Clarias gariepinus fingerlings were exposed 96 hours under laboratory conditions using static bioassays with continuous aeration to determine acute toxicity of Datura innoxia root extract. The LC sub(50) of the exposed fingerlings was 128.83 mg/L. The fish exhibited loss of balance, respiratory distress and swam erratically just prior to deat

Ayuba, V.O.

Ofojekwu, P.C.

English

Aquatic Commons

[VALUATION t TOXIUTY 1FFECT OF DI4 TUft, JIYIYOXJA tOOT EXT CT TO
CL/1I cCAJJE'71YU5 FNGE INGS
BY
OFOJEKWU, R C. AND AYUBA, V O.
Department of Zoology,
tJnìversity of Jos, PMIB 2084, Jos, Nigeria.
AB STRACT
Various gariepinus was exposed 96 hours under laboratory conditions using static bioassays with continuousaeration
to determine its acute toxicii.v. TheLC51 of the exposed fingerlings was found to be i 28.83 mgIL. The fish exhibited
loss of balance, respiratory distress and swam erratically just prior to death.
Keywords: Catfish, C/arias guriepiuus, Da/ura iîitioxia, toxicity.
iN T ROD UCTI ON
The plant, Jimson weed (Datura Sp) is of the family
Solonacca. lt is a shrub of Asian origin, and grows wild
in different parts olNigeria. Different parts of the plant
are used for various medicinal purposes among the local
populations (Gidado et al.2000). The various uses of the
plant which have been reported include stimulation of
central nervous system (CNS) (Manaudhar, 1995) pain
reliefand wduld healing (Shah, 1982 and Zagari. 1992).
Among others, it has also been reported to cause pupilary
dilation, thirst, depression and drowsiness in sows (Keeler,
198 1). Gidado et al (2000) examined the effects of
aqueous extracts in rats. They observed significant
increase in Alanine traiìsnijiiasc (ALI'), urea and calcium
content of the serum. The authors suggested that the
extract may be hepatoxic and nephrotoxic.
There is a dearth of inforipation on the toxic effects of'
the plant to fish. Hence the present study was conducted
Fish Meal
Soyabean Meal
Meat & Bone Meal
Rice Bran
Corn Oil
Vitam in & Mineral Mix
Starch
PROXIMATE COOSIT{ON
Crude Proteit
Crude Fat
Crude Fibre
Ash
NFE
to evaluate the toxic effect of D. innoxia root to the
fingerlings of the African catfilì, C/arias gariepirnis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fingerlings of the African catfish, C. gariepinus of the
sanie biood stock collected from Rock water fish farm,
Jos. were used forthis investigation. The fish had a mean
weight of 10.20± 0.38g and were stocked iO fish per
aquacium in 14 glass aquaria (60cm x 30cm x 30cm)
with dechlorinated and well aerated municipal tap water.
hie fish were acclimated tolaboratory coiiditions fòr 14
days prior to the exposure period. During the acclimation
period the fish were fed twice daily (1 800li and 14001i)
t 4% of their body weight with laboratory formulated
feed (Table I). Mortality was less than 2 % during
acclimation. They were not fed for 48 hours prior to and
during the exposure period, which lasted 96 hours
Methods for acute toxicity tests as recommended by
UNEP (1989) were employed.
Table i lingredient and proximate composition of diet fed to CIaris gariepinus
11CRED1ENT DIET
212
30
35
10
15
3
5
2
44.5
8.6
5.1
16.4
25.5
Fresh samples of D. innoxia roots were collected from
University of Agriculture M akurd i between the months
of March and May 20W ..Thev were washed and sun-
dried to constant weight. The dried saniples were pounded
into a line powder and silted using 0.25mm sieve. 500g
of the fine powder was dissolved in 2 litres of distilled
water at room temperature. 23H0.5UC for 24 hours. The
extract was filtered using Whatman's filter paper (No.
I ) using a vacuum pump. The filtrate was freeze-dried
and stored in the refrigerator for use.
The freeze-dried extract vas lissolvecl using distilled
water and delivered into each of the test glass aquaria at
thefollowingconcentrations: 200, 180, 160,140, 120,100
and 0.00mg/L. The 0.00mgíL served as the control
experiment. Ten fish were exposed to each of the seven
concentrations in replicates. The toxicant solutions and
tet water were renewed after 48 hours in each bioassay.
\Vater characteristics were monitored every 24 hours
using methods described ly APHA (1985).
