On the Russian market there are no currently registered biological preparations for the

control of Rhagoletis cerasi (cherry fruit fly, CFF), and therefore the effects of natural

products against this pest were studied. In laboratory, semi-field and field experiments a

range of botanicals (NeemAzal-T/S and Quassia-MD) were tested alone and in

combination with comparison product Phytoverm and chemical standard insecticides for

their effectiveness against R. cerasi in commercial orchards. These products showed a

high biological effectiveness against R. cerasi comparable with chemical insecticides

Hummel, E.

Vasilyeva, L. A.

English

Organic Eprints

98First experiences in the application of biopreparations against the cherry fruit fly in Southern Russia in 2007 L. A. Vasilyeva1, E. Hummel2AbstractOn the Russian market there  are no currently registered biological preparations for the control  of  Rhagoletis  cerasi  (cherry  fruit  fly,  CFF),  and  therefore  the  effects  of  natural products against this pest were studied. In laboratory, semi-field and field experiments a range  of  botanicals  (NeemAzal-T/S  and  Quassia-MD)  were  tested  alone  and  in combination with comparison product Phytoverm and chemical standard insecticides for their effectiveness against R. cerasi in commercial orchards. These products showed a high biological effectiveness against R. cerasi comparable with chemical insecticides. Keywords Rhagoletis cerasi, European cherry fruit fly, bioproducts, Rebell- type traps Introduction Taking into the account the equipment and facilities available on large sweet cherry farms in  Russia,  the  most  reasonable  way  to  control  the  cherry  fruit  fly  R.  cerasi  L.  in  an environmentally  safe  manner is  the  replacement  of  chemical  insecticides  by  biological products. However,  on  the  Russian  market  there  are  no  currently  registered  biological agents against this pest (Hummel, 2006). Instead, recent research projects have attempted to  optimise  an  integrated  management  strategy  using  combinations  of  insecticide applications and physical methods. Research on the biology and ecology of R. cerasi has been started at the All-Russian Research Institute in 2001. Since then, numerous different chemical and biological control agents and formulations have been tested under laboratory and field conditions.  Material and Methods In 2007, research into biological products included three stages. The first step consisted of a laboratory study of the effects of biologically active compounds against Drosophila sp. (Diptera), using the methodology of Anon. (2002). Selected preparations showed >70% mortality. The second stage involved tests of these selected products against adults of R.cerasi in “branch cages” (BC) on the sweet cherry varieties ‘Daibera Schwarze’ and ‘Franz Josef’. Leaves and fruits were sprayed with 0,5% aqueous  NeemAzal-T/S; alternatively about 10% of the leaves were sprayed with a bait of 5% NeemAzal-T/S (Koeppler et al.,2006). After drying of the spray solution, 50 R. cerasi adults were placed inside each cage.  Due to a lack of animals, no controls were carried out and the 2006 data were used. The effect of NeemAzal-T/S on the number of R. cerasi adults and fertility of females, infestation rate of fruits and phytotoxicity of leaves were conducted (Dorofeeva, 1998).                                                           1  All-Russian Research Institute of Biological Plant Protection, Krasnodar, Russia,     e-mail: vasilevaludmila@yandex.ru 2 Trifolio-M GmbH, Lahnau, Germany, e-mail: edmund.hummel@trifolio-m.de Archived at http://orgprints.org/13652/99First experiences in the application of biopreparations against the cherry fruit fly in Southern Russia in 2007 L. A. Vasilyeva1, E. Hummel2AbstractOn the Russian market there  are no currently registered biological preparations for the control  of  Rhagoletis  cerasi  (cherry  fruit  fly,  CFF),  and  therefore  the  effects  of  natural products against this pest were studied. In laboratory, semi-field and field experiments a range  of  botanicals  (NeemAzal-T/S  and  Quassia-MD)  were  tested  alone  and  in combination with comparison product Phytoverm and chemical standard insecticides for their effectiveness against R. cerasi in commercial orchards. These products showed a high biological effectiveness