Agronomical ways for better quality and safety

Choice of cultivar is an efficient way to obtain higher grain quality. Intercropping legumes (grain or forage) improves weed competition and N availability for wheat crop or succeeding crop. Green manure can be an effective alternative to farmyard manure. Fertilization with readily available nitrogen improves yield and quality when water is available. Reduced tillage affects soil fertility and wheat yield but has little effects on grain quality.



Technological ways for better quality and safety

Milling process strongly influences flour characteristics. Stone milling improves nutritive value; characteristics remain very stable independent of the milling yield. Flour characteristics from roller milling appear very susceptible to the milling yield. Increasing the milling yield in the aim of enriching nutritional quality has a detrimental effect either on safety (DON) or on bread-making quality (bread volume)

Abecassis, J.

Carcea, M.

Celette, F.

David, C.

Dubois, D.

Friedel, J.K.

Hellou, G.

Jeuffroy, M.-H.

Mäder, P.

Thomsen, I. K.

English

The demand for high quality organic bread cereals is increasing. In spite of variable grain protein contents, baking quality of organic wheat was found to be acceptable to good. Mycotoxin (DON) contents were generally low on tested grain samples. Choice of the wheat cultivar is the most efficient way to obtain higher grain quality. Fertilization with readily available nitrogen and, to a lower extent, association with legumes and green manuring with mixtures containing fodder legumes can also improve grain quality. Reduced tillage affects soil quality and wheat yield but has little effects on grain quality

Friedel, J. K.