The behaviour and general conditions of the fish were
observed before, during and after each bioassay. The
fish were examined for mortality. Fish were considered
dead when there is no response to gentle prodding. Dead
fish vere recorded and removed immediately from test
solutions to avoid fouling the media until the end of the
96-hour exposure period. The 96-hour LC5O was
determined as a probii. analy'sis using the arithmetic
method of percentage mortality data. The lower and
upper confidence limits of the LC53 were determined as
described by UNEP (1989). Results were subjected to
Mean with standard deviatioii in PareI1:s.
statistical analysis with Duncan's multiple-range F-test
for significant different (P<0.05) between the various
concentrations of D. i/li/ox/a and the control.
RESU LTS
At contraction 200mg/L. 90% mortality VaS recorded.
At concentrations I Oonig/L and I 2oiug/L. mortality
recorded were 3O% and 45% respecîi\ek. Increase iii
the concentration of the tox icant resu lied i n h iiher
mortalities. In the control group 110 lIorta li iv 'vas recorded
through the 96-hour exposure periol (iible 2). The 96-
hour LC5) was determ ned to be 128.83 nig/l. with lower
and upper confidence limits being 93.83 and 234.42mg/L
respectively.
The abnormal behaviour observed in fish exposed to
D. innoxia root extract was characterized by: respiratory
distress, loss of balance, gulping of air and erratic
swimming before death. The reactions io the toxicants
were more pronounced in tcnks containing higher
coneentralions. Fish in the control group cid loi show
any abnormal behaviour.
The water quality parameters iii tile various treatment
tanks fluctuated slightly (Table 3). The dissolved oxygen
vaILles decreased slightly with increase in concelitration
of the toxicant. Free carbon dioxide and total alhialinitv
values were slightly increased at higher concentration of
the toxicant compared to the controL lhe temperature
and H values did not show much variations. General lv,
the water quality parameters determined cud not show
any significant difference (P>0.05) between the various
concentrations of D. ¡iìiioxia and the control.
(mg/L) (h) Total mortality (%) Probit value
200.00 2.30 24(0.00) 90(0.06) 6.28(0.2)
180.00 2.25 3 0(6. 10) 80(0.08) 5.84(0.4)
160.00 2.20 42(6.00) 65(6.06) 5.39(0.5)
140.00 2.15 54(6.00) 50(0.02) 5.23(0.1)
20.00 2.08 45(5.05) 4.87(0.4)
100.00 2.00 3 0(0.06) 4.72(0.2)
0.1)0
Table 2: Mortality rate of C'/arias gauiepinus exposed to acute
concentrations of D.ii,noxia root extract for 96 hours.
Co ncc a t rutio n s Log Time for 50% mortality Mean M e a n
Table 3: Waer quality parameters during acute bioassays with C. gariepinlis exposed to D.
Jiniioxia
Parameters
Temperature (C) 19(75
(0.63)
Dissolved Oxygen
(mg/L)
Free carboil
Dioxide (mg/L)
Total alkalinity
(mg/L)
200.00 180.00
6.83 6.98
(0.83) (0.90)
5.28 5.32
(0.51) (0.48)
31.15 30.45
(3.54) (3.77)
7.00 7.00
(0.04) (0.02)
Mean with standard deviation in parenthesis,
DISCUSSION
Results obtained from this research revealed that the 96-
hour LC50 for the African catfish exposed to D. innoxia
was 123.83 mg/L with lower and upper confidence limits
of 93.93 and 234.42mg!L respectively. Although much
work has not been done on the toxicity of Da/ura sp for
most fish species, there are some documented information
on the effects of some parts of this plant on other
organisms. Zagari, (1992) repoited that the plant is used
for respiratory decongestion and wound healing. Its use
in the stimulation of the central nervous system has been
documented (Manandhar, 1995). Gidado et al (2000)
working on rats reported that the leaves of D.
Strn,noniu,n were hepatoxic and nephrotoxic.
The restlessness, loss of balance, erratic swimming and
respiratoiy distress reported in this study have earlier
been reported by Wise et al. 1987; Okwuosa and
Omoregìe, 1995 and Omoregie et al (1998) wheti they
exposed fish to acute concentrations of different
toxicants. In this investigation mucus accumulation was
observed on body surfaces and gill filaments of dead fish.
According toAnnune (1994) mucus accumulation results
from increase in the activity of mucus cells subsequent
