A common bivalve: Freshwater mussel, Aspatharia sinuate was evaluated as a dietary protein supplement in the production diet for Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings with mean body weight 8.34 plus or minus 10g reared in aquaria tanks. Four diets containing fishmeal protein at a rate of 25%, 50% and 75% along with the freshwater mussel flesh were formulated. The diet without the freshwater mussel served as the control. The fish fingerlings were fed at 5% body weight per day for 56 days. It was revealed at the end of the experiment that freshwater mussel was most suitable as a protein supplement when incorporated at 25% replacement. The body weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ration values of 6.83g, 1.06% day and 0.62 respectively were highest in diet with 25% replacement closely followed by diet with 50% replacement. Beyond 75% inclusion level there was no significant growth (P>0.05). However, complete replacement of fishmeal by freshwater mussel decreases growth rates and should not be used in Heterobranchus longifilis diet

Alatise, S.P.

Ogundele, O.

Olaosebikan, B.D.

English

Aquatic Commons

GROWTH RESPONSE OF HETEROBRANCHUS LONGIFILIS FINGERLINGS FED WITH
VARYING LEVELS OF DIETARY FRESHWATER MUSSEL (ASPATHARIA SINUATA).
By
ALATISE, S. P., OGUNDELE, O. AND OLAOSEBIKAN, B.D.
Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology,
P.M.B.1500, New Bussa, Niger State.
ABSTRACT:
A common bivalve: Freshwater mussel, Aspatharia sinuata was evaluated as a dietary protein
supplement in the production diet for Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings with mean body weight
8.34+10g reared in aquaria tanks. Four diets containing fishmeal protein at a rate of 25%, 50%
and 75% along with the freshvvater mussel flesh were formulated. The diet without the freshwater
mussel sewed as the control. The fish fingerlings were fed at 5% body weight per day for 56
days. lt vvas revealed at the end of the experiment that freshwater mussel was most suitable as a
protein supplement when incorporated at 25% replacement. The body weight gain, specific
growth rate and feed conversion ratio values of 6.83g, 1.06%/day and 0 62 respectively were
highest in diet with 25% replacement closely followed by diet with 50% replacement. Beyond
75% ifICIUSi011/eve/ there was no significant growth (P>0.05). However, complete replacement of
fishmeal by freshwater mussel decreases- growth rates and should not be used in
Heterobranchus longifilis diets.
INTRODUCTION
The rapid growth of our nation's population which leads to the insufficiency in the supply
of proteins source food had led to the tremendous efforts to improve the lack of proteinous food
amongst the Nigerian populace. Fish is a typical example of animal protein source, which is the
cheapest to be consumed. It has been revealed tiler fish contain essential amino acids such as
tryptophan, methionine, etc. that the body needs. Feeding of culture fishes accounts for a
substantial amount of the variable expenditure of a fish farmin.g enterprise. Fish nutrition has
become a major aspect of study and research in aquaculture system operatidn (Idoniboye and
Ayinla; 1991).
Among the prerequisites for successful fish farming is the availability of suitable artificial
feeds formulated from locally available and cheap ingredients that contains all the nutritional
requirements of the fish culture (Lovell, 1989). However, fishmeal is very scarce and when
available, it is usually very expensive (Eyo, 1986). The high cost and scarcity of fish meal in
formulated feeds had lead to the use of other source, locally available plants and animal's protein
such as freshwater mussel, periwinkle, snail, crab. lizard and frog (Guerrero, 1982, Smith etal.
1988; Balogun and Ologbobo, 1989; Lim and Dominy, 1989: Falaye. 1992; Fagbenro, 1993;
Akegbejo 1999).
The freshwater mussel. Aspatharia sinuata is a common bivalve found in many rivers and
lakes of West Africa (Blay, 1986). It lies almost completely buried in mud with only its posterior
from where the ventral inhalant and the dorsal exhalant siphons emerged. Aspatharia sinuata
like most bivalves is a filter feeder and feed on suspended particles on the bottom of the water
where it is found. They are commercially important shellfishes in many countries (Vakily 1992).
Their tissues are used as a source of protein for humans, duck and pig.
Heterobranchus longifilis is a species of catfishes with remarkable fast growth rate (Madu
and Olurebi, 1987; -Ayinla etal; 1994). The genus Heterobranchus belongs to the family
ó3 7
Clarridae. It is highly esteemed in Nigeria and commands very high commercial valve in our
markets due to its ability to adapt readily to pond condition, fast growth rate, acceptability of
artificial feed, high conversion of artificial feeds, tolerance to crowded condition and high quality of
its flesh. Therefore, efforts have been made in this study to find alternative for high cost fishmeal
use in fish feed preparation for the growth of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings under intensive
culture system. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of