Organic Eprints

AGTEC-Org – AGronomical and TEChnological  methods to improve Organic wheat quality A project of the research network   Techniques to improve technological and sanitary quality Summary The  demand  for  high  quality  organic  bread cereals is increasing. In spite of variable grain protein  contents,  baking  quality  of  organic wheat was found to be acceptable to good. Mycotoxin  (DON)  contents  were  generally low  on  tested  grain  samples.  Choice  of  the wheat  cultivar  is  the  most  efficient  way  to obtain higher grain quality. Fertilization with readily  available  nitrogen  and,  to  a  lower extent,  association  with  legumes  and  green manuring  with  mixtures  containing  fodder legumes  can  also  improve  grain  quality.  Reduced tillage affects soil quality and wheat yield but has little effects on grain quality.    Context and challenges of the AGTEC-Org project From the last two decades, demand for organic bread cereals has developed fast throughout Europe (Willer et al., 2008). The organic bread wheat market has been diversified over time throughout the emergence of different sale channels. Requirements from processors and consumers on quality and safety are getting higher  for  organic  bread  wheat.  Even  though  European  countries`  consumption  varies,  quality requirements on baking value, nutritional aspects and safety risk are quite common. To respond to the domestic demand from Western European countries, organic bread wheat production has to be developed by  new  conversion  and  yield  improvement  while  quality  could  be  improved  by  agronomical  and technological methods. Nitrogen deficiency and weed infestation are the main limiting factors for wheat grain yield and grain protein content (Casagrande et al., 2009). Moreover, mycotoxin is often considered to impair sanitary  quality of  grain. The overall objective of AGTEC-Org was to identify agronomical and technological ways to improve the performance of organic wheat and flour. The findings will contribute to  an  enhanced  baking  quality  and  nutritional  value  of  organic  flour,  as  well  as  the  prevention  of mycotoxin contamination to fulfil consumers’ expectations of providing safe and healthy products. The project involved 9 research centres or universities from 5 European countries for a total budget of about 1.5 million €. This leaflet summarizes the relevant information of the AGTEC-Org project on three main agronomical  techniques  to  improve  organic  wheat  quality  which  are  (i)  reduced  tillage,  (ii)  organic fertilization, use of cover crop and green manure, and (iii) association with legumes.   Contact:  C. David, ISARA-Lyon, 23 rue Jean Baldassini, F 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, davidc@isara.fr; F. Celette, J. Abecassis, M. Carcea, D. Dubois, J.K. Friedel, G Hellou,  M.-H. Jeuffroy,  P. Mäder, I.K Thomsen   Archived at http://orgprints.org/20850/ Assessing the effects of agronomical techniques on wheat grain quality Crop management techniques were studied on 11  long-term  field  experiments  and  12  farmers’ field  trials  in  four  different  countries  (Austria, Denmark, France and Switzerland) to assess their effect  on  wheat  grain  and  flour  quality.  All together  over  150  treatments  were  tested.  On-going  long-term  field  experiments  considered cumulative  effects  of  tillage  and/or  nutrition regimes  on  wheat  performance  and  quality  but also  on  soil  fertility.  The  use  of  farmers’  field experiments  enabled  us  to  test  innovative practices (e.g. minimum tillage) and evaluate their economic  impact  under  real  conditions  with varying farming structure, market and policy (e.g. France and Switzerland).  A common experimental pattern   23 field experiments developed all over Europe Cultivar choice, climate and soil conditions strongly influenced grain quality In  general,  the  location,  soil  type  and  cultivars appeared to have a high influence on grain yield and grain protein content obtained in the different long-term  field  experiments.  Thus  the  protein content of the samples from all experiments and years  strongly  varied,  ranging  from  6.7  to  15.8 g/100 g of dry matter.   The effects of reduced tillage Weed  competition  and  soil  texture  were  the main  factors  on  wheat  performance  under reduced  tillage.  