The digestibility and utilisation of two fresh soybean milk concentrate based diets, two stale soybean milk concentrate based diets and two Fishman based diets serving as control, at optimal (30%) and suboptimal (20%) protein levels were evaluated in Oreochromis niloticus. The diets were as follows: Diet I (control) - fishmeal based diet at 30% crude protein, Diet II (control) Fishman based diet at 20% crude protein, Diet III - fresh soybean milk concentrate based diet at 30% crude protein, Diet IV - fresh soybean milk concentrate based diet at 20%, Diet V - stale soybean milk concentrate based diet at 30% crude protein, Diet VI-stale soybean milk concentrate based diet at 20%. Dry matter digestibility differed not significantly with variation in diets (P:0.05). A significant variation was recorded in the protein, lipid and ash digestibility. Proteins were more digestible at optimum than suboptimum level. Ash digestibility was lowest of all the nutrients. Variations in the utilisation of the diets in terms of weight gain, specific growth rate, food conversion ration, protein efficiency ration and apparent net protein utilization were insignificant (P: 0.05). All diets compared favourably with the standard control diet Diet I. This findings suggest the suitability of stale soybean milk concentrate utilisation as protein supplements in the diets of late fry Oreochromis niloticu

Alao, I.A.

Sadiku, S.O.E.

Tiamiyu, L.O.

