In the present work different cultivars of blue lupins were tested at two sites, the experimental farm of the Institute of Organic Farming (IOF-site) at Trenthorst near Hamburg and the experimental station of the Institute of Plant and Soil Science (ICSS-site) at Braunschweig (conventional farming). The field experiments were conducted from 2003 – 2005 at the IOF-site and in 2006 and 2007 at the ICSS-site. At the IOF-site yield was 2,95 t ha-1 on average, whereas the mean yield at the ICSS-site was lower with 2.0 t ha-1. However, a significant interaction between cultivar and year was observed for yield (P<0.001 and P<0.01 for IOF-site and ICSS-site, respectively). At the ICSS-site the cultivars Vitabor, Boltensia, Borlu and Sonet showed the lowest yield. Yield was similar between the branched and determinate cultivars at both sites, but the crude protein content (CP) was in the majority of the cases higher in the branched cultivars. The CP content ranged between 28.2% and 37.8% DM at the IOF-site and between 34.7 and 39.2% DM at the ICSS-site, respectively. The newer cultivars Idefix and Probor, which were tested at ICSS-site in 2006 and 2007, had the highest CP content (39.2 and 38.8% DM). Additionally, the predicted Net Energy for Lactation (NEL) in dairy cow and the predicted Metabolized Energy for pigs (ME) showed interactions between year and cultivar with the exception of ME at the ICSS-site. Cultivars with a high NEL respectively ME were Bora, Boruta, Bolivio and Borlu at the IOF-site and Probor, Borlu, Idefix, Boregine and Boltensia at the ICSS-site

