Effects of Basudine and Gammalin 20 on the fingerlings of Aphyosemin gairdneri were investigated using static bioassays and continuous aeration over a period of 48 hours. The 48 hours LC sub(50) of the exposed fish to Basudine and Gammalin 20 were determined to be 194.99 mu g dm super(3) and 95.50 mu g dm super(3) respectively. Gammalin 20 was more toxic than Basudine. The behavioural responses observed include agitation, erratic swimming, loss of equilibrium, period of quiescence and death. It is concluded that repeated applications of these herbicides should be avoided before stocking ponds with fis

Agbon, O.A.

Ayuba, V.O.

Ofojekwu, P.C.

English

Aquatic Commons

Mukheree, T. K. (1995) lntergrated Crop-Livestock
Production system for Maxiniun Productivity and
economic Efficiency of Small Holders Farms. in
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Management of Inegrated freshwater Agro-
Piscicultural ecosystem in tropiucal Ares (Brussels,
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Nigeria (FISON). Calabar, 25th - 27th Jan, 1982. pp
112- 116.
'.c:)JJ L 7Qj
Ulnhrers' ';_
:;fl O
sRM
lNTRODUCTON:
Pecticides which are to be used in or near water are given
special attention, usually with comprehensive field
experiments and trials, before approval for their uses is
given. This applies particularly to aquatic herbicides
which although, may have a low toxicity to fish, could
cause seconday effects by the removal of plants which
'act as a necessary habitat for juvenile life stages (Lloyd
1992). Although aquatic herbicides are cleared for
human and environmental safety there are evidence that
local fishermen still use them for fish poaching (Mason
1993). There are also indication that sorne of these
36
Peat Marwick and Ani Ogunde (1990). Study of
Fishery Potentials of Man-made Lakes ¡n Nigeria.
Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Department of
Fisheries Final Report pp. 1 - 32 F.D.F, Abuja.
Agricultural Development Project (l997).pp 29
Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Department
(P.M.E.D), Niger State.
* Sikoki, F.D. J. O Oyero and S.M.M tsadu (1992)
Options, limitations and Approaches to Fisheries
Development and Policy Formulation lu Niger State.
Department of fisheries Technology, Federal
University ofTechnology, Minna, Nigeria. pp. 8-10.
Yaro L (2001) development of rice-Cuin-Fish culture
Model Using Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Federal university of technology, minna school of
Agrie Ph.D. Thesis. 211 pp.
ED[ AJ\iI. AN
7Y'©5W/íUN GAIRDNEii
1. EL & ft3ON OEA
Zooki
is N1gerk0
ABSTRACT:
Effects of i3asildon and (iammalin 20 on the fingerlings of A. gairdneri were investigated using static bioassays aiìd
continuous aeration over a period of 48 hours. The 48 hours LC5O of the exposed fish to basudine and gammalin 20
were determined to be 194.99 ugdnì3 and 95.50 ug di -3 respectively. Gammalin 20 was muore toxic than Basildon.
The behavioural responses observed include agitation, erratic swimming, loss of equilibrium, period of quiescence
and death. it is concluded that repeated applications of these herbicides should be avoided before stocking ponds with
fish.
Key words: Fingerlings, LC5O Herbicides
Running headline: Toxicities ofherbicides to A. gairdneri
Corresponding Author: em ail ayubavickiehotmai I. Corn.
herbicides are often used repeatedly and in conjunction
with grass carp for controlling water weeds (Cross 1 969,
Tooby et al. 1980). Two of such herbicides that are in
common use are basudine and gammalin 20. Basudine
is an organophosphate with diazonon as the tive
ingredient. Goodman etal. (1979) reported that the 96-
hours LC5O of diazonon using juveniles of sheephea.d
minnows was 1.4 mg dm3. Gainrnalin 20 ¡s an
organoebloride whose active ingredient is (indane.
Obande (1984) reported that "Otapiapia", a locally
formulated pesticide with gammalini 20 as its major
active ingredient has a 96 - hour LC5O of less than 26ug
