Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae), parasitoid of the red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera Psyllidae), has been recorded for the first time in Italy in September 2011. The arrival of P. bliteus in Sicily is due to an accidental introduction, probably together with its host, as already happened in New Zealand, Brazil, Spain and Morocco

Caleca, Virgilio

Lo Verde, Gabriella

Maltese, Matteo

English

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Naturalista sicil., S. IV, XXXV (3-4), 2011, pp. 435-444VIRGILIO CALECA, GABRIELLA LO VERDE & MATTEO MALTESEFIRST RECORD IN ITALY OF PSYLLAEPHAGUS BLITEUS RIEK(Hymenoptera Encyrtidae) PARASITOIDOF GLYCASPIS BRIMBLECOMBEI MOORE (Hemiptera Psyllidae)SUMMARYPsyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae), parasitoid of the red gum lerp psyllidGlycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera Psyllidae), has been recorded for the first time in Italyin September 2011. The arrival of P. bliteus in Sicily is due to an accidental introduction, probablytogether with its host, as already happened in New Zealand, Brazil, Spain and Morocco.RIASSUNTORitrovamento in Italia di Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae) parassitoide diGlycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera Psyllidae).Viene segnalata per la prima volta in Italia lapresenza di Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae) parassitoide della psilla dal folli-colo bianco ceroso dell’eucalipto, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera Psyllidae). Il rinveni-mento del parassitoide in Sicilia segue di pochi mesi le prime segnalazioni del suo ospite nell’isola.Il suo arrivo, probabilmente insieme al suo ospite, è da ritenere accidentale così come già avvenutoin Nuova Zelanda, Brasile, Spagna e Marocco.INTRODUCTIONIn late spring 2011 Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, an Australian psyl-lid feeding on Eucalyptus spp., was recorded in Sicily (LO VERDE et al.,2011), while in Southern and Central Italy it was found in June 2010(LAUDONIA & GARONNA 2010; GARONNA et al. 2011; PERIS-FELIPO et al.,2011), and few months after it was also detected in Sardinia (EPPO, 2011).G. brimblecombei arrived in North America in 1998 (California, 1998: GILL,1998; BRENNAN et al. 1999; Mexico 2001: CIBRIÁN et al. 2001); afterwards itspread in Hawaii (NAGAMINE & HEU, 2001), South America (Chile, SAN-DOVAL & ROTHMANN, 2002; Brazil, WICKEN et al., 2003; Argentina, BOUVETet al., 2005; Ecuador, ONORE & GARA, 2007; Venezuela, ROSALES et al.,2008; Peru, BURCKHARDT et al., 2008) and some African islands (Mauritius,SOOKAR et al., 2003; Madagascar, HOLLIS, 2004). In 2008 the psyllid wasfound in Europe (Spain and Portugal, HURTADO & REINA, 2008; BORRAJOet al., 2009; PRIETO-LILLO et al., 2009), and in 2009 reached Morocco(BAMI, 2011; IBNELAZYZ, 2011).G. brimblecombei can be easily detected observing the presence on leafsurfaces of the characteristic white cones (lerps) produced by nymphs. Highpopulation levels can cause leaf fall, a decrease in growth rate, and in somecases death of the infested plant (GILL, 1998; DAHLSTEN et al., 2005). In Italyit threatens eucalyptus trees in parks, urban areas and plantations, and Italianbeekeepers are worried because of the dramatically lower quality and quanti-ty of eucalyptus honey (GARONNA et al., 2011; PIBIRI, 2011).In California, a classical biological control program has beenlaunched, collecting natural enemies in Australia, selecting them and final-ly releasing the encyrtid wasp Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek from the end of1999 to 2003 (PAINE et al., 2000; DAHLSTEN et al., 2005). As a consequenceof biological studies and parasitoid rearing carried out before its release inthe field, Zuparko (in DAANE et al., 2005) synonymized Psyllaephagusquadricyclus Riek, described on male specimens (characterized by four ringsegments in the antenna, Fig. 1) under P. bliteus, described on female spec-imens (Fig. 2).P. bliteus parasitizes G. brimblecombei and other psyllids as Boreiogly-caspis melaleucae Moore on Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake (Myr-taceae), Creiis costatus (Froggatt), Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell), Glycaspisgranulata (Froggatt) and Glycaspis sp. on Eucalyptus spp. (RIEK, 1962; HER-TING, 1972; WITHERS, 2001; DAHLSTEN et al., 2002; DAANE et al., 2005;BERRY, 2007).Known distribution of Psyllaephagus bliteus: Australia (Australian Capi-tal Territory, South Australia, New South Wales, Queensland) (RIEK, 1962);New Zealand (WITHERS, 2001; BERRY, 2007); North America (California,PAINE et al., 2000; Mexico, PLASCENCIA et al., 2005); South America (Brazil,BERTI-FILHO et al., 2003; Chile, IDE et al., 2006); Spain, (PEREZ-OTERO et al.,2011); Morocco (BAMI, 2011).P. bliteus has been also released in Mexico (2002: PLASCENCIA et al.,2005) and Chile (2003: IDE et al., 2006). In several countries the parasitoidarrived without any release: in New Zealand it has been detected on G. gran-ulata (WITHERS, 2001; BERRY, 2007), while in Brazil, Spain and Morocco on436 V. CALECA, G. LOVERDE& M. MALTESE437 First record in Italy of Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek...Fig. 1 — Head and protho-rax of a male Psyllaephagusbliteus; four ring segmentsare clearly visible in theantenna.Fig. 2 — Female P. bliteus.G. brimblecombei (BERTI-FILHO et al., 2003; PEREZ-OTERO et al., 2011; BAMI,2011; Jean Claude Malausa, pers. comm.).Based on these records, in September 2011 a monitoring on G. brimble-combei started in Western Sicily to detect the possible occurrence of theencyrtid.MATERIALS AND METHODSSamplings were carried out in September, October and November in 32sites of Palermo, Trapani and Agrigento Provinces. Each sample consisted ofleaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. bearing a total number of at least100 fully developed lerps. Lerps were analysed to detect the exit hole of theparasitoid (Fig. 3). In the laboratory lerps without hole were removed count-ing the number of parasitized host, in this case called mummies (Fig. 4). Thepsyllid instars found on the leaves have been reared at room temperature (forabout two weeks) until adults emerged. The parasitization level was calculat-ed as the percentage of parasitized psyllid (pierced lerps and unpierced mum-mies/total collected fully developed lerps).438 V. CALECA, G. LOVERDE& M. MALTESEFig. 3 — Lerp of Glycaspis brimblecombei pierced by an emerging adult of P. bliteus.s.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe parasitization due to P. bliteus has been verified for the first timeon September 19th in Marsala (Contrada Granatello, Trapani Province),finding few pierced lerps and mummies (Figs. 3, 5). Afterwards, piercedlerps, mummies and adults of P. bliteus (Figs. 1-6) have been collected inother six sites: two in Sciacca (Agrigento Province), one in Marsala (Con-trada Digerbato, Trapani Province) and the last one in Balestrate (ContradaSicciarotta, Palermo Province) and the last two in Palermo town (Fig. 7). Allthese sites are close (less than 4 km) to the coastline.The maximum level of parasitization (6.6%) has been recorded in sam-ples collected in October in one of Sciacca sites. In the other six sites the par-asitization resulted between 1 and 4%. The distance among the sites of recov-ery(Fig.7)indicatesthattheparasitoidcanbeconsideredspreadinallcoastalareas of Western Sicily.439 First record in Italy of Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek...Fig. 4 — Mummy of G. brimblecombei deriving from the transformation of the last instar nymph dueto the parasitization by P. bliteus.440 V. CALECA, G. LOVERDE& M. MALTESEFig. 