This paper highlights some of the practices involved in integrated aquaculture such as poultry-cum-fish, pig-cum-fish, sheep and goat-cum-fish and grasscutter-cum-fish. Also the role of fisheries in alleviating protein deficiency was reviewed. Successful research findings on these practices in aquaculture at the Federal College of Forestry, Jericho, Ibadan (Nigeria) will eventually lead to alleviating protein deficiency of the inhabitants of the largest city in West African thus alleviating poverty in the natio

Meduna, A.J.

Samuel, A.A.

English

Aquatic Commons

A REVIEW PAPER ON GRATE I AQUACUI2FU 1 ENEFITS PRIJECT AT
FEDE L COLLEGE OF FORESTRY9 IB JAN
A. J. MEDUNA AN A. A. SAMUEL
FEDE L COLLGE OF FORESTRY, /MADAN
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms
including fish, (shell and finfish) and other aquatic re-
sources. However, since over 91 percent of the world's
output of food from the aquatic environment consist of
fin fish, what readily comes to mind is this group of aquatic
animals (fin fish) (Moses, 1992).
As the world population grows, the need for
protein food continues to increase. The pressure is felt
more in most of the developing countries where poverty
is endemic. Poverty is described as the lack of resources
especially finances to consume certain levels of goods
and services including shelter and clothing. Due to
poverty, an average Nigerian household can not sustain
regular consumption of animal protein, because the animal
protein sources are considered to be expensive
Fish has become an important source 'of animal
protein, besides being cheaper than poultry and beef, it is
easily digestible. Also, it contains oil and essential amino
acids such as thiamine, riboflavin, vitamins and minerals,
which are needed for body cell repair and healthy
growth.(Ref.)
The major sources of fish to the world are the
natural water namely oceans, lagoons, lakes and rivers.
Supplementary fish production comes from aquaculture
particularly fish farming. In Nigeria, based on 1971
population census of 88.5 million and a per caput fish
consumption of 13.0kg per year, Nigeria requires at least
1.6 million metric tonnes of fish by year 2010 (FAO,
1995).
Table 1 shows projected population and estimated
demand for fish from 1991 to the year 2010. Beyond the
year 2010 demand for fish in Nigeria is expected to
increase at about 2.1% per annum (Akinyerni, 1998).
Trend of domestic fish production and supply
from 1985 to 2000 is shown in table 2. Animal domestic
fish supply (locally produced and imported) shows that in
the eighties and nineties, Nigeria experienced an average
annual fish supply deficit of approximately 0.8 million
143
This paper highlights some of the practices involved in integrated aquaculture such as poultry-cum-
fish, pig-cum-fish sheep and goat-cum-fish and grasscutter-cum-fish.
Also the place of fisheries in alleviating protein deficiency was reviewed. Successfiil research findings on
these practices in aquaculture at the Federal College of Forestry, Jericho, lbadan will eventually lead to
alleviating protein deficiency of the inhabitants of the largest city in West African thns alleviating poverty in
the nation.
metric tones. Hence, per caput fish consumption per
year in Nigeria was less than 13.0kg, which is the current
world per caput fish consumption.
Schroeder (1977) observed that in aquaculture
the cost of feeding often exceed 50% of the total
operating cost. Therefore, for fish to continue to serve
as an alternative cost to other conventional protein
sources and still maintain it's value, feeding cost should
be reduced to the bearest minimum and this can be done
by the intergration of fish farming with livestock.
The objectives of the study is to' reduce the cost of
fish production through the integration of fish with live-
stock. Other specific objectives include alleviation of en-
vironmental degradation and poverty economy.
METHODOLOGY
A review of data collected from:
Federal College of Forestry Fanm
Wildlife and Fisheries Department of University
of Ibadan
National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries
Research (NIFFR) New-Bussa, -Niger State was
made and data was analysed.
ESULT AND DISCUSSION:
Recent development in farming systems research
extension indicate that what is required for progress is
for Research Scientists to adopt a multi-disciplinary sys-
tem approach to food production rather than being locked
in specialised disciplines, as presently employed by AEM
Department of Federal College of Forestry. It is also
recognized that to combat land degradation and meet
projected food demand there is need for new and more
sustainable fanning systems.
Interest in integrated farming system is due to
the growing concern to maximise productivity through
optimum utilisation of resources in a world turdergoing
rapid population growth and diminishing per capital
resources.
Integrated fish farming was first practised in
densely populated parts of central Europe, Asia, India,
'Thailand which were primarily agricultural base but had
limited access to wild fish stock (Otubusin, 1994).
