The content of essential oil and flavonoids in 16 taxons of the Achillea millefolium agg. group was evaluated for the Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Horticulture in Lednice. The evaluation includes the species Achillea millefolium, A. collina and A. pannonica.a.  Dried aerial part harvested  in full blossom was the material used for the evaluation.The amount of essential oil was determined by distillation according Czech Pharmacopoeia (2002). The content of flavonoids was determined according to the methods of Unigeo Company, by the absroption spectrophotometry method

Neugebauerová, Jarmila

Rehuš, Ľubomír

English

Organic Eprints

Acta  fytotechnica  et  zootechnica  Special  NumberNitra,  Slovaca  Universitas  Agriculturae  Nitriae,  2011,  s.  33-35HE  COMPARISON  OF  THE  CONTENT  OF  ESSENTIAL  OIL  AND  FTAVONOIDS  IN  SETECTED  SPECIES 0F  GENUS  ACHTLLEA  MILLEF0LIUTI4AGG.  CULTIVATED  lN CONVtNitONAi  nr'ro  onCnNtC  WAyPOROVNANIE  OBSAHU  SITICE  A  FLAVONOIDOU  VYBRANYCH  DRUHOV A0HILLEA  MTLLEF  0L\UM  Ac  G.  PEST0VANYcH  xotrtvENeNYM  n rrorocrCiin sposoBoMLubomir  REHUS,  Jarmila  NEUGEBAUEROVAMendel  University  in  Brno,  Czech  Republiccontent  of  essential  oil  and  flavonoids  in  1  6  taxons  of  the Aclillea  miltefolium  agg.  group  growing  in  conventional  and  ecological  system,,1t1'j"'fo:.3j,1,:1"-.lt^"10-"1_u:1Y:Yq il  Btl?, Faculty  of Horticutture  in Gin]ce. The evituation  inctudes  the species Achiilea n,  A' collinaand  A' pannonica.  Dried  aerial  part  harvested  in  full  blossom  was  the  material  used  forthe  *"'r"o:""iiiI;ffi";il:::'"?iri::"jjJg:11,i::H.:::::tl"-9,-:"^ill:l5::::""(zooz).rn"*ntentof fravonoidswasdeterminedaccordins methods  of Unigeo  Gompany,  by  the  absorption  spectrophotomeiry  method.words:  essential  oil,  flavonoids,  apigenin,  Achittea  mittefotium  agg.,  yarrow,  organic  farming,  conventional  agriculturegenus  Achillea  consists  of more  than 120 perennial  herb:s being  widespread  in the Northern  Hemisphere.  Theimportant  species  belong  to the group Miltefotium.  TheAchillea  has  been  used  in  ethnopharmacology  forthousands  years.  According  to the  literature,  pharmacologicaleffects are  mainly caused by  essential oils,  proazulene(chamazulene),  sesquiterpene  lactones  and  flavonoids.  A widerange  of  use  of  this  genus  can  be  explained  by  the  variety  andcomplexity  of present  substances.  lt is  generally  considered  tobe a plant  with strong  inflammatory  and bacteiiostatic  effectsand  can  be used  with  gastrointestinal  diseases,  problems  withliver  and gall bladder,  for treating  haemorrhage,  menstrualcramps  and  cold.  Apart  from  pharmaceutical  use,  it  is  also  usedin cosmetics,  liqueur  production  and distilleries.  Figueiredo(1995)  states  its use as a larvicide  and insecticide  and itsinhibitive  etfects  on  germination  of  seeds  of  other  plant  speciesare  also  known.The  highest  content  of essential  oil  can  be  found  in plantsjust before  and  after  flowering.  lts content  ranges  from  0.1  to1.0  % depending  on  species,  genotype  and  ecological  factors.Pharmacopoeia  Europea lV.  states minimum content ofessential  oil  in  flowering  p3rts  of plants  2 ml kg-l.  