against R. cerasi comparable with chemical insecticides. Keywords Rhagoletis cerasi, European cherry fruit fly, bioproducts, Rebell- type traps Introduction Taking into the account the equipment and facilities available on large sweet cherry farms in  Russia,  the  most  reasonable  way  to  control  the  cherry  fruit  fly  R.  cerasi  L.  in  an environmentally  safe  manner is  the  replacement  of  chemical  insecticides  by  biological products. However,  on  the  Russian  market  there  are  no  currently  registered  biological agents against this pest (Hummel, 2006). Instead, recent research projects have attempted to  optimise  an  integrated  management  strategy  using  combinations  of  insecticide applications and physical methods. Research on the biology and ecology of R. cerasi has been started at the All-Russian Research Institute in 2001. Since then, numerous different chemical and biological control agents and formulations have been tested under laboratory and field conditions.  Material and Methods In 2007, research into biological products included three stages. The first step consisted of a laboratory study of the effects of biologically active compounds against Drosophila sp. (Diptera), using the methodology of Anon. (2002). Selected preparations showed >70% mortality. The second stage involved tests of these selected products against adults of R.cerasi in “branch cages” (BC) on the sweet cherry varieties ‘Daibera Schwarze’ and ‘Franz Josef’. Leaves and fruits were sprayed with 0,5% aqueous  NeemAzal-T/S; alternatively about 10% of the leaves were sprayed with a bait of 5% NeemAzal-T/S (Koeppler et al.,2006). After drying of the spray solution, 50 R. cerasi adults were placed inside each cage.  Due to a lack of animals, no controls were carried out and the 2006 data were used. The effect of NeemAzal-T/S on the number of R. cerasi adults and fertility of females, infestation rate of fruits and phytotoxicity of leaves were conducted (Dorofeeva, 1998).                                                           1  All-Russian Research Institute of Biological Plant Protection, Krasnodar, Russia,     e-mail: vasilevaludmila@yandex.ru 2 Trifolio-M GmbH, Lahnau, Germany, e-mail: edmund.hummel@trifolio-m.de At the third stage the botanicals NeemAzal-T/S (a.i. Azadirachtin A) and Quassia-MD (a.i. Quassin)  from  Trifolio-M  GmbH,  Germany  and  comparison  product  Phitoverm  (active ingredient Aversectin �) from Pharmbiomed, Russia, were tested in comparison with the chemical  standard  insecticide  Carbophos  (a.i.  Malathion)  from  Russia,  Sumithion  (a.i. Fenitrothion) from Sumitomo, Japan, Kung Fu (a.i. Lambda-cyhalothrin) and Actellic (a.i. Pirimiphos-methyl) from Syngenta. The trial was carried out in a commercial sweet cherry orchard during the mass flight of the pest (mid- May until end of June).  The field experimental design is shown in Table 1. During this experiment the R. cerasipopulation  was  monitored  by  catching  adult  flies  in  yellow  Rebell-traps  (Andermatt Biocontrol, Switzerland) (Katsoyannos et al., 2000). The degree of egg maturity in trapped females and infestation rate of fruits were also evaluated. Larvae in the infested fruits were measured and their age was estimated, permitting the determination of fruit infestation time, i.e. the time at which the protective action of the tested products had broken down.Because control variant 5 in commercial orchards showed excessively high catches of R. cerasi adults, this area was treated twice with insecticides. As a zero control (control 6), sweet cherry trees in a garden near site 1 were used.Table 1: The field experimental design for 2007. Variants  Date of applicationPreparations(l/l water/ha) Date of applicationPreparations(l/l water/ha) Date of applicationPreparations(l/l water/ha) 1(1 ha) 23 May  NeemAzal-T/S2.5 / 1600 -  -  1 June  NeemAzal-T/S2.5 / 16002(1 ha) 23 May  Carbophos 1.5 / 160026 May  Actellic 1.0 / 1600 1 June  Sumithion 1.5 / 1600; Kung Fu 0.2 / 16003(1 ha) 23 May  Phitoverm 1.0 / 1600 -  -  1 June  Phitoverm 1.0 / 1600 4(1 ha) 23 May  Quassia-MD 1.5 / 1600 -  -  1 June  Phitoverm 1.0 / 16005(0.5 ha) -  Control 1  26 May  Actellic 1.0 / 1600 1 June  Phitoverm 1.0 / 1600 6(0.5 ha) -  Control 2  -  -  -  - Results and DiscussionAccording  to  the  literature,  Phitoverm  shows  good  efficacy  against  R.  cerasi  