t exposure to pollutants. Thisresults in an increase in
the production of mucus over the body of the fish.
The physico-chemical parameters of the test solutions
fluctuated slightly during the bioassays but was not thought
to have affected fish mortality siiice they were within
the suggested tolerance range (Mackereth, 1963).
In conclusion, D. innoxia root extracts in the
214
concentrations used in this study appear to have
deleterious and dose-dependent toxic effects to catfish
fingerlings.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The study was supported in full by grant from the
University of Agriculture Markurdi. The Department of
Zoology, University of Jos, provided the technical
assistance.
REFERENCES
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5.09 4.93 3.83 2.78 2.55
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30.45 30.31 30.00 29.05 29.00
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INTRODUCTION
The blue crab, C unifico/a is a very popular food item in
the diet of the coastal communities in West Africa. It is
caught in the creeks, lagoons and the adjacent inshore
marine waters. Previous reporfs on its occurrence in the
Lagos Lagoon where it supports a major fishery were
made by Fagade (1 969) and Solarin (1998). The fishery
was carried out mostly by women during the rainy season
(June to November). Aspects of the biology of the blue
crab in the Badagry lagoon was studied by Lawal-Are
(1998).
BY
A. O. LAWAL-ARE
DEPARTMENT OF MARINE UOLOGY AND FISHERIES,
UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS, AKOK k NIGERIA.
ABSTRACT
A preliminary report of the size, composition, growth pattern and food habits of the blue crab. Culliiwcies UP?'' icoIz
(De Rocheburne) in the Badagry, Lagos and Lekki Lagoons is presented. The collection of crabs from th... n'
lagoons covered the period May 1999 to October 2000. The carapace length of the crabs for Badagry lagoon ?aagcd
from 2.2cm to 16.4cm with weight of 4.4g to 252.6g. The crabs showed a unimodal size distribution. Foi (he Lagos
Lagoon, crabs sizes rangd from 3.5cm to 16.8cm and weighted 3.2g to 277.1g. ]lìe sizes of crabs in thc Lckki
Lagoon ranged from 3.5cm to 16.1cm and weighted 3.5gto 262.7g. Crabs from the three lagoons exhibited negative
allometric growth. The food items of the crabs were similar in the three lagoons and comprised mainly ofmoHus':
shells, fish parts, shrimps and crab appendages and occasionally of higher plant materials.
215
Aquaculture in the Tropics (13) 4, 233 - 237.
Shah, N.C. (1982). Herbal folk medicines in northern
India. India Jourizal of Ethopharinacology 63:293 -
301.
UNEP (United Nations Envionrneiìtal Programme)
(1 989). Estiinauion of the acute leí/ial toxicity of
pollutants lo inauineJìsh und invertebrates. Reference
methods for marine Pollution Studies No. 43, 27pp.
Wise, M.L., Statiable, C.L. and Grizzle, J.M. (1987).
Acute toxicity of Nitrofurazone to channel catfish.
icialurus punclalus and gold/is/i, Carassius aurcilus.
Bulletin of En virolinien Ial Coniciizi mci/ion und
Toxicology 38, 42 - 46.
Zagari, A. (1992) Medical Plants S Ed., Tehran
University Publication, Tehran, Iran. 889pp.
Williams (1974) reported the occurrence of the crab a!ou?,
the coast of Senegal to Caiiieroon xvIii le Kwei (I 97$
studied the size composition, growth patterli and malurt\
in Mukwe and Sakumo Laeoons in Ghana. This is a
preliminary report on aspects of the biology of C.
ajiznicola in the Badagry, Lagos and Lekki Lagoons. three
major lagoons iii South - Westeni Nigeria.
MATERIALS AND METHOI)S
The Badagry, Lagos and Lekki Lagoons (Fig. 1) are part
ofa continuous system of creeks and lagoons lying a ong
the coast ofNigeria froni the border with the Republic ni'
J1TTCTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE LAtiO11 C i 1/drIlCOLA
(ÍROCHEJ;UI'E) IN BADAGRY, LA$ JM ILIIKII'JI llJ( *l)P1,


Evaluation of toxicity effect of Datura innoxia root extract to Clarias gariepinus fingerlings

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Evaluation of toxicity effect of Datura innoxia root extract to Clarias gariepinus fingerlings

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