According  toCzech  Pharmacopoeia  (eeskf l6kopis,  2002t the content  ofchamazulene  should  not  be  lower  than  0.02  7o  in  dried  flowers.The widest range of  substances  was found in speciesA. milletolium,  A. pannonica  and A. collina  (Radulovic  et al.,2007).The minimum  request  for the content  of flavonoids  in thedrug  Millefolii  herba  is not  stated  in pharmacopoeia  EuropealV. The authors  Nemeth  and Bernath  (2OOg)  state 0.60 %content  of  flavonoids  and  1.4g  % of phenolic  acids.  Candan  etal. (2003)  states  that  the essential  oil extracted  from  the  genusAchillea  milleforium  subsp. mr7lefo  tium has higher  antioxidantability  than ascorbic  acid and curcumin.  Flivonoids  in thegenus  Achillea  occur in the form of mono and diglycosides  ofapigenin,  luteolin  and quercetin.  The content  of  ilavonoids  inplants  stated  as apigenin  ranges  in Millefolii  herba  from  1.5  to4..Y", calculated  to the constant content of dry substance(Spinarov6  and  Petiikov6,  2OOg).  Figures  rangingiro, 1.gB  %to 3.97  % were  measured  in  the  collection  of  the genus  Achilleain  Lednice (Spinarov6,  2002). Flavonoids  iave  a  potarstructure  thanks  to which  they are well soluble  in water  andliLil,,if  ilil'iii+liii::if!.::::::::::r,:srr::ii:i*iri::Ll:L:i:rr::t:rtllr::r:r:::t:::itr:::r+:rr1r::::llt:rr,t:frl  iiliiiLrii.lAchillea  millefolium  (pn  = 54)  is  a perennial,  sparsely  villousapless,  green  plant.  Stems  are  erect  20  - 90  (-100f  cm  tall.i alternate,  petiolate, lower cauline leaves petiolatesessile,  2 -  3 times pinnatisect,  primary  segments' ovate  to nearly  ovate.  Capitula  arranged  in usually(1-)  2- 10  (-12)  cm  tong  and  (2.2-l  z.s -10.5  (_11.5)  cmcorymbs.  Ligules  white,  pink,  rarely  dark  pink.  FloweringJune  to  September.Achillea  collina  (2n  = 96)  perennial,  densely  villous,  green  orfsh plants.  Stems  are erect (10-) 20 -  90 (_9S)  cm tall.is  a polyploidy  complex  (n = 9) with  species  from  theto the octoploid  level (Nemeth,  2005). The groupnmillefoliumagg.  s.l.  is  represented  in  central  Europe  byspecies  - Ach  illea setaceaW  . etK.,  Achiltea  asplenifolia,  Achillea  roseoalba  EHREND.,  Achiltea  collinaAchillea pratensis  SAUKEL et LANGER,  AchiileaL. and Achillea  pannonica SHEELE (Danihelka,alternate,  shortly  petiolate  or petiolate  lower caulinesessile  usually  amplexicaul,  2 -  3 times  pinnatisect,nry  segments  usually  ovate  to nearly  ovate,  3 _ 9 mm long(1.8-)  2.0  - 6.0  mm  wide.  Gapitula  arranged  in  usually  denseimes  rare  (1  .7-l  2.1- 7.0  (-B.O)  cm  tong  and  (1  .9_)  i.B _ 6.s91 wlOe  corymbs.  Ligules  white,  very rarely  pink (0.8-)-1.8  (2.0)  mm  tong  and  (0.8) 1.1  -2.4  (-2.6)  mm  wide.vering  from  June  to  September  (Danihelka,  200i).Achillea  pannonica  (2n = 721  is perennial,  densely  villous,ngreyish  green  plant.  Stems  are  erect  (9-)  20_75 (_tOO)  cmLeaves  alternate,  shorfly  petiolate,  lower  cauline  leaves  veryrtly  petiolate  or sessile,  2 -  3 times pinnatisect,  primarys usually  ovate  in oufline  (2-)  6 -  13 mm long  and(-9.0)  mm  wide.  