English

Aquatic Commons

DIGE5TI3Iliff AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION OF SOYBEAN MILK CONCENTRATE BASE)
DIETS IN OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS
BY
S. O. E SADIKU, LA ALAO and L. TIAMIYU
Depoatment of Fisheries, Federal Univershy of Technology
P. M. B 56 Minna Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The digestibility and utilisation of two fresh soybean milk concentrate based diets, two stale soybean Milk concentrate
based diets and two Fishman based diets serving as control, at optimal (30%) and suboptimal (20%) protein levels
vvere evaluated. They were Diet 1 (Control) - fishmeal based diet at 30% crude protein Diet II (Control) Fishman
based diet at 20% crude protein, Diet UI - fresh soybean milk concentrate rased diet at 30% crude protein, Diet IV -
fresh soybean milk concentrate based diet at 20%. Diet V- stale soybean milk concentrate based diet at 30%crude
protein, Diet VI-stale soybean rnilk concentrate based diet at 20% Dry matter digestibility differed insignificantly
with variation in diets (P:0.05). There was significant variation in the protein, lipid and ash digestibility. Protein vvas
more digestible at optimum than sub optimum level. Ash digestibility was lowest of all the nutrients. Variations in the
utilisation of the diets in terms of weight gain, specific growth rate, food conversion ration, protein efficiency ration
and apparent netprotein utilization were insignificant (P: 0.05). All diets compared favourably with the standard
control diet Diet L This suggests the suitability of SB MC utilisation as protein suppletnents in the diets of late fry O.
Niloticus.
Indexing Keywords: Digestibility, nutrient utilisation, SoybealiSlu fly Residue, Diets, Oreochroniis N i lot ic us.
INTRODUCTION
Soybean (Glycine max) is the most valuable oil seed
legume with starling nutritional qualities and now
internationally acclaimed as the miracle crop, the cow of
China, the Cinderella crop of the West aud the Pearls of
the Orient (Osbo, 1991) It has high utilisation potential
in human, animal and fish nutrition.
Soybean meal constitutes 50% of the diet of channel
catfish in the United States - as replacer of fishmeal
(Mohsen and Lovell, 1993) Utilisation of soybean
fractions such as soybean bran, milk and milk products
are feed in aquaculture has been an age long practice in
Asia. Chen and Yi (1991) successfully utilised
unicellular algae and soybean milk in the rearing of
zoaea larvae of Paenaeus penieillatus. The larvae of
rvtytilus edulis were reared on four species of unicellular
algae. They stalled ingesting these food materials when
they still had some yolk in the body (Nie and Ji, 1980). In
Africa, soybean fractions production and utilisation
have been popuparised through soybean produetion and
utilisation projects of the international institute of
tropical Agriculture (I1TA, 1990) to address the problem
of human malnutrition in Africa. Several whole and
fraction soybean products are POW common hOusehold
dietary sources in Nigeria. Extension services on the
utilisation of soybean to other West African countries of
Ghana and Cote d-1voire were expedited (Okoruwa and
Dash iell 1997).
63
Ironically, most of these fractions of great nutritional
potential are highly perishable materials and are
therefore potential sources of wastes into the
environment. A planned industrial scale production of
these fractions should be backed up with a well planned
waste management strategy, particularly in the Third
world Countries with inadequate preservation and
processing technologies.. Bio-transformation of these
materials into first class animal protein when fed as feed
to fish appears to be a very effective biological method of
management that converts wastes into wealth.
One of such wastes is the soybean milk concentrate
resulting from fractionating soybean in the course of
soyarnilk production. This investigation is aimed at
studying the suitability of soybean milk concentrate in
the diets of late fry of Oreochromis niloticus in its fresh
and stale state as protein supplements. 111 its stale form,
it has undergone partial hydrolysis microbio logically.
The use of animal vvastes hydrolysate have bee,
reported. Hardy (1991) investigated the suitability of
fish hydrolysate utilization in the diets of Onycorhychus
my kiss and observed that partially hydrolysed fish
silage was better than fully hydrolysed fish silage.
utilisation of plant wastes in fish diet has been rarely
reported. It is in this vein that the fresh and partially
hydrolysed SBIOC were incorporated into the fish feed.
MATE 4, LS A ID METHODS
The standard methods of the international Institute of
Tropical Agriculture (LITA) was employed to produce
the soybean milk. Further concentration of the milk was
effected using calcium hydrogen sulphate (lITA, 1990) .
SBMC was divided into two equal parts. One half was
oven dried at 80°C afterwards to arrest fitrther action of
microbes. This was tagged stale soybean milk
concentrate (SBMC-S). These products were then
incorporated into the tilapia grower diets. Six isocaloric
(4.0 Kcal/g) diets at suboptimal and optimal protein
levels of20% and 30% containing SBMC-F and SBMC-
S were prepared, with fish meal based diets serving as
control (Table 1) 3nun pellets were prepared using a
modified Bohr mill with a mounted pelleting die. They
were subsequently solar-dried and kept in a dry place at
room temperature. Pellets for dispensation to fish were
further micronised into crumb acceptable to the late fry.
The feeding trial experiment was a completely
randomised block designee with six diets in duplicate.