dm3 on A gairdneri. This work was conducted to
establish the acute toxicities of basudine and gammalin
20 to a larvivorous annual cypridont, A gairdneri, a
common member of the tropical freshwater fauna
(Anthony 1982).
Materials and Methods:
Fingerlings of A gairdneri with mean weight of 0.037 +
0.006g were collected from the Delimi river in Jos,
Nigeria. the fish were transported in plastic buckets (20
dm-3 capacity) to the laboratory. They were stocked 10
fish per tank in 32 dechlorinate aerated municipal ap
water. The fish were acclimated to laboratory conditions
for 2 weeks prior to the exposure period. During the
acclimation period the fish were fed twice daily (0800h
and I 600h) at 4% of their body weight with laboratory
formulated fish feed. the holding tanks were cleaned
daily and the water changed during cleaning. Mortality
was less than 3% during acclimation period. Fish were
not fed for 48 hours prior to and during the exposure
period which lasted 48 hours. Basildon was obtained as
600g per cubic decilitre ofdiazonon. 0.005cl of the stock
solution was diluted in i cubic decilitre of distilled water
from which the following serial dilution were made
Table 1: Water quality parameters obtained during exposure ofA. gairdneri to acute concentrations of
basudine.
Table II Mortality rate of A gairdneri fingerlings to various consentrations of basudine,
468.7, 234.35, 117.18, 58.59, 29.30, 14.65, 7 .32 and
0.00ug dm-3. These were delivered into the first set of
eight plastic tanks. The 0.00ug dm-3 served as the control
experiment. The second set of eight plastic tanks served
as replicates. Gammalin 20 was obtained as 200g per
cubic decilitre lindane. lt was dissolved using distilled
water and delivered into each of the third set of eight
tanks at the following concentrations: 3 12.5, 1 56.25,
78.13,19.53,9.77, 4.88 and 0.00ug dm-3. The 0.00ug
dm-3 served as the control while the fourth set of eight
plastic tanks served as replicates. Water quality
parameters were monitored every 23 hours in each tank
for temperature, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, total
hardness and pH according to APHA (1985). Dead fish
was removed immediately to prevent polluting the
experimental set up. The 48 hours LC5O was determined
as a probit analysis using the arithmetic method of the
percentage mortality rate. The lower and upper
confidence limits of the LC5O were determined as
described by UNEP (1989). Result obtained from this
investigation were subjected to statistical analysis using
the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method to test for
significance at 0.05 probability level.
SULT
37
Basudine concentration (ug dm-3)
Parameters 468.70 234.35 117.20 58.59 29.30 14.65 7.31 0.00
(control)
Temperature(OC) 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
Dissolved
Oxygen(mgdm-3) 8.18 8.20 8.22 8.25 8.20 8.15 8.20 8.20
Total Alklinity
(mgdm-3) 155 154 154 154 154 154 154 154
Total [-lardness
(mg dm-3) 77 76 76 75 76 76 76 76
pH 6.75 6.70 6.70 6.65 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.70
Basudine
concentrations
(ug dm-3)
Time for
50% Mortality
Hr
Total mortality
%
Probit
value
468.70
234.30
117.20
58.59
29.30
14.65
7.32
0.00
24
48
55
50
25
20
20
5
5.13
5.00
4.33
4.33
4.16
3.16
Table III. Water quality parameters obtained thning exposure of A.gairdneri to acute concentrations
ofgammalin 20.
Table iv: Mortality rate of A gaircineri flngerliuigs to various concentrations ofgammalin 20 for 48 hours
The mean water quality parameters of the various
concentrations of basudine did not vaiy significantly (p
0.05) from those of the control (Table 1). At basudinc
concentration of 468.7Oug dm-', 55% mortality was
recorded within 24 hours of the experiment while at
concentration of 7.32ug dm-3 and the control group no
mortality was recorded throughout the 48 hour exposure
period as shown in Table 2. The 48-h LC5O was