According to Otubusiu (1994) integrated farming
,generally results in optimal utilisation of resources such
as labour, capital and farmland thus leading to higher
returns, higher productivity and a more equitable
distribution of fann labour.
Figure I shows how the waste ofone agricultural
enterprise serves as input to another in an integrated fish
farm. At Federal College of Forestry Goat/Sheep,
Grasscutter, poultry are to be integra.ted with fish culture.
INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE SYSTEM
The most cornmon and widespread practice of
integrated fish farming includes poultry-cmn-fi sh, pig-cum-
fish, and arable crops-livestock-fish culture. It is also
possible to integrate fish culture with grasscutter and cattle
rearing depending on the prevailing condition in the par-
ticular location such as enviroinnental, social, religious,
cultural and etc. These conditions can influence which
system could be adopted for best results (Asala, 1994).
Integrating fish culture with animal (especially
livestock) have been well developed in China, Germany,
Hungary. Malaysia and other countries. In principle, any
livestock can be integrated with fish culture (Otubusin,
1994).
It is observed that manure added to fishponds
gives better result that fertilizing the pond and also varies
in their efficiency to produce fish biomass. Manure
obtained from one diary cow can produce 100-200kg/
year of fish biornass (Asala, 1994).
P S ULTRY-CUM-FISH CULTURE
Poultry raised for meat (broiler) or eggs (layers) can
be integrated with fish culture, in order to cut down the
cost of pond fertilization and feeds in fish culture and
maximize profits (Asala, 1994).
The poultry house can be raised over the pond or
adjacent to the pond and the excreta re-cycled to fertilize
the fishpond. The advantages of .raising poultry oventhe
ponds are:
0 Space is used maximally
It satves labour in transporting manure to pond
Poultry housing will be more hygienic
If the poultry birds are layers, the economics of
the venture improves as revenue can be generated from
the sales of eggs as well as sales of chickens at about 13
months.
The poultry house can be constructed with
bamboo or any locally available cheap materia' Is roofed
with hay or thatched grass and provided with a floor space
of 1.55sq? per bird (broilers) or 30sq? per bird (layers)
with a lattice/slate floor which .pennits excreta and spilled
feed into the water but is n.ot blg enough to allow chicken's
feet to get caught in between and injured (fig 2 and 3)
(Bard et al. 1976).
Well-managed broilers reach market size of 1.5-
144
2.0kg in 7-8 weeks and it is possible to raise 6 batches in
a year. Laying stocks about 18-22 weeks and 250-280
eggs per bird per year can be obtained. (1FRR-ICLARM
1992, NEARLS, 1993 as cited by Asala 1994). Using
fowls at about 50-100 birds/acre to provide suitable
manuring give, the corresponding fish yield of 30-50kg/
acre/year (3,000-5,000kg/ha/yçar) is possible for Tilapia
fish stocked at the rate of 2/m-.
PIG-CUM-FISH CULTURE
The pig dung acts as excellent pond fertilizer
and raises the productivity of the pond and consequently
increases fish production. Some of the fish feed directly
on the pig excreta, which contains 70% digestible food.
The commonest combination in China is pig-cum-carp
culture, since fish and pork are Chinese favourites. The
Chinese consider a pig as a "costless fertilizer factory
moving on hooves". The annual manure produced by
20-30 pigs is equivalent to 1 tonne of ammonium sulphate
applied to the soil (Otubusin 1994).
Pig housing can be constructed on a pond
embanlunent in such a way that the effluents are drained
to the pond to cause of algal bloom. 'Washings ofpigsties
are drained into the pond after sunrise to avoid oxygen
depletion. The foundations and main holding structures
of the pig housing should be of strong construction
preferably with a concrete floor sloping towards the pond
to allow better drainage.
The pen should be well aerated and roofed
preferably with thatched grass to create coolness and
shield pig from direct sunlight as the pigs can die of
excessive heat. Floor area should be 1.0-1.5m2 per pig
(Bard et al 1976 cited by Asala 1994). The number of
pigs used in the system should be related to the manure
loading that the fishpond could support. The quantity
and composition of the resulting organic manure varies
with the seeds, feed, age and total live weight of the pigs
(Otubusin 1994).
According to Asala (1994), a sow (female pig)
can litter 5 times in 2 years with litter sizes for each
varying from 6-12 depending on the breed. The gestation
period is 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days or 114 days. Tilapias
are the inost commonly used fish often mixed with small
population of catfishes and carp in polyculture. The
excreta of 1 pig per 100-150m2 pond area (or 3 pigs per
1,000m2) are sufficient to fertilize the pond. With 1-2
pigs per acre of pond, manure of about 1,000-2??,0()0kg/
year can be obtained, which can provide Tilapia yield
stocked at 2/m2 of about 55kg/acre/year and can rise up
to 70kg/acre/year with clarias stocked at 1/m2 in a