Capitula  arranged  in  usually  dense,  1.g{-10.3)cm  long  and  (1.5-)  2.1  -6.6 (-9.0)  cm  wide  corymbs.rs  always  white  (4-)  5 (-6),  threenobate  (1.0_)  1.1  _ 1.7) mm  long  and  (0.9-)  1.4  - 2.4 (-2.6)  mm  wide  when  dry.ering  from  late  May  to September  (Danihelka,  2001).alcohol  and  thus  can be applied  easily  and eftectively  in theform  of  tea  or  tinctures.An  experimental  land  for  conventional  and  ecologicalcultivation  is  situated  in  the  area  of  the  Faculty  of Horticulture'Mendef  University  in Lednice.  Species  from  the group  Achilleamiltefolium agg.,  especially A'  collina  J.  HEIMERLA.  milletoliumL  and  A. pannonicaSCHEELE  were  selected  forthe  experiment.  They  are  situated  in a gene  pool  collection  ofthe Faculty  of Horliculture  in Lednice.  The care of plantsresides  in weeding  and herbicide  spraying  with  0.3 "/"  TargaSuper.  The  seeds  for  ecological  variant  were  gained  from  thesources  of  the  faculty  as  well  as  from  Planta  naturalis  Companyand precultivated  in a greenhouse.  The planting  on the landwas  carried  out on 29 May  2010.  Six  taxons  were  planted  intotal:  A.  cotlinaJ.  HEIMERL,  A.  millefolium  L.  and  A' pannonicaSHEELE., Achillea mittefolium  agg.  Nr. 4  -  40, Achilleamillefolium  agg.  Nr.  2 - 41, Achillea  miilefolium  agg.  Nr.  3 - 81'one  plot  of  land  with  the  size2x2m for  each  taxon,  the  spacingof planting  is  0.4  x 0.4  m.  Three  repetitions  were  planted  fromevery  item.  The land  is arranged  by means  of the method  ofLatin  square.  The  care  resided  in  manual  weeding'The  material  was  collected  manually  during  full  blossom  inthe  period  from  15  June  to 30 September  2010'  lt  was  dried  inbunches  at  maximum  temperature  of  35  oC  by  means  of  naturalheat  in  airy  place.  After  drying,  it  was  stored  in  paper  bags  untillaboratory  assessment  was  carried  out.  Before  the  assessmentitself,  the  dried  drug  was  ground  in  a laboratory  grinder  with  thesize  of mesh  2.0 mm.  The quantitative  content  of essential  oilwas  determined  by means  of distillation  by water  steam  (3  h)according  to the methods  stated  in Czech Pharmacopoeia(2002).  The  content  of  llavonoids  was  determined  according  tothe methods  of Unigeo  Company  and  the measurement  wascarried out  by  means  of  the  method of  absorptionspectrophotometry  on  the machine  Jenway  Model  6100  at  thewavelength  336  nm.According  to Czech  Pharmacopoeia,  the minimum  content  ofessential  oil  for  pharmaceutical  use  of  the  drug  Millefolii  herbashould  be 2.0 ml kg'l. This limit  was reached  in 3 out of l0assessed  items  in  the  experiment  in  2010.  The  highest  amountof essential  oil was found  in the item  Achillea  col/tna  Nr.  319from  conventional  way  of  cultivation  (3.61  ml  kg-1)'  The  secondhighest content was found in A. millefolium  Nr. 288 (3'06Trrl;  T  Ttffi*Hffi**TIrlriIrnia:t*n  .-fll;P*-  -$;iIi;  il:[ :  !.:1li:.i-. '  [:.itf  lrJ,. ttil* ,t  frilfi  illE  2,0010n0,500,004,504.003,501,00."-1l.i:$S1$-':".'".S:'F::::$""H::"1:...:.s':i'"Figure  1  Average  content  of  essential  oil4,OO3.50  fi=il ::  i:  i i u.  n'pi;p  L  - n  tr -i,.  i,ii'  I'  [i  i,  i;  i,,t'i  r t ffi  ffi  ffi  ffi  ffiilIffiHffiffiHHffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi.""1.1i1"\l\1"i";"1;"11;i;,i1;31{{":"tl:q"mmffio{9Figure  2  Average  content  of  flavonoidsj! .riiiiiii:l.:.'.jiri:i  iiiir.l::iiir,iml  kg-l).  