If  weeds  are  well  controlled, reduced tillage generally obtained similar results compared to traditional ploughing. Reduced tillage improved soil structure in the top-layer (up to 10 cm) of heavy clay soil, resulting in a higher germination rate and improved grain yields.  On  the  contrary,  soil  compaction  might appear in sandy and silty soils. The positive effect of  reduced  tillage  on  soil  fertility  could  directly affect crop nutrition by good rooting, if initial soil structure  was  good.  Direct  seeding  and  the insertion of a cover crop can significantly increase earthworms’ density and activity.  Wheat quality parameters were less affected by soil  management  than  by  grain  yield.  Protein content and most of the commonly used quality indicators  like  Zeleny  Index  or  Falling  number didn`t  show  any  difference  between  reduced tillage and traditional ploughing.  A  significant  increase  in  mycotoxin  content (DON) due to reduced tillage was only detected on  sites  with  the  precrops  maize  and  lupin. However,  the  DON  contamination  level  never exceeded  the  European  threshold.  In  general, wheat quality was satisfying under different soil management treatments.  Systems with traditional ploughing vs reduced tillage  obtained  minor  differences  in  production costs. Machinery costs did not significantly differ at French sites, while they were reduced by 10 % on average in case of reduced tillage at Swiss sites. Reduced tillage systems had little impact on labour time in both situations. In fact, systems` economic performances mainly are the consequence of the rate of the yield.   Reduced  tillage  should  be  established  in organic systems with successful weed control on the basis of mechanical weeding or diverse crop rotation, and good soil structure.   Reduced  tillage  not  significantly  affected wheat quality.  The economic outcome mainly depends on the effect of tillage on grain yield.  Consequences of organic fertilization  and green manure Organic  grain  systems  are  frequently characterized  by  temporary  N  deficiency  with consequences on wheat yield and grain protein content. The effects of nitrogen fertilization with composted farmyard manures were only marginal to  moderate  on  yield  and  baking  quality parameters,  with  quality  parameters  being  less affected.  But  the  use  of  organic  fertilizers  with quick mineralization might improve grain yield and quality. On a Chernozemic highly fertile soil, a lucerne mulching  system  was  equivalent  to  a  farmyard manuring  system  regarding  wheat  productivity and quality. On less fertile soils, the location / soil type appeared to have a major influence on grain yield. Catch crops used as green manure affected yield and quality only if clover was included.  Fertilization  with  readily  available  nitrogen sources  (e.g.  application  of  slurry  at  late growth stage) seems to be more advisable than  green  manuring  to  improve  bread wheat yield and quality.    Intercropping with legumes and consequences on organic wheat Despite  various  ecological  and  agronomic  services, the size of areas cultivated with legumes is decreasing in organic cereal systems. Intercropping systems  with legumes  and  wheat  may  permit  to  grow  profitable wheat crops due to benefitting from legumes` services.  Legume intercropping was assessed in three different systems:  (i)  wheat-pea  intercrops,  (ii)  wheat  – undersown forage legumes, and (iii) wheat sown in a legume living mulch.   Due to the additional pea yield of wheat-pea intercrops, total  yield  was  positively  affected  compared  to  sole crop conditions. Wheat yield, however, can be impaired by a high (more than 50 %) proportion of pea in the intercrops.  The  effects  of  this  association  on  grain quality were similar to those of N fertilization in a single wheat crop, but less pronounced. Some wheat quality parameters such as gluten content, falling number and Zeleny index were increased. Applying a small amount of N at spring time entailed values similar to a fertilized wheat single wheat crop.   