late fry of 0.niloticus were stocked at 10 per 20L tank in
12 tanks in a recirculatory system at an average weight
of 0.24g. They were fed at 5% body weight twice daily
for 8 weeks. Wa .Stes'accum u feting from the system were
siphoned twice in a week. Water quality parameters
were monitored at pH, 6-7; temperature, 30-35°C; DO,
5-6.0 mg. I; N113-N, 0.5-1.0; NO,-N, I 0-20 and NO,-N,
0.4ing/I. Water flow rate was maintained at I L/rnin.
Chemical analysis of the feedstnffs, diets and carcass
(initial and final) were perftirmed according to
A.O.A.C. (1990). 10 specimens of late fry O. Niloticus
were taken for initial carcass analysis while 5 from each
tank for final carcass analysis. Acid insoluble ash was
measured as inert material in the diets and faecal matter
according to (Cockerell et al, 1987). Water quality
parameter were analysed according to APH A(1980).
Biological parameters monitored were specific growth
rate (SOR), food conversion ration (FCR) protein
efficiency ratio (PER) apparent net protein utilization
(ANPU) and survival (S) (Steffens, 1989) Gross energy
was calculated by using the following multipl ier factors;
carbohydrate, 4.1keal/g; protein, 5.4 kcal.g and lipid,
9.5 kcal./g (Jobling, (983) Digestibility was determined
by the substitution of percentages of acid insoluble ash
as nutrient in faeces and diets into the apparent
digestibility coefficient equation of i'vlaynard et al
(1979).
64
Analysis of variance was used to evaluate variability in
the utilisation of the four diets as treatments. Multiple
range analysis was used to compare means of the
utilisation parameters according to Turkey (Steele and
Tornes, 1960). Percentage, version 3.0 was used for the
statistical analysis while cricket graph package, version
1.3.1 was used for the presentation of the fish growth
response to the diets.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Digestibility of Diets
Table 2 shows that there was insignificant variation in
the dry matter digestibility of the diets (P:0.05). Protein,
lipped and ash digestibility values varied significantly
with the diets (P:0.05). On the whole, the highest
digestibility values were observed in diet Hl containing
SBMC-F. Lipid had a lower digestibility values than
protein in all the diets. This negates the record of higher
lipid digestibility in Tilapia that was attributed to high
Lepas activity (Sargent et al. 1989). Ash digestibility
was lowest in Diets I, IV and V (Table 3). Acid digestion
of ash have been reported in fish except stomach less
one. Lovell (1991) reported fish which do not have
acidic stomach do not utilise mineral sources of low
solubility and conversely. Digestibility of ash expected
to be high in tilapia was generally low. This could be
due to mineral composition of the feed being of low
solubility and the physiological state ofthe fish as latfry.
Utilisation of Soybean Milk Concentrate (SBMC)
Based diets in O. Niloticus.
Six SBMC diets (Diets I-V1) were fed to late fry of
0.niloticus with an average weight of 0.25g for a period
of eight weeks at 5% body weight per day (Table 1) All
the parameters measured varied insignificantly with the
diets (Table 3) depicting equal nutrient utilisation
amongst the six diets including the control. The
insignificant variation in the MFW, SGE, FCR, PER and
Anpu depicts a favourable comparison of the SBMC
based diets and Diet I. Fig 1 shows the growth response
of 0.niloticus to the diets. Growth was highly
exponential from the beginning till week 4 when it goes
into the Plateau phase in line with the growth pattern of
fish (Huxley, 1932). The growth rate and percentage
survival of aniloticus fed these SBSR based diets were
above 85% of the control diet. A good experimental diet
is that diet that gives at least 85% growth and survival
rate of an acceptable standard - the fish meal based
control diet (Akiyama, 1991). These are attestations to
their suitability for inclusion in the diets oft). niloticus
late fty, as protein supplements.
Carcass Composition of 0.niloticus fed Soybean
Milk (SBMC) Based Diets
Carcass analysis showed no significant variation in the
carcass composition of O. niloticus fed SBMC based
diets and when compared with the control diet - FM
based diets (P:0.05 except for ash where fishes fed Diet
III had the highest ash and the least carcass ash was in
fishes fed Diet I. Lack of variation in carcass lipid
depicts no relationship between moisture and lipid and
this negates the already established inverse relationship
between carcass moisture and lipid in fish (Vlieg. 1985)
It could therefore be said that the SBMC inclusion had
altered this balance. Similarly the lack of variation in
carcass protein with the diets negates the postulation that
a direct relationship exists between amino acid profile in
the diet and the carcass, and consequently their protein
(Janucey et al. 1984) This could be due to the difference
in the metabolic pathway of nutrients and the
physiological state of the fish.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This investigation was conducted under a project funded
by the International Foundation of Science (IFS) of
Sweden - Research Grant A/2572-1 between October,
1997 and December, 1999. Research facilities of the
Department of Fisheries Technology, federal University
of Technology, Minna, Nigeria were used. We equally
enjoyed research co-operation w ith the International
Institute for Tropical Agriculture, lbadan, Nigeria
during this research, we are grateful to these institutions
for their research support.
RE FE ENCES
Akiyama, D. M (1991). Future considerations for the
