Many locally available fish feeds have been tried in fish culture. These include guinea corn, soya bean, groundnut cake and rice bran. Cotton seed cake has been successfully used as a fishpond organic fertilizer at Ado-Ekiti Government fish farm. Three fishponds stocked respectively with common carps, Heterotis, Tilapia spp., Clarias lazera and Heterobranchus were fed with cotton seed cake. Carps, Tilapia and Heterotis increased rapidly in weight and length while the catifishes did not gro

Kolawole, C.O.

English

Aquatic Commons

12 I
Y fl.JS Of TiC J, JIOT
Or COT'fUN JJIßi) At 7IED ANL
f ÇIiIPOhJ) i1 ACJA dLTULN
b
C.d. UoLuwole
?:huri ):iviafoa
1t:uìatry of cturul leaouis
Odo tu'te
A JIS T N AC T
Muny ioeiiy cv lab le fish feeds have been tried in fish culture.
These include gui.uea cos,i, coya bean, groundnut calce and rice bran.
Cotton seed cabe hnw been successfully uced as a fishpond organic
Lertiiiuer at Ado-Ebiui Government fish farm. Three fishponds
stocked rsepectiveiywìtji Common Carps, Heterotis, Tilapia app.,
i Tins laz.era and Heterobrauchue wore fed with cotton seed cake.
Oouervationa were made over a period of eight weeks for the first
ciree saocies while tLe caltes were watched for a further period
of five months. Carps, Tilapia and Reterotis increased rapidly in
weight und length while the cacfiahes did not grow. They were not
fed further with any food. !ifLer observing for five months more,
they viere found to have grown ver y weil.
The matar in the pond containing the catfishes contained a lot of
plankton cigae which were utilised by the fish.
I NTR Oh) U CT I ON
Nigeria to eaoab1 of increasing many times her present fish
production, provided that planning and improved methods of feeding,
breeding nd management could be brought to bear on her national fish
producttoa policy and oractice. The vast untapped tracts of potei-
tial ly good revenue arecs and inland waters In the country, the
existence of large expanse of iapcl for the cultivation of valuable
varieties of fish food, the qualities and nutritive values of most
of which remain yet to b ascertained, are indications of the
fisheries potentialities of Uigeia; lu fact, with more technologi-
eti advancement in our fish Pi'oductioc in fifty years from now, it
;çu1d, seem posaibie that fii could b produced to such an extent
that after adequately mccli the requirements of the rapidly
increasing, Population of itigeria, surplus fish could become an
gdditiouni CPO1 commodity to other Countries. It is, no doubt,
due to this exceilet £isbçnies potentialities of Nigeria that the
Tederel Government enramarkad P174 million for the fishery sector
during Ihn fourth National Unvelopifient Plan period.
One of the main obstacla to Fihnie Development in the Country,
however, Is that of indequate and imbalancg feeding. Thue, the
basic problem concerning any fishery improvement in Nigeria is not
one, in the first Instance, for the geneticist, but for the fish,
feeder. It fa the nutritIon of the ealating breeds of palatable and
nutritious fish species that has fir st to be put on a higher plane
bior the geneticist and îob breeder can either select or improi'c.
The majority of flab In Nigeria expecially in lakes, reservoirs and
Xiehponds are reared on very low planes of nutrition. Thus, economi-
cally suitable îeed need to be sorted. Different types of Leeds
bave been and are being used for feeding fish by Nigerian aquacUl
turiste. Others do not feed their fish at nl]-. The feeds commonly
used are the natural and supplementary feeds. The best supplementary
Leeds that can be fed into a fishpond are e:tra natural foods. The
natural foods are tb plankton algae, snails, worms, insect larvae,
suall plants and other aquetic weeds and granees. Some fish are
omnivorous, while soue are herbivorous end others aro
carnivoroUs
'PP
or piscivorous. Quite often, a fish may choose only one of thesefoods, but viil eat any of tile foods if the others are not available.
In many cases, the fish farmer must put other supplementary foodsinto his pond if the pond is to be more productive. These feeds
include guinea corn, breadcrUmbs, poultry feeds, kitchen wastes,
groundnut cake, soyabean and rice bran. Many fish tarmer have notknown the use of a specific feed for a species of Lieb,. The choice
of Supplementary feeds depends on the Leading habits of the fish and
the acceptability arid efficiency of the food which would promote
optimum growth and survival of the animal.
The use of cotton seed cake as food for all species of uisli has castdoubt on the minds of many fish farsi managers and fish farwers as tohow efficient or useful it is for a particular fish. This lias prompted
the writer to make a preliminary investigation of its use and influence
on the development of all the fish species being cultured at the Ondo
Stete Government Fish Production Farm, Ado-Ekiti. The species of fish
used as the source of investigation are Clerics lazera, Heterobranchualongifilis, 1-heterotis niloticus, Cyprinus carpio and three species ei
