,j91
Fin 4 3 3
al
we
igh
5
0
4 2
2
W 3 2
eig
hit
gai
4
9
4
1
9
3
34
n
SaL Mil
6
8
W
eig
ht
gal
n
)
Sp
eci
fic
gro
wt
h
rat
e
13
4
5
.
6
2
.
6
7
______
0
3
5
3
8
6
2
.
1
8
2
5
9
.
2
1
0
0
1
3
3
3
.
3
2
.
2
3
0
.
9
3
1
2
5
2
.
6
2
Fo
co
nv
ers
on
rati
0
0
4
5
c
3
.
3
0
4
5
1
2
8
5
Su
rvi
val
)
9
5
0
0
9
5
.
0
fi
t.
0.
t 7
3
'3
3
1
0
0
0
6
6
50
40
10
o
o 2 4 6 e
Weeks
Fig. 1 Cumulative weight increases of C. gariepinus fed
fingerlings experimenta diet for 8 weeks.'
REFERENCES
A O. A. C. (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1990). Official methods of
Analysis (15th ed). AOAC inc. Arlington Virginia. USA. 994p.
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cajan) meal as a plant protein source for Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Journal of
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Adeparusi, E. 0 and A. M. Balogun (1998). Evaluation of toasted pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan
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1!
D5
e-- DS
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36


Substituting fish meal with grasshopper meal in the diet of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings

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