Aulrich, Karen

Bramm, Andreas

Böhm, Herwart

Rühl, Gerhard

English

Organic Eprints

118 IN  J.A.  Palta  and  J.B.  Berger  (eds).  2008.  ‘Lupins  for  Health  and  Wealth’  Proceedings  of  the  12th  International  Lupin  Conference,  14-18 Sept. 2008, Fremantle, Western Australia. International Lupin Association, Canterbury, New Zealand. ISBN 0-86476-153-8. YIELD AND PREDICTED FEED QUALITY OF DIFFERENT GERMAN CULTIVARS OF BLUE LUPINS (LUPINUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS) Herwart Böhm1, Andreas Bramm2, Karen Aulrich1 and Gerhard Rühl2 1Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute (vTI) − Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany 2Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI) − Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany Corresponding author’s email: herwart.boehm@vti.bund.de ABSTRACT In the present work different cultivars of blue lupins were tested at two sites, the experimental farm of the Institute  of  Organic  Farming  (IOF-site)  at Trenthorst  near  Hamburg  and  the  experimental station  of  the  Institute  of  Plant  and  Soil  Science (ICSS-site) at Braunschweig (conventional farming). The  field  experiments  were  conducted  from 2003-2005 at the IOF-site and in 2006 and 2007 at the ICSS-site. At the IOF-site yield was 2.95 t ha-1 on average, whereas the mean yield at the ICSS-site was lower  with  2.0  t  ha-1.  However,  a  significant interaction between cultivar and year was observed for yield (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01 for IOF-site and ICSS-site,  respectively).  At  the  ICSS-site  the cultivars Vitabor, Boltensia, Borlu and Sonet showed the  lowest  yield.  Yield  was  similar  between  the branched and determinate cultivars at both sites, but the crude protein content (CP) was in the majority of the cases higher in the branched cultivars. The CP content ranged between 28.2% and 37.8% DM at the IOF-site  and  between  34.7  and  39.2%  DM  at  the ICSS-site,  respectively.  The  newer  cultivars  Idefix and Probor, which were tested at ICSS-site in 2006 and  2007,  had  the  highest  CP  content  (39.2  and 38.8% DM). Additionally, the predicted Net Energy for Lactation (NEL) in dairy cow and the predicted Metabolised  Energy  for  pigs  (ME)  showed interactions  between  year  and  cultivar  with  the exception of ME at the ICSS-site. Cultivars with a high  NEL  respectively  ME  were  Bora,  Boruta, Bolivio and Borlu at the IOF-site and Probor, Borlu, Idefix, Boregine and Boltensia at the ICSS-site. KEYWORDS Lupinus  angustifolius,  cultivar,  yield,  feed  quality, organic farming INTRODUCTION   Soybean meal is the most important protein source in animal nutrition in Europe. For conventional farming, alternatives are required if the farmers do not want to use genetically modified (GM) feedstuffs. Generally, in organic farming, GM cultivars are not permitted and, in   the  EU  Regulation  2092/91  for  Organic  Farming,  the exclusive use of organically produced animal feedstuffs is fixed for the year 2011. Additionally, the demand for protein rich feed components is very high and the use of synthetically  produced  amino  acids  is  not  allowed  in Organic  Farming.  Therefore,  the  cultivation  of  home-grown  high-protein  grain  legumes,  especially  blue lupins is of increasing relevance. Differences in yield, parameters  of  feed  quality,  mineral  and  amino  acid content  between  the  German  cultivars  have  been examined in only a few studies.  