Apart  from  these  two items,  A. collina  Nr.  25 (2.15ml kg-]) was also up to the standard.  From ecologicallycultivated  yarrows,  the  item  A.  colfine(2.16  ml  kgr) reached  thestandard  limit. An  average content of essential  oil fromconventional  cultivation  was 1.92  ml kg'1  and  from  ecological1.56  ml  kg-1.  Content  of  essential  oil  is  shown  in  Figure  1.Czech  Pharmacopoeia  does  not  determine  specific  requestfor  the  content  of  flavonoids  in Millefolii  herba.  The  content  offlavonoids  in plants  stated  as apigenin  ranges  in yarrow  drugfrom  1.5 to 4 7o calculated  to the constant  content  of drysubstance  (Spinarov6  and Petiikov6,  2OO3).  Benetis  (2008)states  the content  of apigenin  2.81  %. The average  contentsare  shown  in the Figure  2. The highest  content  was  found  initems  from  conventional  cultivation  A. cottina  Nr.  101  - 0.59  %and  A.  collina  Nr.  31  9  -8.17 a/o  and  A.  collinaNr.12O-9.20%.From  plants  cultivated  in ecological  way,  the highest  contentwas  found  in A. collina  - 2J7 o/",  A. miiletotium  agg.  ,l - 2.10  %and  A. millefolium  agg.  3 - 81 - 2.09  7o.  Lower  crop  in the firstyear  of cultivation  is stated  in literature.  This fact probablyinfluenced  the  amount  of  crop  of  essential  oil  and  flavonoids  inecologically  cu  ltivated  yarrows.GonclusionsWhen  evaluating  the  content  of  essential  oil  and  flavonoids,  weassumed  that  ecologically  cultivated  healing  plants  have  highercontent  of  effective substances than  those  cultivatedconventionally.  Vildovd  (2006)  observed  quantitative  as  well  asqualitative  parameters  of essential  oil and flavonoids  in thespecies  Mafzba  ria  recutita  L.,  which  has  shown  higher  contentol  essential  oil  and  flavonoids  in  ecologically  cultivated  plants.Statistically  significant  differences  in items A. coltina B1gand  A.  millefolium  288  were  found  by means  of experiment  withrepresentatives  of the group Achillea millefolium  agg. Theircontent  of essential  oil reached  minimum  limits  defined  byCzech  Pharmacopoeia  (2002).  This  level  was  reached  only  byA.  collina  from ecologically  cultivated  items.  Differences  inother  items  were  not  statistically  provable.The  content  of  flavonoids  in  the  drug  Millefolii  herba  was  alsohigher  in conventionally  cultivated  yarrows.  The highest  contentwas  in  the  item  A. col/rna  Nr.  101  - 3.59  % and  A.  coltinaNr.  31  9  _3.17  ok  and  A. collinaNr.  ''|20  - 9.20  %,  however,  the  content  waslower  in ecologically  cultivated  plants  A. cottina  -  2J7  "/o,  A.millefolium  1 - 2.10  l"  and  A. millefolium  g - 81  - 2.09  %. All otthese  figures  are  comparable  with  figures  stated  in literature.Cielom  pokusu  bolo  hodnotenie  kvantitativneho  obsahu  silfca  ffavonoidov  v 16  tax6noch  rodu  Achillea  pestovan6ho  v kon-vendnom  a ekologickom  syst6me  hospoddrenia  na  MZU  v Br-ne,  Fakulta  zdhradnictva  v Lednici.  Z pokusu  je zrejm6,  ieekologickyi  syst6m  nepreukdzal  vy55ie  tlrody  pri  Ziadnej  zo  sta-novovanfch  zloZiek,  do  je pravdepodobne  zapridinen6  r6znymvekom  porovn6vanfch  poloZiek,  a preto  moZno  predpokladatvyS5ie  hodnoty  pri  ekologicky  pestovanfch  rebridkoch  v nasle_dujfcej  vegetadnej  sez6ne.Klridov6  slov6:  silice,  flavonoidy,  apigenin,  rebridek,  Achillea,ekologick6  pol'hospod6rstvo,  konvendn6  potnohospod6rstvoBENETIS,  R.  et  a|.2008.  