cicilhids viz., Tilapia melanopleure, Sarotherodon niloL-icus and
Sarotherodon eureus, The observations were made over a period of
eight weeks, between July and September, 1980 will le more observatioan
on the catfishes were extended over a period of five months.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In pond A (O.42Ha) were stocked a cintura of juvenile Clarias lazern
and 1-leterobrajichus longililis. Two individuals were selected and
tagged among each of tilo two species. They were weighed.
Tile Clarias weighed an average of 85gm and the I-leterobranchus 80gm.
The total lengths were aio measured. Common in large numbers tn the
pond wore Tilapia fingerlings.
Another pond B (O. l7Ha) was stocked with eight (S) Common Carps(Cyprinue carpio) each weighed an average of 0.8 kg. Tilapia fries
common in tile pond. The pond was impounded with water just
a week before stocking with the Carps. A third pond C (0. 30Mm) was
stocked with few juveniles of Heterotis niloticus while Tilapiafingerlings were also abundant in it. Tilo totai lengths of all tile
fish species were taken.
All the ponds A, B, and C were fed vithi only cotton seed ca1e
was soaked in water overnight, at the rate of 2 headpaaa to poe
1 headpau each to ponds B and C per day for three days per week.
No supplementary feeds were fed into the ponds. Also no inorgaic
and otherknown organic fertilizers were added to the ponds. The
temperatures, oxygen content and Ph of the three poads were tile samebecause they were barrage ponds.
The tagged Catfiehes were weighed every fortnight, The same thing wasdone to samples of Heterotis, Tilapia and the eight Cyprinus Carpio.
They were observed for eight weeks while more observations were kept an
the catfishes tor another three months.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The result obtained is shown in Table i. From the data it is clear that
while Claria and Jieterohranhus did not make any good use of the cotton
seed cake in growing, Tilapìa, tIetrotis and Carp gained a lot of weight
comparatively. In fact, the fact that Carps' growth was greatly
enhanced by increase in weight from OEkg to 2.0 kg shows that it la a
good converter of cotton seed cake and this depends on the ability of
tile fish to use the food given to it. It geined wore than 100% of itinitial weight. The Carp also has very fatty body.
The colouration of Tilapia melanopleura was whitish during the first
week but later returned to normal . No structurai changes wore seen inHeterotis except the rapid growth. After Live months, all the Clanes
and Heterobranchus fish in pond A were cropped together with the tagged
fish. They were seen to have weighed 15kg (that is, about thirty
times their weight three months before). After the first two months
of the observations, only fish in ponds B and C were being fed with
the cake. Fish jo pond C was not fed with any food since the cake
seemed not to be useful to it and no other feed was applied to it.
Figurea 1 and 2 shows the graphe of the growth of the different species
of fish,
The usefulness of Cotton seed cake as a feed is very obvious consi-
dering the weight of 1.2kg gained by the common Carp and the rapid
growth of Tilapia and Net otis. It is also clear from the result
that both darlas and ranchus did not feed on the cotton seedbut after a few eeks, it as able o make use of the feed as afertilizer. The growth curves (Figures 1 & 2) clearly indicate this.
As a result of the differential acceptance of cotton seed cake asfeed by different species of fish, an analysis of the content of the
cake will be necessary It is made up of dry matter of 92,2%. The
components of the dry mattel' is shown in Table 2.
The protein amounts to about 42% of the dry matter and it is thus one
of the richest sources of vegetable proteins for livestock. This
protein was not very well utilized by the two catfishes.
Cotton seed also contains a pigment called Gosaypol. This is a toxic
phenolic Compound which has an inhibiting action on the enzymes pepsin
and trypsin je the alimentary tract and thus interferes with protein
digestion. This might have been the reason why darlas snd Hetero-brachus failed to grow when fed constantly on the cake,
The pigment also diminishes appetite and causes constipation in
livestock. Gossypol is also associated with vitamine A and Ddeficiency and low level of nutrition. It is rich in vitamin E(Table 3). Gossypol is toxic to monogastric animal when fed in largequantities, pigs, rabbit and guinea pigs being the moat sensitive
animals, next are the clogs, with rats and poultry being the most
tolerant. The whitish colour of the skin seen in Tilapia during thefirst few weeks may be similar to discoloured legs developed by hens
when fed with cotton seed cake.
The carp was aleo very fatty and is comparable to dairy cattle which
tends to produce butter fat of high melting point. Large amount of
cotton seed cake fed to animals may cause scouring and result in
cancer of digestive system. This is not noticeable in all the fish