5 — Male P. bliteus emergingfrom a G. brimblecombei mummy.Fig. 6 — PiercedG. brimblecombeimummy and P. bli-teus pupal rem-nants soon aftertheparasitoidemer-gence.CONCLUSIVE REMARKSThe arrival of P. bliteus in Italy is due to an accidental introduction,probably together with its host, as already happened in New Zealand, Brazil,Spain and Morocco (WITHERS, 2001; BERRY, 2007; BERTI-FILHO et al., 2003;PEREZ-OTERO et al., 2011; BAMI, 2011; Jean Claude Malausa, pers. comm.).The ability of several parasitoid species to spread is well known, as demon-strated also by Closterocerus chamaeleon (Girault) (Hymenoptera Eulophi-dae), parasitoid of the eucalyptus gall wasp Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead)(Eulophidae), released in Sicily in 2006 and found in Tunisia and Algeria in2007 and 2008, respectively (CALECA, 2010; LO VERDE et al., 2010; CALECA etal., 2011).The recovery of P. bliteus in Italy finds a remarkable interest in the per-spective of a biological control of its host, as the presence and gradual diffu-sion of P. bliteus allowed a satisfactory control in the countries where it hasbeenreleasedinclassicalbiologicalcontrolprogramsagainsttheredgumlerppsyllid (California, DAHLSTEN et al., 2005; Mexico, PLASCENCIA et al., 2005;Chile,IDEetal.,2006).Inspiteoftheoccurrenceofseveralnativenaturalene-441 First record in Italy of Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek...Fig. 7 — Sicilian sites in which the presence of P. bliteus has been investigated.mies attacking the newly introduced G. brimblecombei (VALENTE & HODKIN-SON, 2009; GARONNA et al., 2010, 2011), they usually don’t guarantee aneffective control of the psyllid (DAHLSTEN et al., 2005).Moreover, the spontaneous diffusion of this exotic parasitoid allows tosolve the paradoxical situation due to a recent Italian law, which currentlyprohibits the introduction of any exotic species, even if useful and essentialfor biological control of pests.Acknowledgements — We thank very much Rocco Lo Duca and Francesco Tortorici for theircollaboration during collection and analysis of samples. 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Entomol., Resú-menes (http://www.udec.cl/insectos/resúmenes.html).SOOKAR P., SEEWOORUTHUN S.I. & RAMKHELAWON D., 2003 — The red gump lerp psyllid, Glycas-pis brimblecombei, a new pest of Eucalyptus sp. in Mauritius. — AMAS, Food andAgricultural Research Council, Réduit, Mauritius.VALENTE C. & HODKINSON I., 2009 — First record of the red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimble-combei Moore (Hem.: Psyllidae), in Europe. — J. appl. Entomol., 133: 315-317.WITHERS T.M. 2001 — Colonization of eucalypts in New Zealand by Australian insects. — Austral.Ecology, 26: 467-476.WICKEN C.F., COUTO E.B., ORLATO C., FERREIRA-FILHO P.J. & FIRMINO D.C., 2003 — Occorenciado psilideo-de-concha (Glycaspis brimblecombei) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) em florestasde eucalipto do Brasil. — Circular Tecnica IPEF, 201: 1-11.Authors’addresses—V.CALECA,G.LOVERDE,M.MALTESE,DipartimentoDEMETRA,Uni-versitàdegliStudidiPalermo,VialedelleScienze,Edificio5-90128Palermo(I);correspondingaut-hor: V. Caleca, e-mail: virgilio.caleca@unipa.it.444 V. CALECA, G. LOVERDE& M. MALTESE

FIRST RECORD IN ITALY OF PSYLLAEPHAGUS BLITEUS RIEK (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae) PARASITOID OF GLYCASPIS BRIMBLECOMBEI MOORE (Hemiptera Psyllidae)

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FIRST RECORD IN ITALY OF PSYLLAEPHAGUS BLITEUS RIEK (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae) PARASITOID OF GLYCASPIS BRIMBLECOMBEI MOORE (Hemiptera Psyllidae)

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