Undersowing  legumes  in  wheat  crops  avoids  direct competition  and  offers  benefits  of  the  soil  covering during the period after wheat harvest (green manure use and weed mitigation). However, wheat grain yield and quality are impacted marginally. Spring fertilization in such a system reduces the extent of weed control due to the legume cover but leads to significantly  increased  grain  yield  without impairing protein content.   Sowing  wheat  in  clover  living  mulch  can significantly impair wheat yield, if the living mulch growth  is  not  controlled  efficiently.  The  clover sowing density has to be adapted to soil fertility. The  impact  of  this  kind  of  association  on  grain quality  is  generally  positive,  partly  because  of  a concentration effect due to lower yields.   The mode of legume intercropping strongly affects wheat grain yield and quality.   Wheat-pea intercrops are an efficient method to produce organic pea. Wheat yield is not impaired  unless  pea  is  dominating  the intercrop.  Wheat  quality  can  be  improved moderately.   The  insertion  of  forage  legumes  in  wheat crops is an efficient method to reduce weed infestation.  The  impact  on  wheat  crop  is sparse  and  strongly  depends  on  the competition for soil resources.   Living  legume  mulch  systems  may  improve wheat  quality,  usually  at  the  expense  of wheat yield.  Organic wheat grain presents  an overall good quality The  broad  range  of  treatments  and  situations assessed  (more  than  400  treatments),  suggests that DON contamination of organic grain wheat is limited  at  field  scale.  Low  levels  of  DON  were generally observed on tested grain samples (95 % of grain samples presented DON levels below 500 ppb, more than 75 % DON levels lower than 200 ppb).  However,  large  variations  of  DON  levels occurred  due  to  climate,  edaphic  and  genetic conditions.  Consequently,  it  was  difficult  to highlight  significant  impacts  of  the  tested agronomical practices on DON contamination.  Despite  highly  variable  and  sometimes  low protein contents, organic flour samples presented acceptable to good baking quality and loaf volume.   The analyses of grain technological properties also gave evidence that the indicators usually used in  conventional  practices  to  predict  the  baking quality of wheat are not always suitable in organic conditions. Further studies must be carried out to link  biochemical  parameters  to  semi-scale rheological  measurements.  For  the  accurate prediction  of  bread  making  quality  of  wheat produced  under  organic  practices,  those  quality parameters need to be identified that are highly correlated  with  the  bread  making  performance and  can  replace  or  complement  the  protein content and Zeleny index presently used by millers to evaluate wheat flour.                      Acknowledgement The project AGTEC-Org was founded by transnational CORE Organic Funding Body within the ERANetwork Selected publications Celette F, Goulevant G, Amosse C and David C (2010) Associating wheat crop and undersown forage legumes in organic agriculture: Incidence of forage legumes species. In: Wery J, Shili-Touzi  I and Perrin A (Eds). Proceedings of AGRO2010, XIth Congress of the European  Society  of  Agronomy,  Montpellier,  France,  August  31-September  3  2010.  Agropolis  International  Editions,  Montpellier, France. ISBN: 978-2-909613-01-7. http://orgprints.org/18891/ David C, Celette F, Abecassis J, Carcea M, Friedel J, Corre-Hellou G, Hiltbrunner J, Messmer M, Peigné J, Samson MF, Schweinzer A, Thomsen IK and Thommen A (2011) New challenges to improve organic  bread  wheat  production  in  Europe.  In:  3rd  ISOFAR Scientific Conference in the frame of the 17th IFOAM Organic World Congress, Gyeonggi Paldang, South Korea, September 26-October 5 2011. http://orgprints.org/19483/ Naudin C and Corre-Hellou G (2011) Producing organic wheat with high grain protein content: the significance of intercropping and the need for diagnostic tools. In: 3rd ISOFAR Scientific Conference in the frame of the 17th IFOAM Organic World Congress, Gyeonggi Paldang,  South  Korea,  September  26-October  5  2011. http://orgprints.org/19416/ Thomsen  IK,  Samson  MF,  Carcea  M,  Narducci  V.  (2011).  The influence of long-term inputs of catch crops and cereal straw on yield, protein composition and technological quality of a spring and a  winter  wheat.  International  Journal  of  Food  Science  and Technology. 46: 216–220. http://orgprints.org/18803/   