freshwater mussel; Aspatharia sinuata, an important bivalve as substitutes for high cost of
fishmeal protein on growth response of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection and processing of freshwater mussel
Freshwater mussels were harvested from Kigeria reservoir, one of the tributaries of Kainji
Lake at the National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research (NIFFR) New Bussa, Nigeria.
Samples were removed by first soaking them in hot water at 80°C for 30 minutes. The flesh was
then removed from the shells using sterilized forceps of the dissecting set. The removed flesh
was oven dried at 80°C for 72 hours and was finally ground into fine particles. The freshwater
mussel were analysed for moisture, protein, lipid, fiber and ash, according to methods of AOAC
(1990), and amino acid analysis was performed using an automatic amino acid analyzer on the
principles of Moore (1963) and Spackman etal. (1958).
Collection and Preparation of feedstuff
The ingredients used along with the freshwater mussel in this study include fishmeal,
groundnut cake, yellow maize, rice bran, vegetable oil, vitamin premix, starch and salt. These
feedstuffs were bought at New Bussa local market, grinded into fine powder by the hammer mill.
The vitamin premix was added to supply vitamins and minerals, which the feedstuffs could not
supply.
Proximate composition of dietary ingredients (g/100g dry matter)
The feed ingredients and experimental diets were analysed for the proximate composition
as follow; Moisture content by drying in an oven at 85°C to constant weight, crude protein
deter-mined indirectly from the,analysis of total nitrogen (crude protein ----- N x 6.55) by the Kjeldahl
method (AOAC; 1990) and crilde lipid was determined after soxhlet extraction of dried samples
with 1.25% H2SO4 and 1.25% Na0H. Ash was determined from weighed samples in a porcelain
crucible placed in a muffle furnace at 550°C for 6 hours as shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Proximate composition of dietary ingredients (g/1 00g dry mater fed
to Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings)
Source: (Eyo, 1994)
Experimental Diets
The feed ingredients were weighed using an electronic sensitive weighing balance:
OHAUS-LS-2000 into a plastic bowl and small quantity of water was added. The moist
638
Component Crude protein T Lipid Crude fiber Ash Dry matter ]
Fishmeal 71.33 7.97 1.08 20.22 90.22
9.00 32.74 90.28--Freshwater mussel 24.93 2.00
Yellow maize
-
10.77 3.56 3.47 1.94 90.42
- .Rice bran j.88 4.44 40.23 21.75 91.15
Groundnut cake j 40.59 23.39 6.03 6.20 92.41
ingredients were made into dough and pelleted with the improvised pelleting machine. The
pellets were spread under the sun until drying was accomplished. The pellets were grind .(3d into
fine particles at the beginning of the experiment for easy uptake b the fish. The weight of the feed
was determined based on the total weight of the fish. Four isnitrogenous experimental diets were
formulated to 40% crude protein (Table 2). The fishmeal protein in the diets was substituted at
25%, 50% and 75%. A diet without the freshwater mussel served as the control (diet I)
Experimental Fish and feeding methods
Fingerlings of Heterobranchus longifilis were obtained from the Genetics Improvement
Laboratory of the National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research (NIFFR), New Bussa, and
Niger State, Nigeria. The fish were climate for one week while being fed on a single diet of 35%
crude protein twice daily. The feeding .trial was conducted in glass aquaria (60x30x30cm). The
glass tanks were thoroughly washed rinsed and filled with clean water to half of its volume and
aerated using Tecax air pumps so as to ensure proper oxygenation of the fishes. Ten fish were
randomly stocked into each tank with three replicates per treatments. Experimental diets were
assigned randomly to the tanks and each group of fish was fed at 5% body weight per day in two
equal portions between 8:00am and 6.00 pm. AH fish were removed from each tank every week
and batch weighed, and the amount of diet was adjusted to each tank according to the nevv
weight.
Growth responses and nutrient utilization indices were calculated as describeci by Olvera-
Novoa etal. (1990) as follows:
Mean weight gain [(MWG) (%) = (VVt-Wo)/Wo] x 100
Where: - Wt is weight of H. longififis at time t;
Wo is weight of H. longifilis at time O
t is culture period in days.
Specific Growth Rate (SGR) (%/E5AY) = 100 x In Wt-ln Wo)/t
Feed Conversion Ration FOR = (dry weight of diet fed (g))/(fish weight gain).
Water Quality Parameter
Water quality was monitored at regular interval water temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO)
concentration was determined weekly using Brannan thermometer and Winkler's titration method.
The p1-1 was monitored weekly using a lovibond comparator.
Statistical Analysis
Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS
Statistical package. Duncan's multiple range tests was used to compare differences among
individual means (Duncan. 1955).
Table 2: Percentage composition of the experimental diets (g/100g diets fed to
Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings)
639