Quantitative  HpLC  determination  of  phe-nolic  compounds  in Yarrow.  Pharmaceutical  Chemistrv  Journal[online].  2008,  Vol.  42, 3, [cit.  2011-04-20].  Dostupnyi2  WWW:<http://www.sp  rin  gerli  nk.  com/ contenVh€,g92g  1  621  7h41  w/f  ul  l-text.odf>.desrv  LEKopts.  2002  :  (6t.  2002).  Evropske  de$  ilt.  3.  dit.  1.  vyd.Praha:  Grada  Publishing,  ZOO2,2  396  s.  ISBN  g}-247-0464:t.DANIHELKA,  J. 2001.  Achillea  panonica  in  the  Czech  Repubtic,with  taxonomic  remarks.  In:  Preslia,  vol.  73,  2001  , no.  B,  p.'213  -244.ISSN  0032-7786.DANf  HELKA,  J.2004.  AchilleaL.  - iebiidek.  In:  Stavfk,  e.,  Stepan_kovd,  J.  (ed.)  Kvdtena  6esk6  republiky,  praha:  Academia,  ZOO+.  s.187  - 215.  |SBN  80-200-1  1  61  -7.FIGUEIREDO,  A.  - PAIS,  M.  - SCHEFFER,  J.  1995.  Achittea  miile-folum  L.  ssp.  Millgfolium  (Yarrow)  ln vitrocullweand  production  ofessential  oils.  In:  Biotechnology  in  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  vol.  33,Medicinal  and Aromatic  Plants  Vilt (ed. By y.p.S. Bajaj),Springer-Verlag,  Berlin  Heiderberg,  199S,  p.  1  -20.NEMETH,  E.  - BERNATH,  J.  2008.  Biotogicat  Activities  of  yarrowSpecies  (Achillea  spp.).  In:  Current  pharmaceutical  Design,  200g,no.  14,  p.  3  '151  - 3  167.NEMETH,  E.  2005.  Essential  Oil  Composition  of  Species  in  the  Ge-nus  Achillea.  In:  Journal  of Essential  Oil  Research,  vol.  17,  2005,p.  s01  -512.  |SSN  1041-2905.RADULOVIC,  N.  _ ZLATKOVIC,  B.  - PALIC,  R.  - STOJANOVIC.G.2007.  Chemotaxonomic  significance  of  the  Balkan  Achiileavola-l/es.  ln:  Nat  Prod  Commun,  2007;  no.  2,  p. 4Sg  - 24.SptrunnOvA,  S.  zooz.  pr0zkum  rodu  AchitteaL  a  moinosti  jehointrodukce  Lednice:  Dizertadnf  pr6ce.  Brno:  MZLU,  2OOZ.1igs.sptrunnovA,  5.  - pernfrovA,  K.  2003.  Variabitty  of  the  contentand composition  of active  substances  within  Achillea  miilefoliumkomplex.  ln:  Hort.Sci.,  vol.  30,  2003,  no.  1,  p.  7  - .13.VILDOVA,  A.  - HLAVSA,  T.  - KALA,  5. _'STOICOVA,  M.  2006.Heimdnek  grav! {Matricaria  recutita  L.)  pEstovanf  v ekologick6ma-konvendnim  zprisobem  s ohledem  na  kvalitu  produkce,  Sbornik12.  semin6i  s mezin6rodni  0dasti  aktuAlni  ot6z(y  pdstovAni,  zpra_gov6gig,vyqZjti  l6divf  ch,  aromatickf  ch  a koienin6ref  ch  rosfl  in.  pra-ha:  CZU,2006:  s  64-70.lWContact  address:lng.  Lubomir  Rehu5,  Mendel  University  in  Brno,  Faculty  of  Hor_ticulture,  Department  of Floriculture  ahO  VegeiaOte  Clop  Gro-win.g,  Valtickd  gg7,  691  44  Lldnice,  e-mail:xrehus@node.mendelu.czl1g.  Jarmila  trteugebauerov6,  Ph.D.  Mendel  University  in  Brno,Faculty  of Horticulture,  Department  of Floriculture  a-nd  Veoe-table  Crop  Growing,  Valtickd  397,  691  44 Lednice,  e-mail:  nEu-gebj@zf  .mendelu.cz

The comparison of the content of essential oil and flavonoids in selected species of genus Achillea millefolium agg. cultivated in conventional and organic way

The comparison of the content of essential oil and flavonoids in selected species of genus Achillea millefolium agg. cultivated in conventional and organic way

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Organic Eprints