Silvopastoral systems that combine livestock and trees offer two main advantages for the animals. First, trees modify microclimatic conditions which can have beneficial effects on pasture growth and animal welfare. Second, trees also provide alternative feed resources during periods of low forage availability. This paper reports on research carried out within the Sustainable Organic and Low Input Dairying (SOLID) project to investigate the multifunctional potential of a novel integrated willow-based bio-energy/organic dairy production system in the UK, especially the role of tree fodder for feed supplementation in organic dairy systems. The nutritional value of two ages (1st and 2nd year re-growth) of short rotation coppiced willow was assessed in two seasons (late spring and late summer) in 2011

Kuoppala, Kaisa

Leach, Katharine

Padel, Susanne

Rinne, Marketta

Smith, Jo

English

Organic Eprints

! Agriculture and Forestry Research, Special Issue No 362 (Braunschweig, 2012) ISSN 0376-0723 Download: www.vti.bund.de/en/startseite/vti-publications/landbauforschung-special-issues.html    394 Integrating willow-based bioenergy and organic dairy production  – the role of tree fodder for feed supplementation –  JO SMITH1, KATHARINE LEACH1, MARKETTA RINNE2,  KAISA KUOPPALA2, AND SUSANNE PADEL1  1Organic Research Centre, Elm Farm, Hamstead Marshall, Newbury,  Berks, RG20 0HR, UK, jo.s@organicresearchcentre.com 2MTT Agrifood Research Finland, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland Abstract Silvopastoral systems that combine livestock and trees offer two main advantages for the animals. First, trees modify microclimatic conditions which can have beneficial effects on pasture growth and animal welfare. Second, trees also provide alternative feed resources during periods of low forage availability. This paper reports on research carried out within the Sustainable Organic and Low Input Dairying (SOLID) project to investigate the multifunctional potential of a novel integrat-ed willow-based bio-energy/organic dairy production system in the UK, especially the role of tree fodder for feed supplementation in organic dairy systems. The nutritional value of two ages (1st and 2nd year re-growth) of short rotation coppiced willow was assessed in two seasons (late spring and late summer) in 2011.  Key words: Agro-forestry, silvopastoral, short rotation coppice Introduction Agroforestry, the integration of trees and agriculture, is valued as a multifunctional land use ap-proach  that  balances  the  production  of  commodities  (food,  feed,  fuel,  fibre,  etc)  with  non-commodity  outputs  such  as  environmental  protection  and  cultural  and  landscape  amenities (IAASTD, 2008). The EU Renewable Energy Directive sets a target for Europe to get 20% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020. The need to increase bioenergy production from biomass crops such as Miscanthus grass and short rotation coppice (SRC) has led to concerns that there will be increasing conflict for land between food and energy production. Agroforestry systems integrat-ing SRC bioenergy crops and livestock or arable production can help reconcile these conflicting demands. This paper reports on research investigating the viability and multifunctional potential of a novel integrated willow-based bio-energy/organic dairy production system in the UK, especially the role of tree fodder for feed supplementation in organic dairy systems. An integrated bio-energy and organic livestock production system Agroforestry systems integrating SRC bioenergy crops and livestock or arable production can help reconcile conflicting demands for land use. Silvopastoral systems that combine livestock and trees offer two main advantages for the animals. First, trees modify microclimatic conditions including temperature, water vapour content or partial pressure, and wind speed, which can have beneficial effects on pasture growth and animal welfare (Bird, 1998; Karki and Goodman, 2009). Second, trees also provide alternative feed resources during periods of low forage availability, particularly in climates with seasonal droughts such as the Mediterranean (Papanastasis et al., 2008). Browse from trees and shrubs plays an important role in feeding ruminants in many parts of the World, particu-larly in the tropics, and there has been considerable research into the nutritional potential and limi-tations of many tropical fodder species (Devendra, 1992). However, comparatively little is known about the potential of temperate browse species. The composition of tree fodder varies depending on a range of factors including tree species and cultivars, season, age of growth, climate, and plant part utilized (leaf vs stem). RAHMANN G & GODINHO D (Ed.) (2012): Tackling the Future Challenges of Organic Animal Husbandry.  