polyculture system i.e. with association of Titapia and
clarias at 9:1 or 8:2 (Asala 1994).
SHEEP AND GOAT-CUM-FISH CULTURE
These animals rnature easily and low capital can
be invested in their upkeep and so they can be used to
boost the productivity of small-scale fish fainis.
In Java, the sheep-fish systetns have been
described, where with the herbivorous giant Guorami
(Osphronemus goramy) stocked densely (approximately
30 fish/m2), high yields of small fish were obtained (Djaja
diredja et al, 1980 as cited by Otubusin, 1994). Sheep
stocked at a rate of approximately 475/ha were housed
over the pond in a single shed and fed with grasses (10kg/
sheep) and Soybean cake wastes (4kg/sheep) on a daily
basis.
The stocking rate of goats per area of fishpond
of 400-500/ha is feasible. The wastes from the few goats
typically raised by farmers, will be adequate for small
pond units (e.g. goats/200m2 pond).
CANE RAT-CUM-FISH CULTURE
Though integration of cane rat with fish culture
has not received much attention, it seems to have
considerable potentials (Meduna, 1999).
Cane rat is the ideal animal for integration with
small-scale fish culture. Confinements can be in form
of separate cages closely arranged. Cane rat manure
may have greater value as a direct food for fish compared
to other livestocic wastes (Meduna, 1999). The pellet
size and semi-floating nature of cane rat manure
encourages direct ingestion by fish. The proportion of
the tnie protein compared to non-protein nitrogen is high
in cane rat manure as its energy value is higher compared
to that of dried poultry and cattle wastes (Ref.).
The implication of integrated aqua,culture is
positively a strategy for development of microlivestock
in Nigeria.
145
Year Demand Proj ected
Population
Per Caput
Consumption
(kg)
Proj ected Fish
Demand (Million Tons)
1991 88,5 11.0 973500
1992 90.36 11,0 993960
1993 92.22 11.0 1014420
1994 94.08 11.0 1034880
1995 95.94 11.0 1055340
1996 97.80 11.0 1075800
1997 99.66 11.0 1096260
1998 101.52 11.0 1116720
1999 103.38 11.0 1137180
2000 105.24 13.0 1368120
2001 107.10 13.0 1392300
2002 108.96 13.0 1416480
2003 110.82 13.0 1440660
2004 112.68 13.0 1464840
2005 114.54 13.0 1489020
2006 116.40 13.0 1513200
2007 118,26 13.0 1537380
2008 120.12 13.0 1561560
2009 121.98 13.0 1585740
2010 123.84 13.0 1609920
TA LE 1
Nigeria's Projected Population and Estimated Demand for Fish ( 991 - 2010)
Population based on 1991 census.
Source: Population based on 1991 census
FAO Publication, 1995.
TABLE 2
Domestic Fish Production Supply and Annual Deficit in Supply
146
Source: Population based on 1991 census, FDF (1994 statistics) estimated average over ten years period, based
on the assumption of an average total domestic fish production of500,00 metric tones.
Year Projected
]POftltiOn
01, Ca ou
Consumption
(kg)
Projected
Fish
Demand
Production
(mt)
Total
Domestic
Fish
Deficit
1985 773 110 850740 304229 546511
1986 79.20 11.0 871200 372301 498899
1987 81.06 11.0 891660 498150 393510
1988 82.92 11.0 912120 463540 448580
1989 84.78 11.0 932580 676739 255831
1990 86.64 11.0 953040 434579 518461
1991 * 88.50 11.0 973500 596630 376870
1992 90.36 11.0 993960 721492 272468
1993 92.22 11.0 1014420 619211 395209
1994 94.08 11.0 1034880 515135 519745
1995 95.94 11.0 1055340 500000 555340
1996 97.80 11.0 1075800 500000 575800
1997 99.66 11.0 1096260 500000 596260
1998 101.52 11.0 1116720 500000 616720
1999 103.38 11.0 1137180 500000 637180
2000 105.24 13.0 1368120 500000 868120
2001 107.10 13.0 1392300 500000 892300
2002 108.96 13.0 1416480 500000 916480
2003 110.82 13.0 1440660 500000 940660
2004 112.68 13.0 1464840 500000 964840
2005 114.54 13.0 1489020 (500000) (989020)
REFERENCES
AKINYEMI, 0. (1998): Sustainable Management of Nigeria's Fisheries in the 21" Century; Faculty Lecture,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria Series No 7, p. 24.
ASALA GODWIN (1994): Principles of Integrated Aquaculture. Paper presented at NFFR/FACU Workshop
on Aquaculture Development, Fish Seed Product and Post-harvest Teel=logy p?
BARD, J. DE KIMPE, P, LAZARD, J., TEMASSAN, J., LESSENT, P. (1976): Handbook of Tropical
Fish Culture Centre Technique Forcstier Tropical France, 16 p.
FAO (1995): The Stable of World Fisheries and Aquaculture FAO Publication, FAO Rome Italy pp. 56.
MOSES, B. S (1992): Introduction to Tropical Fisheries?
OTUBUSIN, S.O. (1994): A Review of Integrated Fish Farming and a Highlight of the Nigerian Scenario. A
paper presented at the NIFFR/FACU Workshop on Aquaculture Development, Fish Seed
Production and Post Harvest Technology p?
SCHROEDER, GL. L (1977): Agricultural Wastes in fish Farming. A Commercial Application of the culture of
Single-celled Organisms for Production. Normal Water Res. Vol. P.419-420.
147


A review paper on Integrated Aquaculture Benefits Project at Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan

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A review paper on Integrated Aquaculture Benefits Project at Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan

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