MATERIALS AND METHODS   In  the  years  2003  to  2007,  cultivar  trials  in  a quadruplicated randomised block design with up to 12 different  German  varieties  of  blue  lupins  were conducted at two locations in northern Germany: 1) The Research  Farm  of  the  Institute  of  Organic  Farming (IOF), located at Trenthorst near Hamburg, is managed organically  according  to  the  EU  Regulation  2092/91; 2) The Research Station of the Institute of Crop and Soil Science  (ICSS)  at  Braunschweig  is  managed conventionally. The soil at the IOF-site is a sandy loam with a high content of silt and a pH of 5.6-6.3, the soil of the ICSS-site is a sandy loam with a pH of 5.7-5.9. Both sites had adequate levels of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. At the ICSS-site 40 kg N ha-1, 130 kg K ha-1 and 4,0 L ha-1 of the herbicide Stomp (equivalent to  1.6  kg  ha-1  Pendimethalin)  were  generally  applied after sowing. In both years 75 mL ha-1 Karate Zeon was used  as  insecticide  and  the  field  was  irrigated  twice  with 30 mm water.    The trials were conducted at the IOF-site from 2003 to 2005, and at the ICSS-site in 2006 and 2007. The seeding rate at both sites was identical but different for the two types of blue lupins. The determinate cultivars (Borweta,  Sonet,  Prima,  and  Boruta)  were  sown  with 100  seeds  m-2  and  the  branched  cultivars  (Arabella, Boltensia,  Bolivio,  Bora,  Borlu,  Borlana,  Boregine, Baron,  Idefix,  Probor,  Vitabor)  were  sown  with  130 seeds m-2.   PROCEEDINGS 12TH INTERNATIONAL LUPIN CONFERENCE  119    The  plots  were  harvested  between  the  middle  of August  and  beginning  of  September.  After  sample drying and cleaning, subsamples were milled (Cyclotec 1093, Fa. Foss) through a 1 mm screen. Crude nutrients such as protein (CP), crude fibre, ether extract, crude ash, starch, and sugar  were  scanned and predicted by near  infrared  reflectance  spectroscopy  (NIRS).  NIRS analysis on organically grown legumes was carried out on the ground samples using the Fourier-Transform NIR spectrometer (NIRLab N-200, Fa. Büchi, Essen) in the spectral  range  from  1000  to  2500  nm  with  a  1  nm stepping. Each sample was scanned three times and the spectra were averaged. Spectral data were exported to the  NIRCal  software  (Büchi).  Calibration  equations developed  for  each  constituent  separately  by  partial least square regression technique (PLS) were used for prediction  (Aulrich  &  Böhm,  2008)  of  the  crude nutrients.  The  conventionally  grown  samples  were analysed  with  a  NIRSystems  6500  spectrophotometer (Foss)  in  the  spectral  range  from  400-2500  nm.  The spectral data were processed by the ISI software. On the basis of crude nutrient analysis and the feed table data of digestibility  the ME content  for pigs (DLG, 1991) and the Net Energy Lactation (NEL) (GFE, 2001) for dairy cows were calculated.   Statistical analyses were performed with the MIXED procedure  of  the  SAS  software  package  9.1.3  (SAS Institute 2004). The factors cultivar, year, and replicates were combined in the fixed part of the model.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION   With  two  exceptions  (protein  content  and  ME  at ICSS-site)  the  statistical  analysis  showed  interactions between year and cultivar for both sites (Tables 1 and 2).  Table 1. P-values for sources of variation for yield and chosen parameters of predicted feed quality at the IOF-site (2003-2005).   Denominator d.f.  Yield  CP  Protein yield  NEL  ME Year  2  < 0.001  < 0.001  0.8122  < 0.001  < 0.001 CV  10  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001 Year * CV  20  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001 Table 2. P-values for sources of variation for yield and chosen parameters of predicted feed quality at the ICSS-site (2006-2007).   Denominator d.f.  Yield  CP  Protein yield  NEL  ME Year  1  < 0.001  0.3393  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001 CV  10  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001 Year * CV  10  0.0044  0.2222  0.0054  < 0.001  0.1391   At  IOF-site,  the  yield  reached  2.95  t  ha-1  with  a variation between 2.8 and 3.2 t ha-1 on average of the cultivars  between  the  three  years  (Table  3).  At  the ICSS-site the yield was lower with a mean of 2.0 t ha-1 and ranged between 2.2 t ha-1 in 2006 and 1.8 t ha-1 in 2007 (Table 4). The yield of the determinate and the branched types of cultivars were similar at both sites.  