in  sweet cherry commercial orchards (Cherbakov, 2004), and the NeemAzal-T/S treatment can also control this pest (Koeppler et al., 2006). The results of our experiments confirmed a high effectiveness of NeemAzal-T/S; no fruits were infested CFF larvae at the end of the trials with either baits or aqueous solution (Tab. 2). In this trial no phytotoxicity effect of aqueous NeemAzal-T/S was observed on sweet cherry leaves, although leaves sprayed with the bait showed changes in the leaf blade form. Archived at http://orgprints.org/13652/100Table 2: The results of experiments in BC in 2007. Variants  Number of CFF placed in cage on 18 May 2007 Damaged fruits at end of experimentCommentsBait with NeemAzal-T/S47 adults  0 of 193  22 females dead, 3 with immature eggs, one with fertile eggs. Many flies had sunken into the bait0,5%NeemAzal-T/Swater solution 50 adults  0 of 92  All female with immature eggs Control(in 2006)50 adults(13 May 2006) 132 of 145   The very high infection pressure by R. cerasi observed in the field experiment may be explained by the fact that in the previous year fruits were not fully harvested, showed a high degree of infection (60%) and were allowed to fall onto the soil. A mass flight of R. cerasi in 2007 was observed from mid-May until mid-June with two peaks on 23 and 31 May where the  average  trap  catch  was  25  insects/day.  The  first  females  with  matured  eggs  were recorded on 23 May, but thereafter no oviposition-ready females were available until 31 May. This may be explained by the protective activity of the control strategy. The effect of this strategy is shown in Table 3.Table 3. Infestation of sweet cherry fruits with larvae of CFF in 2007 Variants  Date  Fruit infestationon tree Fruitinfestationon soil Date  Fruit infestationon tree Fruitinfestationon soil 1  7 June  0%  2%  19 June 0.6%  0.5% 2  7 June  0%  0%  19 June 0%  0% 3  7 June  0%  1%  19 June 0%  0% 4  7 June  0%  0%  19 June 0%  14% 5 (Control 1)  7 June  0%  8%  19 June 1.4%  19.2% 6 (Control 2)  7 June  10%  25%  20 June 30%  60% In all treated variants the degree of fruit infestation was very low in the tree and on the soil on both sampling dates (7 and 19 June). A slightly elevated fruit infestation (14%) was observed with Quassia-MD and Phitoverm. In the untreated control (Variant 6) the fruit damage in the tree and in the soil showed steep increases from 7 to 19 July. Based on these results, further trials will be carried out in 2008. Archived at http://orgprints.org/13652/101References Katsoyannos B.I., Papadopoulos N.T. & Stavridis D. (2000). Evaluation of trap types and food attractants for  Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 93:1005-1010.Koeppler, K., Storch, V. & Vogt, H. (2006). Bait sprays – an alternative to control the European cherry  fruit  fly  Rhagoletis  cerasi?  In  Proceedings  of  the  12th  International  Conference  on Cultivation Technique and Phytopathological Problems in Organic Fruit-Growing (ed. Boos, M.), 61-66. Weinsberg: FÖKO. Dorofeeva, T.B. (1998). The method of evaluation of fungicides and chemical preparations of their biological  activity  against  powder  mildew  Erysiphe  orontii  on  tomatoes.  In  Proceedings  of methodology recommendations for plant protection: 268-271. St. Petersburg: VIZR, Russia [in Russian].Anon. (2002). The  methodology recommendation for the monitoring of sensivity of phyto- and entomophags compared to insecticides: 32.  VNIIBZR, Krasnodar, Russsia [in Russian] Hummel,  E.  (2006).  Botanicals  –  one  of  the  ways  of  reduce  of  pollution  of  the  environment. Strategy and tactic of plant protection. Materials of the scientific conference   dedicated of 35 jubilee of organization of RUP “Institut of Plant Protection” of NAN Belarus (Minsk, 28 Feb.-2 March 2006): 439-440 [in Russian]. Cherbakov, N.A. (2004). Biological effect of Phitoferm against Cherry Fruit Fly on sweet cherry. Biological plant protection - the base of stability of agro-ecological systems. Materials of the scientific and practical conference of 100 jubilee of the births of E. Stepanov (1902-2002), 8-9 October 2002. Krasnodar, Russia 2004: 311 [in Russian]. Archived at http://orgprints.org/13652/

First experiences in the application of biopreparations against the cherry fruit fly in Southern Russia in 2007

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