Proceedings of the 2nd OAHC, Hamburg/Trenthorst, Germany, Sep 12-14, 2012     395 Materials and methodology  This work is part of an EU FP7 funded project “Sustainable organic and low input dairying” (SOL-ID, KBBE.2010.1.2-02), which aims at supporting developments and innovations in organic and low input dairy systems to optimize competitiveness while maximising the potential of these sys-tems to deliver environmental goods and biodiversity, and optimising economic, agronomic and nutritional advantages for the development of innovative and sustainable organic and low input dairy systems and supply chains. For more information on the project, see www.solidairy.eu. This paper reports on research carried out to investigate the role of tree fodder for feed supplemen-tation in organic dairy systems. The nutritional value of two ages (1st and 2nd year re-growth) of SRC willow was assessed in two seasons; late spring (June) and late summer (Sept) in 2011.    Figure 1.   Wakelyns agroforestry short rotation coppice willow system with a legume-ley in the 12m wide alleys. The integrated system is based on an alley-cropping design, with twin rows of SRC willow (Salix viminalis) separated by 12m wide alleys of pasture (Fig.1). The tree rows are orientated north/south to minimise shading effects in the alleys. The willow is harvested on a 2-3 year rotation, dried and chipped for use in wood chip boilers. Feed value of the willow is likely to vary depending on the age of re-growth and season of the year, and a better understanding of this variation is necessary in order to identify its potential for contributing to livestock nutrition. We hypothesised that the wil-low would be of highest nutritional value in spring, declining as plants mature through the summer as fibre and lignin contents and structural carbohydrates increase while crude protein content de-creases. We also predicted higher feed value within 1st year re-growth compared to 2nd year re-growth. Willow samples were collected from Wakelyns Agroforestry, an established silvoarable system in eastern England in June and September 2011. SRC willow was planted in 1998 and is harvested on a 2 year rotation. Samples were collected on 29th June and 14th September 2011 from both 1st and 2nd year re-growths of willow. Samples were taken from 5m long plots, with 4 replicate plots of each age class (total of 8 plots). The samples consisted of leaves and stems up to 8mm in diameter ! Agriculture and Forestry Research, Special Issue No 362 (Braunschweig, 2012) ISSN 0376-0723 Download: www.vti.bund.de/en/startseite/vti-publications/landbauforschung-special-issues.html    396 as cattle have been shown to eat willow of 4-8mm diameter (Moore et al., 2003). Samples were oven dried at 60°C until a stable weight was reached.  The feed values of the samples were analysed in the laboratory of MTT using standard methods. The  digestibility  of  the  samples  was  measured  in  vitro  using  a  pepsin-cellulase  based  method (Huhtanen et al., 2006). Results and discussion Table 1.  Chemical composition and in vitro organic matter (OM) digestibility of willow samples harvested from 1st and 2nd year re-growth in late spring (June) and late summer (Sept) 2011   1st year  2nd year  Statistical significance   June  Sept  June  Sept  Year  Season  Y*S n  4  4  4  4       DMa (g/kg)  265  378  359  420  **  **  ** In DMa (g/kg DM)                Ash  70.8  72.5  63.6  63.7  *  NS  NS  Crude protein  167  127  125  99  **  **  NS  NDFb  573  492  548  503  NS  **  NS  ADFc  410  341  395  357  NS  **  *  Lignin  184  136  168  135  NS  **  NS In vitro OM digest.  0.41  0.38  0.40  0.37  NS  **  NS * significant at P<0.05 and ** significant at P<0.01 a DM: dry matter b NDF: neutral detergent fibre c ADF: acid detergent fibre  There were significant differences in the chemical composition of the different ages and seasons of willow samples (Table 1). As expected, crude protein levels were highest in late spring and higher in 1st year than 2nd year re-growth. We were surprised to find a statistically significantly higher level of lignin in the late spring samples as we expected lignin content to increase as the willow grew through the season. One explanation is that there was a greater proportion of stems in the late spring samples as the early growth stems would be more likely to be smaller in diameter than the 8mm limit. As expected, organic matter digestibility was higher in late spring than late summer, but overall was rather low at 0.38 to 0.41. This compares poorly with values from the research literature which recorded values for willow of up to 0.74 (Pitta et al., 2007; Musonda et al., 2009). Typically dairy cow forages have a much higher OM digestibility (hay 0.47-67; grass silage 0.52-0.67; grazed grass 0.64-0.75 (Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, 1990)). The similarity of the feed val-ues in the 1st and 2nd year re-growths could be explained by the fact that branches mainly from the current growing season were harvested as the limit of the diameter of the branches collected was 8mm. While it is apparent that the feed value of the willow within this integrated system is limited, willow as a fodder may have a role to play as a buffer feed when grass is in short supply or of poor quality. In addition, low concentrations of secondary compounds such as condensed tannins found in tree fodder can have a beneficial influence by reducing protein degradation in the rumen and in-creasing the flow of protein and essential amino acids to the intestine (Rogosic et al., 2006) alt-hough at high levels, these compounds may reduce digestibility and availability of protein, palata-bility and intake (Tolera et al., 1997).   