species.
In the Northern States of Nigeria, cotton seed cake is commonly soaked
in water and fed to cattle and sheep as supplementary food This
treatment was applied to the one fed to the fish ponds. The cotton
seed calce was first soaked in water overnight and fed early in the
morning. This hydrolyses in the gossypol thus reducing its toxic
effects. Treating the cake with i to 2kg of ferrous sulphate per 50kg
of the seed makes it safer for some animals.
From Table 2, it is also evident that cotton sed cake can act as afertilizer. Cotton seed is fairly well supplied with phosphorous,
potassium, calcium, sodium and magnesium (Table 3), \vhich are good
components of organic fertilizers. It is a known fact that cotton
seed meal when applied to clear ponds in mar51 water of the tropics
will stimulate the growth of plankton algae (Swingle, 1947). The
plankton algae produced are generally of the chlorophy-cese family
which include Scenedesmus, Staurantrum, Chiamydomonas, It also
produces Euglanophyceae and Dinophycese. The blue-green algae, for
example, Microcystis may occassionally become abundant for limited
periods. These plankton algae which were therefore produced as a
result of the cotton seed cake were the natural foods of fish and
131
were responsible for the rapid growth of the catfishes after its
application for some weeks. It is therefore conceivable that the
plakton were generated in large quantity after some weeks. During
the early stages they were very few. This might be responsible for the
slow pace of development in the catfishes during the early period
of feeding.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
In conclusion, it is apparent that cotton seed cake is a pleasnat
food for carps Tilapia and Heterotis and is also a good fishpond
fertilizer for the enhancement of plankton algae production on which
fish species feed as their natural food. It thus serves dual purpose;
food and fertilizer for fish species. It also provides essential
materials for growth such as vitamins and elements as contained in
Table 3. A scientific and economica] feeding of animale and fish
demands adequate knowledge of the nutritional value of the available
feeding-stuffs. It is therefore economical for a fish farmer and
fish farm managers to feed their fish with cotton seed cake.
More work shall still be carried Out on a mixture of other ingredients
with cotton seed cake as feed.
Table 1 - Weight and length increment of Clarias lazera, Fleterobranchus
longifilis, Cyprfnus carpio, Tilapia app and Fieterotis
niloticus
Week Species Weight Gained
(gm)
Length
increase
(cm)
Remark
2 C. lazera 11.00 0.5
H. longifilis 10.00 1.0
C. Carpio 4.00 38
Tilapiaspp 27.5 3.8
Heterotis niloticus 80
4 C. lazera 32 1.5
H. longifilis 34 1.8
C. Carpio 700
j
46
Tilapia spp. 53.5
H. niloticus 175
6 C. lazera 43 2.1
H. longifilis 48 2.5
C. carpio 950 55
Tilapia spp. 78.8
H. niloticus 254
8 C. lazera 54 2.3
H. longifilis .52.5 2.9
C. carpio 1200 64
Tilapia spp. 104.3
hi. nilOticus 344
20 C. lazera 1500
1700
45.5
51.3
No further
observation wa
carried out on
other species.
H. longifilis
Cons t i tuent s
Calcium (%)
Phosphorus (%)
Potassium (%)
Sodium (%)
Magnesium (lb)
Iron (%)
Copper (%)
Manganese (%)
Thiamine (mg/bOg)
Ribo fi avio (ag/bOg)
Niacin (mg/bOg)
Pantothenic acid
(mg/ 100g)
Folic acid (mg/bOg)
RETE RE 1'CE S
32
Amount
0.18
1 15
1.20
O . 03
0.54
0.008
0.0017
0.0028
0. 39
0.55
2.9
0.97
0. 37
Beinett, G.W. (1962) Management of artifïcial lakes and ponds.
pp 162 - 163
Chmrkroff, M. (1976) Peace Corps. Freshwater fishpond culture and
management. pp 100 - 103
Gutherie, J.D., Hoffpaiur, C.L., Steiner, ET., & Stanbury, M.F. (1944)
U.S. Department of Agric. , Dur. Agric. md. Chem. Publication A.I.C. 61
Altschull, A.M. (1958). Processed plant protein foodstuffs. Academic
Press, New York.
Oyenuga, V.A. (1968) Nigeria's food and feeding stuffs. pp. 60- 63.
Table 2 - Proximate composition of cotton seed cake (from
Gutherie et. al., 1944)
Component Parts Percentage
Dry matter 92.2
Crude protein 44.8
Ether Extract (Oil) 74
Crude Fibre 9.9
Nitrogen-free Extract 24.5
A s h 5.6
Table 3 Mineral and vitamin content of cotton seed cake
(from Altschull, l9i8)
DISCUSSION.
C. Ejike commented that the results of the experiment must be
taken with care as there were no controls to compare the resulta.
D.H.J. Sydenham expressed some doubts on the identification!
taxonomy of Tilapia melanopleura which is now split into three
sub-species.
SO. Talabi asked whether the cost of cotton-seed cake had been
compared with ground-nut cake.
CO. Kolawole - Cotton-seed cake is cheaper than ground-nut cake.
o
C,
133
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Preliminary studies of the dual role of cotton-seed cake as fish feed and fish pond fertilizer in aquaculture

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Preliminary studies of the dual role of cotton-seed cake as fish feed and fish pond fertilizer in aquaculture

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