Techniques to improve technological and sanitary quality

AGTEC-Org – AGronomical and TEChnological  methods to improve Organic wheat quality A project of ERANET network   Techniques to improve technological and sanitary quality Summary         Context  and challenges of the AGTEC-Org project From the last two decades, demand for organic bread cereals has developed fast throughout Europe (Willer et al., 2008). The organic bread wheat market has been diversified over time throughout the emergence of different sale channels. Requirements from processors and consumers on quality and safety are getting higher for organic bread wheat.  Even  though  European  countries`  consumption  varies,  quality  requirements  on  baking  value, nutritional aspects and safety risk are quite common. To respond to the domestic demand from Western European countries, organic bread wheat production has to be developed by new conversion and yield improvement while quality could be  improved  by  agronomical  and technological methods. Nitrogen deficiency and weed infestation are the main limiting factors for wheat grain yield and grain protein content (Casagrande et al., 2009). Moreover, mycotoxin is often considered to impair sanitary quality of grain. The overall objective of AGTEC-Org was to identify agronomical and technological ways to improve the performance of organic wheat and flour. The findings will contribute to enhanced baking quality and nutritional value of organic flour, as well as the prevention of mycotoxin contamination. The project involved 9 research centres or universities from 5 European countries for a total budget of about 1.5 million €.   Contact:  C. David, ISARA-Lyon, 23 rue Jean Baldassini, F 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, davidc@isara.fr; F. Celette, J. Abecassis, M. Carcea, D. Dubois, J.K. Friedel, G Hellou,  M.-H. Jeuffroy,  P. Mäder, I.K Thomsen   Technological ways for better quality and safety Milling  process  strongly  influences  flour  characteristics. Stone milling improves nutritive value; characteristics remain very  stable  independent  of  the  milling  yield.  Flour characteristics from roller milling appear very susceptible to the milling yield. Increasing the milling yield in the aim of enriching nutritional quality has a detrimental effect either on safety (DON) or on bread-making quality (bread volume). Agronomical ways for better quality and safety Choice  of  cultivar  is  an  efficient  way to obtain higher grain quality. Intercropping legumes (grain or  forage)  improves  weed  competition  and  N availability  for  wheat  crop  or  succeeding  crop. Green  manure  can be an effective alternative to farmyard  manure.  Fertilization  with  readily available  nitrogen  improves  yield  and  quality when  water  is available. Reduced tillage affects soil fertility and wheat yield but has little effects on grain quality.  Archived at http://orgprints.org/20851/   Added value of AGTEC – Org project  Agronomists and cereal technologists working together This  project  allows  improving  knowledge  on the  incidence  of  agronomic and technological practices  on  bread  wheat  quality  and  safety performance.  The  collaboration  also underlines  how  complex  the consequences of agronomical  practices  and  technological processes  on quality variables might be, as it impacts  numerous  interacting  factors (genetics, nutrition, milling technology etc.).     A transnational  project The  consortium  brings  together  partners  with complementary,  internationally  respected expertise  in  agronomy  and  food  technology. The  AGTEC-Org  project  makes  it  easier  to identify  and  consider  European  diversity  on farming  systems,  food  processing  and consumers` attitudes. The consortium facilitates dissemination of the findings  and  technical  advances  in  both agronomical  and  technological  fields  for  the different European countries.  A common experimental pattern   23 field experiments developed all over Europe  11  long-term  field  experiments  and  12 farmers’  field  trials  permitted  to  assess  the impact  of  agronomical  techniques  on  wheat grain  and  flour  quality.  Long-term  field experiments  considered  cumulative  effects  of tillage  and/or  nutrition  regimes  on  wheat performance  and  quality  but  also  on  soil fertility. The use of farmers’ field experiments enabled  us  to  test  innovative  practices  (e.g. minimum  tillage)  under different pedoclimatic conditions  and  to  evaluate  the  economic impact  of  these  practices  under  real conditions.  Agronomical  practices  were compared  on  23  field  experiments;  over  150 treatments were tested.   Providing  an  overall  view  of  the European organic wheat sector  A  survey  was  realised  in  5  EU  countries (Austria,  Denmark,  France,  Italy,  Switzerland) representing  the  diversity  encountering  in Western  Europe.  26  interviews  of  farmers and/or key informants were done. This survey was  complemented  with  statistical  data (Eurostat, IFOAM…) and literature reviews.  A heterogeneous situation in EU-27 It  appears  that  wheat  production  is  the most important  organic  cereal  in  EU-27  with  ca. 420.000  ha  in  production  (data  2008).  