Suggestions to tackle the future challenges of organic animal husbandry The unpredictability and variability in feed supply from organic agro-forestry systems seems to be one of the biggest challenges to their use at present as there are so many different species available RAHMANN G & GODINHO D (Ed.) (2012): Tackling the Future Challenges of Organic Animal Husbandry.  Proceedings of the 2nd OAHC, Hamburg/Trenthorst, Germany, Sep 12-14, 2012     397 and the seasonal variation is so great. However, fast growing trees provide the potential for a large quantity of material, and can deliver a range of other benefits to animal welfare and the environ-ment, in addition to providing a local renewable resource energy and diversifying farm economies.  References  Bird, P.R., 1998. Tree windbreaks and shelter benefits to pasture in temperate grazing systems. Agroforestry Systems 41, 35-54. Devendra, C., 1992. Nutritional potential of fodder trees and shrubs as protein sources in ruminant nutrition. In: Speedy, A., Pugliese, P.L. (Eds.), Legume Trees and Other Fodder Trees as Protein Sources for Livestock. FAO, Rome. Huhtanen, P., Nousiainen, J., Rinne, M., 2006. Recent developments in forage evaluation with special refer-ence to practical applications.. Agricultural and Food Science 15, 293-323. IAASTD, 2008. Executive summary of the synthesis report. International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development  Karki, U., Goodman, M.S., 2009. Cattle distribution and behaviour in southern-pine silvopasture versus open-pasture. Agroforestry Systems 78, 159-168. Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, 1990. UK tables of nutritive value and chemical composition of feedstuffs. Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen. Moore, K.M., Barry, T.N., Cameron, P.N., Lopez-Villalobos, N., Cameron, D.J., 2003. Willow (Salix sp.) as a supplement for grazing cattle under drought conditions. Animal Feed Science and Technology 104, 1-11. Musonda, K., Barry, T.N., McWilliam, E.L., Lopez-Villalobos, N., Pomroy, W., 2009. Grazing willow (Sa-lix sp.) fodder blocks for increased reproductive rates and internal parasite control in mated hoggets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 150, 46-61. Papanastasis, V.P., Yiakoulaki, M.D., Decandia, M., Dini-Papanastasi, O., 2008. Integrating woody species into livestock feeding in the Mediterranean areas of Europe. Animal Feed Science and Technology 140, 1-17. Pitta, D.W., Barry, T.N., Lopez-Villalobos, N., Kemp, P.D., 2007. Willlow fodder blocks - an alternative forage to low quality pasture for mating ewes during drought? Animal Feed Science and Technology 133, 240-258. Rogosic, J., Pfister, J.A., Provenza, F.D., Grbesa, D., 2006. Sheep and goat preference for and nutritional value of Mediterranean maquis shrubs. Small Ruminant Research 64, 169-179. Tolera, A., Khazaal, K., Ørskov, E.R., 1997. Nutritive evaluation of some browse species. Animal Feed Sci-ence and Technology 67, 181-195.      

Agriculture Fisheries and Food,

Executive summary of the synthesis report. International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development Karki,

Grazing willow (Salix sp.) fodder blocks for increased reproductive rates and internal parasite control in mated hoggets.

Integrating woody species into livestock feeding

Nutritional potential of fodder trees and shrubs as protein sources in ruminant nutrition. In:

Nutritive evaluation of some browse species.

Recent developments in forage evaluation with special reference to practical applications..

Sheep and goat preference for and nutritional value of Mediterranean maquis shrubs.

Tree windbreaks and shelter benefits to pasture in temperate grazing systems.

Willlow fodder blocks - an alternative forage to low quality pasture for mating ewes during drought?

Willow (Salix sp.) as a supplement for grazing cattle under drought conditions.

Integrating willow-based bioenergy and organic dairy production – the role of tree fodder for feed supplementation

Jukuri

Integrating willow-based bioenergy and organic dairy production - the role of tree fodder for feed supplementation

Integrating willow-based bioenergy and organic dairy production – the role of tree fodder for feed supplementation

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