However,  preliminary  results  of  Bramm  et  al.  (2005) showed  a  higher  yield  level  at  ICSS-site  and  higher yields  of  the  branched  cultivars  in  comparison  to  the determinate cultivars. In the present study the cultivars Vitabor, Boltensia, Borlu and Sonet showed the lowest yield at the ICSS-site, whereas such a consistent trend could not be observed at the IOF-site. At the IOF-site cultivars  like  Borlana,  Boltensia,  Borweta  and  Bora were  lower  yielding  than  the  cultivars  Boruta,  Prima, Sonet and Arabella.   120  PROCEEDINGS 12TH INTERNATIONAL LUPIN CONFERENCE   Table 3. Yield and crude protein content (CP) of the tested cultivars at the IOF-site.   Yield [t ha-1]  CP [% of DM]   2003  2004  2005  2003  2004  2005 Borweta  2.26 a  2.79 bc  3.13 bcde  30.92  a  31.05  a  30.39  bc Sonet  2.91 ce  3.19 cd  3.41 cde  33.48  bc  30.02  a  29.54  ab Prima  3.12 de  3.03 cd  3.45 de  32.99  b   29.81  a  28.23  a  Boruta   2.69 bc  3.65 e  3.51 e  36.27  ef  34.99  b  30.84  bc Arabella  2.79 cd  3.61 e  3.02 ac  36.51  ef  35.38  b  31.53  cd Boltensia  2.81 cd  2.41 b   2.95 ab  36.30  ef  36.03  bc  31.65  cd Bolivio  2.79 cd  2.48 b  3.21 bcde  36.55  f  36.93  cd  31.81  cd Bora  2.31 ab  3.26 de  2.67 a  36.43  ef  35.98  bc  31.53  cd Borlu  3.28 e  2.39 b  3.33 bcde  37.08  f  36.16  bc  32.34  d Borlana  2.83 cd  1.76 a  3.06 ad  34.68  cd  37.81  d  31.08  cd Boregine  2.77 cd  3.27 de  3.30 bcde  35.10  de  34.78  b  28.89  a Mean  2.78   2.89   3.19   35.12    34.45    30.71   Different characters within a column indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). At  the  IOF-site  crude  protein  content  (CP)  ranged between 28.2 and 37.8% DM (Table 3) whereas it was higher  at  ICSS-site  with  34.7-39.2%  DM.  In  the majority of cases, the determinate cultivars at both sites −  with  exception  of  Boruta  at  the  IOF-site  −  had  a significantly  lower  protein  content  compared  to  the branched  cultivars.  The  highest  protein  content  was observed  in  the  newer  cultivars  Idefix  and  Probor (permitted  in  2005),  with  39.2  and  38.8%  CP  DM, which  were tested in 2006 and 2007 at the ICSS-site (Table 4). Table 4. Yield, crude protein content (CP) and protein yield (PY) of the tested cultivars at the ICSS-site. Yield [t ha-1]  CP [% of DM]  Protein yield [kg ha-1] P1 2006  2007  2006/07  2006  2007 Boruta  2.14 acd  2.16 cde  34.71 a  748.8 ab  749.8 def Sonet  1.84 a   1.89 bd  34.65 a  649.5 a  643.8 ce Baron  2.48 de  1.79 bc  36.92 b  909.8 cd  658.8 ce Idefix  2.43 ce  2.25 de  39.15 c  943.3 cd  880.0 f Probor  2.21 ace  1.95 be  38.76 c  831.0 bc  776.8 ef Borlu  2.04 ac  1.67 b  36.31 ab  751.0 ab  594.5 bc Vitabor  1.80 a  1.00 a  35.64 ab  624.0 a  364.5 a Bora  2.73 e  1.78 bc  36.40 ab  989.3 d  651.3 ce Arabella  2.33 bce  1.66 b  36.56 ab  850.5 bd  604.8 cd Boltensia  1.97 ab  1.23 a  36.76 ab  730.8 ab  441.8 ab Boregine  2.37 bce  2.32 e  36.69 ab  862.5 db  855.5 f Mean  2.21   1.79   36.60   808.2   656.5  Different characters within a column indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).  Protein yield is an important criterion for farms with a high  percentage  of  self-produced  feed.  The  results  in Tables 4 and 5 showed variable results between years and  cultivars.  Only  the  cultivar  Idefix  indicated  the highest  protein  yield  at  the  ICSS-site  in  both  years, followed by Baron, Bora, and Boregine. In two of the three years, the cultivars Boruta, Arabella, Bolivio and Borlu reached a high protein yield at the IOF-site, but Boregine also had a high protein yield in average of the three years.     PROCEEDINGS 12TH INTERNATIONAL LUPIN CONFERENCE  121  Table 5. Protein yield of the tested cultivars at the IOF-site.   