The situation and evolution differ among countries. France  and  Austria  recorded  growth  of  more than 25 % for the last decade. Denmark follows with a share of 12 %. Countries like Switzerland or  Italy  present  low  increase  in  organic  soft wheat  while  the  organic  share  has  largely increased  for  others  products.  Durum  wheat (117.686  ha  –  Eurostat  2006)  is  particularly grown  in  Italy  whereas  large  areas  for  soft wheat  production  are  found  in  Germany (45.000 ha), France (35.008 ha) and the United Kingdom (21.767 ha).   A large range of organic wheat production systems From  the  beginning  of  the  1990s,  organic agriculture has become much more specialized by  the  conversion  of  conventional  grain systems.  The  large  spectrum  of  organic cropping  systems  is  characterised by variable levels of inputs (fertilization, machinery), crop diversity and crop management practices. Four types  of  cropping  systems  comprising  soft wheat  production  were  highlighted  in  this survey (David et al., 2011).   Profitability of organic wheat in Europe The  economic viability of wheat production in Europe  is  clearly  affected  by  the  support payments  policies,  the  technical  performance and  the  existence  of  an  adequate  marketing structure.  Direct  support  for  organic  farmers  via  area payments  or  other  subsidies  is anticipated to have  a  substantial  impact  on  the  economic viability  of  organic  production  also  in  the future.  This  support  greatly  varies among the different member countries and regions of the EU,  both  in  terms  of  the  levels  of  payments and eligibility for the programmes.  Prices  have  fluctuated  considerably  as  the world  cereal  market.  Differences  of  wheat prices  between  organic  and  conventional productions  differ  among  European  countries. The development and expansion of the organic cereal sector is limited partly due to the large gap  between  farm-gate  prices  and  prices  for consumers.  One  key  question  is  whether  the relative profitability of organic wheat could be maintained if the price paid by consumers was reduced.  00,511,522,5FR AT DK ITPrice for wheat flour (€/kg)Organic Consumer price  Organic Farm-gate  price Conventional Consumer price  Conventional Farm-gate  price    A large gap exists between farm gate and consumer price (EC, 2005)  During the last decade, the development of the organic market was strongly supported by the wholesalers.  Supermarkets  were  important actors  in  developing  sales  through  new (occasional or regular) consumers.   Incidence  of  agronomical techniques  Cultivar choice, climate and soil conditions strongly influenced grain quality In general, the location, soil type and cultivars appeared to have a high influence on grain yield and  grain  protein  content  obtained  in  the different long-term field experiments. Thus the protein  content  of  the  samples  from  all experiments and years strongly varied, ranging from 6.7 to 15.8 g/100 g of dry matter. The effects of reduced tillage, intercropping with legumes, organic fertilization and green manuring Weed competition and soil texture were the main  factors  on  wheat  performance  under reduced tillage. If weeds were well controlled, reduced  tillage  generally  obtained  similar results compared to traditional ploughing. Reduced  tillage improved soil structure in the top-layer  (up  to  10  cm)  of  heavy  clay  soil, resulting  in  a  higher  germination  rate  and improved  grain  yields.  On  the  contrary,  soil compaction  might  appear  in  sandy  and  silty soils. The positive effect of reduced tillage on soil fertility could directly affect crop nutrition by  good  rooting,  if  initial  soil  structure  was good.  Direct  seeding  and  the  insertion  of  a cover  crop  can  significantly  increase earthworms’ density and activity.    Earthworm abundance is improved with direct seeding and cover crop (Peigné et al, 2009).  Wheat quality parameters were less affected by soil management than by grain yield. Protein content and most of the commonly used quality indicators  like  Zeleny Index or Falling number didn`t  show  any  difference  between  reduced tillage and traditional ploughing.  A  significant  increase  in  mycotoxin content (DON)  due  to  reduced  tillage  was  only detected on sites with the precrops maize and lupin.  However,  the  DON  contamination  level never  exceeded  the  European  threshold.  In general,  wheat  quality  was  satisfying  under different soil management treatments.   Intercropping  with  legumes  is  an  effective strategy to improve protein quantity and quality in wheat. Pea and clover grass turned out to be most effective. Catch crops and crop rotations including  forage  legumes  contributed  to  an improved  wheat  performance  as  well.  Green manure  can  be  an  effective  alternative  to farmyard manure. Nitrogen fertilization is finally the best way to increase grain protein content, particularly when the readily available nitrogen content is high.  