aquaculture feed industry Proceedings of the
Aquaculture feed Processing and Nutrition
workshop. Thailand and Indonesia pp. 5-9
American Public health Association (APHA) (1980).
Standard Methods of Assessment of water and
Waste waers. 14edn. AHWA - WPCF Washington
D. C
A.O.A.C. (1990) Official Methods of Analysis, I 5edn.
K. Heidrich. Association of Official Analytical
Chemists. Virginia, U.S.A
Chen, B. and Yi J (1991). the food of larvae of Peanaeus
penicillatus Alcok J. Fish, 15(3): 219-227
Cockerel!, D. Halliday D. And Morgan, D.
J(1987).Quality Control in the Animal feedstudds
manufacturing Industry, tropical Product Institute.
London p.97
Huxley J. S (1932) Problems of relative growth, London
Methuen
1.I.T.A (1990)Soybean for Good Health. HOW to grow
and use Soybeans in Nigeria. International Institute
of tropical Agricu 'tore, lbaclan -Nigeria 23pp.
Jauncey K. Tacon A. G J . and Jackson A. J (1984) the
quantitative essential amino - aicd requirements of
Oreochromis) Sarotherodon) mossambicus in
Proceedings of the first International Symposium
011 Tilapia in Aquacylture (Fishelon, L &b Yaron,
Z-eds). Tel Aviv University, Israel pp. 328-334
Jobling M. (1983) A shot review and critique of
methodology used in fish growth and nutrition
studies. Journal of Fish Biology 23-686-703
Lovell, R. T (1991). Use of soybean products in diets for
aquaculture species: revised ASA Technical
ulletin 21 -90
Maynard L. A. Loosli, J. K. Hintz, H. F and Warner R.G.
(1979) animal Nutrition, 7th edn McGraw-Hill,
New York.
Mohsen, A. A and love'', R. T (1990) Partial substitution
of soybean meal with animal protein sources in
diets for channel catfish. Aquaculture 87:53-63.
Nakayama, O and Olio, S. 91 996).Tofu Introducing Tofu
(Soy Cheese) into traditional African foods.
International Institute for Tropical Agriculture,
lbadan, 15pp.
Nie, Z and Ji, M. (1980) Studies on food for Mytilus
edulis larvae. marine Fish. res 1:85-96
Okoruwa, A.E and Dashiell K. E (1997) Soybean
Utilisaation in Nigeria. Ghana and Cote D'Ivorie
(West Africa). 1DRC/IITA Soybean utilisation
Projectect-Phase III. international Institute for
Tropical Agrriculture, lbadan, 103pp.
Osho, S (1991) Soybean as food in Nigeria. Training
Mane!. A National workshop on Soybean
Processing and Utilisation for Women Groups in
Nigeria. International Institute for Tropical
Agrieulture, lbadan, 5Opp
Sargent, J. HendersonR. J. & Tocher, D. R (1989). The
lipids in: Fish Nutrition, 2nd edn (ed by J. E
Halver0,pp 153-218 Academic Press, New York
NY.
Steele, H. E & Torne, J. H (1960) Principles and
Procesdures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York,
N. Y.
Steffens W. (1989) Principles of fish Nutrition. John
& Sons, New York 384pp
Vlieg P (1985) Statistical relationships between the
mositure and oil contents of 3 New Zealand
mackerel species. New Zealand Journal of
Technology I :187 - 189
Zar. J. H (1984) Biostatistical Analysis, 2nd edn,
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliff's, NJ.
Parameter
.M1 W(g)
MFW(g,)
SGR
(% Day)
FCR
PER
ANPU(%)
SURV(%)
Vitamin-mineral/kg prem ix: Vit. A. 4 000 000 I.U; Vit. D3 800 00 I.U; Vit. E,
10 000mg; Vit. B I , 200mg: Vit. 82, 2 00ing; Vit 86, 1200mg; Calcium D-pantotenate, 4 000mg; Vit. 1-1, 20ing; Vit. K3
Table 2: Igestibility of Soybean Milk Concentrate (SBMC) ased Diets in Late Fry O. Niloticus
Diets
11 III IV
96.60a 97,69a 97.86a 97.98a
70.24b 51.36a 70.24e 63.55b
51,11a 62.71b 62,71b 55.75ab.
12.68a 27,87b 34.84e 12.68a
Data on the saine row carrying the same letter differ insignificantly from each other(P>0.05).
Table 3: tit ]1RibflOP ` ''rv,;;-)ezt,,t mw, consent rae 9SBMC) Based Diets by Late fry O. niloticus
V VI
97.32a 97.66a
70.19e 63.55b
62.71b 55.75ab
12.68a 27,87b
Date on the same row carrvinff ifferent letters differ significantly from each other(P>0.05),,
66
IV
0.26a
0.55a
1.36a
Table I Level ofinclasion of ingredients in Soybean Milk Concentrate (SBMC)
Based Diets anti their Proximate Conn tosition
Diets
Ingredients II 111 IV V
SBMC-F 33,52 18.03
SBMC-S 34.15 18.07
FM 51.22 36.33 33.52 18.03 34.15 18.07
MM 43.78 58,48 27,97 58.93 13.51 58.85
*WM Premix 5.00 5.00 5,00 5.00 5.00 5.00
% Proximate Composition
Moisture 8,48 8.75 9.50 9.50 9.21 10.04
Protein 28.50 20.61 28.50 19.18 27.34 19.00
Lipid 9,0 3.37 9.78 7.45 14.34 10.17
Ash 17.00 14.60 13.83 11.50 13.74 11.69
Energy(kcal/g) 3.96 3.89 4.04 4.02 4.28 4.01
Diets
TI [It
0.21a 0,23a 0.25a
0.79,A 0.51a 0.62a
1.74a 1.66a
0.30e 0.32a 0.26a
12,59a 1.3.45a 13.66a
357,69 217.50 241.81a
: 80a 85,00a
V VI
0.24a 0.28a
0.62a 0.78a
1.30a 1.43a
0.28a 0.25aa 0.28a
14.93a 14,21a 13.76a
248.81a 190.00a 208.04a
75a 90.00a 80a
ADC(%)
Dry Matter
Protein
Lipid
Ash
Diets
67
-m-Diet I
Diet II
--0--Diet
-.-Diet IV
-0- D i et V
41- Diet VI
ri
0 1 2 4 5 6 7
Time (Weeks)
Fig. 1: Growth response of 0.niloticus fed soybean
protein concentrate based diets for eight weeks
Date on the same row carrying different letters differ significantly from each other(P>0.05).
Composition
Moisture 51.84a 60.39a 49.79a 46.79a 46.33a 3.20a
Protein 15.54a 14.79a 16.37a 15.44a 13.22a 11.80a
Lipid 7.10a 6.98a 7.64a 10.06a 6.71a 7.40
Ash 5.33a 5.8 lab 9.55b 6.03ab 6.30ab 7.40ab
Proximate I III IV V VI
fable 4: Carcass Composition of Late fry O. niloticus fed Soybean Milk Concentrate (S ME) ased
Diets


Digestibility and nutrient utilization of soybean milk concentrate based diets in Oreochromis niloticus

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Digestibility and nutrient utilization of soybean milk concentrate based diets in Oreochromis niloticus

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