Protein yield (kg ha-1)   2003  2004  2005 Borweta  700.8 A  866.0 b  952.3 ab Sonet  973.5 bc  957.5 b  1007.0 ab Prima  1029.5 c  902.5 b  974.3 ab Boruta   978.5 bc  1277.5 c  1080.5 b Arabella  1017.0 c  1277.8 c  951.3 ab Boltensia  1024.5 c  869.0 b  933.8 ab Bolivio  1021.3 c  915.5 b  1022.3 b Bora  841.0 ab  1173.0 c  844.3 a  Borlu  1218.5 d  865.5 b  1075.0 b Borlana  982.0 bc  663.8 a  951.8 ab Boregine  972.8 bc  1137.5 c  952.5 ab Mean  978.1   991.4   976.8  Different characters within a column indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). Table 6. Predicted Net Energy for Lactation (NEL) for dairy cows and predicted Metabolised Energy for pigs (ME) of the tested cultivars at the IOF-site.   NEL (MJ kg-1 DM)  ME (MJ kg-1 DM)   2003  2004  2005  2003  2004  2005 Borweta  9.00 ab  8.95 c  8.95 a  14.46 a  14.23 ab  14.29 bd Sonet  9.00 ab   8.91 ab  8.93 a  14.58 bc  14.18 a   14.19 ab Prima  8.97 a  8.93 bc  8.94 a  14.53 ab  14.20 a  14.16 a  Boruta   9.03 bc  9.01 d  8.95 a  14.83 ef  14.75 f  14.24 ab Arabella  9.03 bc  8.91 ab  8.99 c  14.77 de  14.32 bcd  14.37 cde Boltensia  9.02 bc  8.93 bc  8.99 c  14.76 de  14.36 ce  14.39 de Bolivio  9.05 cd  8.95 c  8.99 c  14.81 ef  14.41 de  14.39 de Bora  9.06 cd  9.00 d  8.96 ab  14.92 f  14.77 f  14.29 bd Borlu  9.02 bc  8.89 a   9.01 cd  14.82 ef  14.38 ce  14.51 f Borlana  9.03 bc  8.91 ab  9.03 d  14.70 de  14.45 e  14.44 ef Boregine  9.03 bc  8.91 ab  9.00 cd  14.69 cd  14.29 ac  14.26 abc Mean  9.02   8.94   8.98   14.72   14.39   14,32  Different characters within a column indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). Table 7. Predicted Net Energy for Lactation (NEL) for dairy cows and predicted Metabolised Energy for pigs (ME) of the tested cultivars at the ICSS-site.   NEL  (MJ kg-1 DM) ME (MJ kg-1 DM)   2006  2007  2006/07 Boruta  9.19 b   9.05 ab  14.73 ab Sonet  9.10 a   9.04 ab  14.70 a Baron  9.23 bf  9.07 bc  14.87 bcd Idefix  9.27 f  9.05 ab  14.92 cd Probor  9.24 df  9.10 c  15.02 d Borlu  9.26 ef  9.10 c  14.94 cd Vitabor  9.24 cdf  9.02 a  14.79 ab Bora  9.20 bc  9.04 ab  14.84 abc Arabella  9.20 bc  9.07 bc  14.89 bcd Boltensia  9.22 bde  9.11 c  14.88 bcd Boregine  9.25 ef  9.07 bc  14.91 cd Mean  9.22   9.07   14.86  Different characters within a column indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). 122  PROCEEDINGS 12TH INTERNATIONAL LUPIN CONFERENCE    The predicted Net Energy for Lactation (NEL) for dairy  cows  and  the  predicted  Metabolised  Energy  for Pigs  (ME)  showed  interactions  between  cultivar  and year  with  exception  of  the  ME  at  the  ICSS-site. Cultivars with a high NEL and ME were Bora, Boruta, Bolivio  and  Borlu  at  the  IOF-site  and  Probor,  Borlu, Idefix, Boregine and Boltensia at the ICSS-site.  LITERATURE CITED Aulrich, K. and H. Böhm. 2008. Quality of organic feedstuffs grown  in  Trenthorst  (Germany)  –  evaluated  by  Near Infrared  Reflectance  Spectroscopy.  IN    Neuhoff  et  al. (Eds) Cultivating the Future based on Science. Volume 2 – Livestock,  Socio-economy  and  Cross  disciplinary Research  in  Organic  Agriculture.  Proceedings  of  the Second  Scientific  Conference  of  ISOFAR,  18–20  June 2008, Modena, Italy, pp. 734-737. Bramm,  A.,  H.  Böhm,  G.  Pahlow  and  A.  Berk.  2006. Alternatives  for  the  production  of  forage  protein.  IN Santen E van, Hill, G.D. (eds) México, Where Old and New  World  Lupins  Meet:  proceedings  of  the  11th International  Lupin  Conference,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco, México,  4-9  May,  2005.  Canterbury,  NZ:  International Lupin Association, pp. 209-213. DLG. 1991. DLG-Futterwerttabellen – Schweine. Universität Hohenheim  –  Dokumentationsstelle  (ed).  6.,  erw.  und völlig neu gestaltete Auflage, Frankfurt am Main: DLG-Verlag. GfE. 2001. Ausschuss für Bedarfsnormen der GfE: Energie- und  Nährstoffbedarf  landwirtschaftlicher  Nutztiere, Empfehlungen zur Energie- und Nährstoffversorgung der Milchkühe  und  Aufzuchtrinder.  Frankfurt  am  Main: DLG-Verlag. 

Yield and predicted feed quality of different German cultivars of blue lupins (Lupinus angustifolius)

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