The  impact  of  intercropping  and  N fertilization on grain quality is generally positive while the effect of green manure remains low. Wheat  offers  advantage  compared  to  other crops,  because  of  its  ability  to  control  weed seed germination and improve soil quality due to its deep reaching root system and high root biomass.  Nonetheless,  managing  nutrient supply  and  controlling  annual  and  perennial harmful weeds is essential. Premium price for special  quality  can  be  obtained  by  optimized choice  of genotype, diversified crop rotations, and adjusted organic fertilizer inputs.      Post-harvest  treatments  permit  to improve organic wheat grain quality Lab-experiments  in  the  AGTEC-Org  project provided evidence that composition of organic flour  and  its  characteristics  are  strongly affected by the milling technique as well as the milling yield. Flour from stone milling exhibits a higher content of aleurone layer with minerals (beneficial  for  nutritional  quality)  but  also  a higher  DON  content  (detrimental  for  safety) compared  to  roller  milling.  Moreover,  in case of  stone  milling  process, the bread volume is lower  (detrimental  for  sensorial  properties) and  cannot  be  modulated  by  adjusting  the milling  yield.  Gluten  index  of  organic  wheat studied  was  very  high  compared  to conventional  crops.  Gluten  Index  remained stable when milling yield increases even if the gluten  extractability  decreased  at the highest extraction rates.  Grain  pre-treatment  by  debranning  before milling  has  a  very  positive  impact  on  flour safety  by  reducing  DON  content  by  50  %. However  this  pre-treatment  has  no  effect  on bread volume. Grain pre-treatment with ozone has  also  a  beneficial  impact on DON content and has an oxidizing effect on the flour which might  result  in  a  beneficial  impact  on bread-making behaviour.   Organic wheat grain presents an overall good quality  Sanitary quality turns out to be satisfying in most organic conditions The  broad  range of treatments and situations assessed (more than 400 treatments), suggests that  DON  contamination  of  organic  grain wheat  is  limited  at  field  scale.  Low  levels of DON were generally observed on tested grain samples (95 % of grain samples presented DON levels  below  500  ppb,  more  than  75  %  DON levels  lower  than  200  ppb).  However,  large variations  of  DON  levels  occurred  due  to climate,  edaphic  and  genetic  conditions. Consequently,  it  was  difficult  to  highlight significant  impacts  of  the  tested agronomical practices on DON contamination.  DON contamination was generally low in organic grain samples  Technological  quality is generally fair to good Despite  highly  variable  protein  contents, sometimes below the minimum threshold fixed by the millers, organic flour samples acceptable to good baking quality and loaf volume.    In  many  cases,  the  low  protein  content  is counterbalanced  by  higher  proportions  of glutenins  and  by  a  better  aggregation of this protein  class  resulting  in  acceptable  dough strengths. These results demonstrate that grain indicators for protein value, usually used in the conventional  sector  for  predicting  the  baking quality  of  wheat,  are  not  suitable  in  organic conditions.  .                                   Acknowledgement The  project  AGTEC-Org  was  founded  by transnational  CORE  Organic  Funding  Body within the ERANetwork  Selected publications *Celette  F,  Goulevant G, Amosse C and David C (2010)  Associating  wheat  crop  and  undersown forage legumes in organic agriculture: Incidence of forage legumes species. In: Wery J, Shili-Touzi  I and Perrin A (Eds). Proceedings of AGRO2010, XIth Congress  of  the  European  Society  of  Agronomy, Montpellier,  France,  August  31-September 3 2010. Agropolis International Editions, Montpellier, France. ISBN: 978-2-909613-01-7. http://orgprints.org/18891/ *David C, Celette F, Abecassis J, Carcea M, Friedel J, Corre-Hellou G, Hiltbrunner J, Messmer M, Peigné J,  Samson  MF,  Schweinzer  A,  Thomsen  IK  and Thommen  A  (2011)  New  challenges  to  improve organic bread wheat production in Europe. In: 3rd ISOFAR  Scientific  Conference  in  the  frame  of  the 17th  IFOAM  Organic  World  Congress,  Gyeonggi Paldang,  South  Korea,  September  26-October  5 2011. http://orgprints.org/19483/ *Naudin  C  and  Corre-Hellou  G (2011)  Producing organic wheat with high grain protein content: the significance  of  intercropping  and the need for diagnostic  tools.  In:  3rd  ISOFAR  Scientific Conference in the frame of the 17th IFOAM Organic World  Congress,  Gyeonggi  Paldang,  South Korea, September  26-October  5  2011. http://orgprints.org/19416/ *Thomsen IK, Samson MF, Carcea M, Narducci V. (2011). The influence of long-term inputs of catch crops  and  cereal  straw  on  yield,  protein composition and technological quality of a spring and a winter wheat. International Journal of Food Science  and  Technology.  46:  216–220. http://orgprints.org/18803/  * Publications from the  project  

Techniques to improve technological and sanitary quality

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