determined to be 194.99ug dm-3 with lowei' and upper
confidence limits being 7.86ug dm-3 and 954.99ug dm3
respectively. The water quality parameters in the
treatment tanks with gaminalin 20 did not vary
significantly (P 0.05) with those of the control (Table 3).
Mortality was observed to be highest, (75%) in the group
of fish exposed to 3 12.5ug dm-3 of gammalin 20, while at
concentration of i 9.53ug1- I, 9.77ug din-3, 4.8Sug dm-3
and 0.00ug dm-3 no morality was recorded throughout
the period of exposure (table 4) The 48 - h LCSO for
gainmalin 20 was determined to be 95.Sug dm-3 with the
lower and upper confidence limits to be 14.l3ug dm-3
and 501.87ug dm-3 respectively, the 48 hours LC5O of
basudine was higher than that of gaminalin 20. the 48-h
38
LC5O is the concentration at which 50% mortality occurs
within a 48hour (or 2 day) exposure. The higher the
value of the 48 - h LC5O and the threshold concentration
the less toxic the pesticide. This shows that basudine
was less toxic than gammalin 20. The following into the
experimental tanks containing acute consentrations of
both herbicides: tIte fish became agitated and swan
rapidly around the test tank but eventually lost
equiluibrium and lack of response to gently prodding
before death. these responses were not observed in the
control groups.
DISCUSSION
Results of the water quality parameters including those
of control for both basudine and gammalin 20 were
within suggested tolerance range (mackereth 1963).
This research revealed that the 48-hour LC5O for
basudine was 194.99ug dm-3, Goodman et al. (1979)
reported that 96 - hour LeSO for sheep head minnow,
Cyprinodon variegatus exposed to basudine was I 400ug
dm-3. The differences in the result of this study from
Gammalin 20concentrations (ug dm-3)
Parameters 312.5 156.5 78.13 39.06 19.53 9.93 4.88 0.00
lèm perature
(oC)
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
Dksovled
Oxygen (mg dim.3) 8.15 8.20 8.25 8.10 8.25 8.20 8.25 8.20
Total Alkalinity
(mg dm-3) 154 154 153 154 154 153 154 154
Total
1-lardness 76 75 75 76 76 75 76 76
(ingdm-
pH 6.70 6.65 6.60 6.65 6.70 6.60 6.70 6.70
Gammalin 20 Time for Total Pro b it
concentrations 50% Mortality Mortality Value
(mg dm-3) (Jj) (%)
312.5 12 75 5.67
156.25 24 60 5.25
78. L2 48 60 5.25
39.06 45 4.87
19.53 20 4.16
9.77
4.88
0.00
those of Goodman et al. (1879) may be attributed to
differences in fish species, age and experimental
condition. The 48 - hour LC5O of gammalin 20
determined in this research was 95.SOug dm-3, while
Moss (1979) observed that 6.25mg dm-3 concentration
of gammalin 20 was toxic to fingerlings of bluegill.
Mason (1993) reported that gammalin 20 is
hydrophobic, fat soluble and biologically stable so that it
can accumulate in body fats. The observed abnormal
behaviour of A. gairdneri was characterized by agitation
and rapid swimming around the test tank with eventual
loss equilibrium before death. A comparable behaviour
of respiratory distress to acute concentration oftoxicants
(Wise et al. 1987, Ufodike and Omoregie, 1990,
Omoregie et al. 1998). In fish farms herbicidies are
applied once a year to eradicate weeds before stocking.
Such applications are not harmful since the dose applied
have enough time to be regarded by the microform.
However repeated application should build up the LCSO
values obtained in this research. It is recommended that
in cases of subsequent application that enough time
should be allowed for the degradation of the herbicides
before fish stocking.
Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to PADP (Plateau Agricultural
Development Programme) for providing the herbicides
used for this investigation
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Acute toxicities of Basudine and Gammalin 20 to Aphyosemin gairdneri

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Acute toxicities of Basudine and Gammalin 20 to Aphyosemin gairdneri

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