Ingredients 7 1 11 111 IV
0% 25% 50% 75%
Fishmeal 25 19 12 5 6
Freshwater mussel 0 6 12.5 19
Yellow maize / 35 35 35 35
Rice bran I 17 17 17 17
Groundnut calse 15 l 15 15 15
Vitamin Premix 2 2 i 2 2
Vegetable oil 2 2 2 2
Starch
i_pone meal
2
1 5
2
,
: , ,
1 5 - -T-
----1--
2
1 5 I
_____
r 0 5 05Sail i_ 05 05
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mean fish growth during the experiment presented in figure 1 and survival of the fish
ranged between 95% - 99%. The proximate composition of experimental diets containing
freshwater mussel is shown in Table 1. Water quality during the study showed pH; (7.50),
dissolved oxygen (6.70mg/1) and temperature (29.30°C) and these is presented in Table 6. These
values were within the tolerable range for catfishes Viveen et. al. (1986).
Growth performance and nutrient utilization of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings fed
experimental diets are presented in Table 5.
640
";, eeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6.10 7.10 8.47 9.73 11.97 12.33 14.7 13.00
I 11 8.40 9.83 10.70 11.43 12.23 12.63 14.43 15.23
, ill 9.00 9.97 16.-0 11.00 11.07 11.2 ' 10.63 10.40
[ IV 8.17 8.20 8.23 8.57 8.57 8.60 J8.90 8.54
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (weeks)
Figure 1: Mean growth of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings feed with varying
of dietry freshwater mussel (Aspatharia sinuata)
T ble 3: Mean growth of fish fed varying levels of dietary freshwater mussel for 8 weeks.
Table 4: Proximate composition of experimental diets for Heterobanchus
longifilis (g/100g dry matter) containing varying inclusion levels of
freshwater mussel
Table 5: Growth and food utilization of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings
Fed diets for containing varying levels of freshwater mussel 56 days.
Growth parameters
I Mean initial weight (g)__
I Mean final weht (a)
[ Mean weight gain (g)
-
; ercentage weig t gain °o).
,
Specific growth ate
Food conversion ratio
L Percentage survival rate (%) .
641
Table 6: Water Quality monitored at weekly interval during the experiment.
Means
6.70
The mean weight gain was highest in fish fed 25% freshwater mussel along with 75% fish
meal of 7.06g (diet II) and the lowest in fish fed 75% freshwater mussel and with 25% fish meal
(diet (IV). There was significant effect on the inclusion of freshwater mussel in the growth of the
fish. The percentage weight gain followed a similar tend. Fish fed freshwater mussel - based
diets had higher growth rates at 25% inclusion level than fish fed with the control diet. Growth of
Heterobranchus longifilis deceased with increasing dietary levels of the freshwater mussel; Diets
containing 75% of the freshwater mussel gave the lowest values for fish growth and nutrient
utilization.
Parameters DT I DT II DT III DT IV
0% 25% 50% 75%
Moisture 2.00 . 1.00 1.00 2.00
Crudeprotein 40.50 40.98 39.70 39.00
-1Crude lipid 9.20 9.80 9.40 9.40
Crude fiber 4.92 5.52 6.20 5.90 .
Ash content 13.29 12.30 12.00 11.90
N.F.E. 32.09 31.42 32.70 33.80
We 1 ' 2 3 ' 4 T 5 6 T 7 8
Water
temperature
30.70 29.80 29.30 29.20 28.90 28.80 28.70- 2-8.60
(°C)
Dissolved
ox_ygen (mg/I)
6.80 6.90 6.90 7.00 7.00 6.90 6.50 6.00
Hydrogen ion
concentration
7.40 1 7.40 7.50 7.50 l 7.50 7.60 7.60 7.60 -
0% 25% _L50% - 75%
n
1 iv
15.23 8.54
98 99
.2 '
13.00 10.40
8.43 8.40 8.17 8.37
4.57 6.83 2.23 0.17
.
.
.
0.77 j 1.06P;&3 0.04
0.88 0.62 1.88 18.82
97 95
This study shows the inadequacy of total replacement of fishmeal with freshwater mussel
at high levels of incorporation in practical diets for Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings. This
result agrees with El-Sayed (1992) and Almazan etal. (1986) That growth of fish decreases with
increasing levels of added aquatic plants ingredient. Okoye and Alatise (1999) also reported
similar growth reduction and poor FCR with increasing of water hyacinth meal incorporated into
the diets of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings.
The inclusion of freshwater mussel meal at 25% dietary inclusion as a replacement for
fishmeal in practical diets apPears suitable, particularly in a low-cost diet for Heterobranchus
longifilis. However, complete replacement of fishmeal by freshwater mussel decreases growth
rates and should not be used in Heterobranchus longifilis diets.
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
This study was carried out to determine the effect of freshwater mussel, Aspatharia
sin/ata in the diets of Heterobranchus. longifilis fingerlings. Diet II gave the highest mean weight
gain, specific growth rate as well as the best food conversion ratio.
Based on the results, it could be recommended that in practices 25:75% replacement of
freshwater mussel with fishmeal in practical diet of Heterobranchus. longifilis fingerling is
preferable. It can be concluded that a higher percentage of freshwater mussel inclusion levels is
not favourable for Heterobranchus longifilis.
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Growth response of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings fed with varying levels of dietary freshwater mussel (Aspatharia sinuata)

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