This presentation illustrates data from several researches, about present situation and prospects for OA in the south of the Med, and then focuses on organic olive management, production and trends

Santucci, Fabio M.

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Organic Eprints

1Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 20071“Organic agriculture and olive oil production in the Southern Mediterranean Countries”OLIBIO Research ProjectFabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 20072Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Lybia, Tunisia, Algeria and MoroccoA very heterogeneous groupof countries2Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 20073Four sources of information• A research on the situation and prospects for organic olive oil in Italy;• A study on the organic olive oil in the Med;• A study on the European market for selected Syrian products;• A study about competitiveness of Italian organic products.Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 20074A very fast growing population  Turkey 46.132 29,7 71.325 28,0 54,6 70,4 100 81.300 27,4 14,0  Syria 8.959 5,8 17.800 7,0 98,7 71,7 101 22.000 7,4 23,6  Lebanon 2.669 1,7 3.653 1,4 36,9 73,5 104 5.200 1,8 42,3  Jordan 2.225 1,4 5.473 2,2 146,0 70,9 100 6.800 2,3 24,2  Israel 3.764 2,4 6.433 2,5 70,9 79,1 112 7.900 2,7 22,8  Egypt 43.915 28,3 71.931 28,3 63,8 68,6 97 80.900 27,3 12,5  Lybia 3.043 2,0 5.551 2,2 82,4 72,6 103 6.900 2,3 24,3  Tunisia 6.469 4,2 9.832 3,9 52,0 72,7 103 11.500 3,9 17,0  Algeria 18.740 12,1 31.800 12,5 69,7 72,7 103 38.300 12,9 20,4  Morocco 19.382 12,5 30.566 12,0 57,7 68,5 97 35.400 12,0 15,8  Total 155.298 100,0 254.364 100,0 63,8 70,7 * 100 296.200 100,0 16,4% years indexVar. 03-15 %2015(000n) %Country2003 Life expectancy(000n)1980(000n) % %Var. 80-03 3Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 20075..Urbanization Country  Turkey 66,11  Syria 50,12  Lebanon 87,90  Jordan 79,19  Israel 91,98  Egypt 42,03  Lybia 86,33  Tunisia 63,53  Algeria 58,73  Morocco 57,41%Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 20076Income and agriculture%  Turkey 6.390 117,1 13 14.779 44,4  Syria 3.620 66,3 23 1.599 4,8  Lebanon 4.360 79,9 12 42 0,1  Jordan 4.220 77,3 2 194 0,6  Israel 19.530 357,9 67 0,2  Egypt 3.810 69,8 17 8.535 25,6  Lybia 7.570 138,7 9 97 0,3  Tunisia 6.760 123,9 10 966 2,9  Algeria 5.760 105,6 10 2.729 8,2  Morocco 3.810 69,8 16 4.285 12,9  Total 5.457 100,0 33.293 100,0%GDP per person Ag shareAg labour forceCountryUS$ index (000n)4Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 20077Water and agriculture  Turkey 41.690 26,6 5.215 39,9 12,5  Syria 13.759 8,8 1.333 10,2 9,7  Lebanon 329 0,2 104 0,8 31,6  Jordan 1.142 0,7 75 0,6 6,6  Israel 566 0,4 194 1,5 34,3  Egypt 3.400 2,2 3.400 26,0 100,0  Lybia 15.450 9,9 470 3,6 3,0  Tunisia 9.763 6,2 381 2,9 3,9  Algeria 40.065 25,6 560 4,3 1,4  Morocco 30.283 19,4 1.345 10,3 4,4  Total 156.447 100,0 13.077 100,0 8,4%Irrigated areaCountry% %Agricultural area(000ha) (000ha)Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 20078Summarizing• Growing population, increasingly in town• Improving incomes, changing food patterns• Limited or scarce natural resources• Decreasing prices for many conventional commodities• Increasing food trade deficit• Emerging environmental problems• Agriculture still source of income and jobs in some countries• Need to create jobs and income in rural areas5Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 20079Organic agriculture, December2005 n. % ha %  Turkey 14.401 34,9 93.133 30,7  Syria 5.000 12,1 20.500 6,8  Lebanon 331 0,8 2.465 0,8  Jordan 1 10,0 na na  Israel 420 1,0 6.685 2,2  Egypt 500 1,2 24.548 8,1  Lybia 0 0,0 0 0,0  Tunisia 515 1,2 143.099 47,2  Algeria 39 0,1 887 0,3  Morocco 20.040 48,6 12.051 4,0  Total 41.247 100,0 303.368 100,0* = includes collectors of wild fruits and herbsFarms * AreaCountryFabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200710Status of organic agriculture: institutions  Turkey Like EU Advanced 1 Association 7 CBs  Syria Under elaboration Scarce Nothing Nothing  Lebanon Advanced elaboration Good Developed 1 CB  Jordan Not existant Scarce Nothing Nothing  Israel Like EU Advanced 1 Association 1 CB  Egypt Not existant Scarce Developed 2 CB  Lybia Not existant na na Nothing  Tunisia Like EU Advanced Developed Nothing  Algeria Not existant Scarce Nothing Nothing  Morocco Advanced elaboration Good Developed NothingCountryEducation and researchCSOs LegislationLocal Certification6Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200711International cooperation• IFOAM Mediterranean • Mediterranean Organic Ag. Network • FAO projects• EU funded MEDA projects• Bilateral public projects• Private initiativesFabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200712Status of organic trade  Turkey Very strong Growing Several  Syria Growing Nothing Some  Lebanon Modest Small Several  Jordan Nothing Nothing Some  Israel Very strong Growing na  Egypt Very strong Small Some  Lybia Nothing Nothing na  Tunisia Very strong Small Some  Algeria Nothing Nothing na  Morocco Very strong Small naExportDomestic marketOn going projectsCountry7Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200713Prospects to 2010Export to EU 3,0Domestic market 2,4Export to US and Canada 1,9Export to Italy 1,8Export to Gulf countries 1,4Export to Japan 1,2Imports 1,2Export to former USSR countries 0,9Export to Maghreb countries 0,1Mean Trade 4 = strongly increase; -4 = strongly decreaseFabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200714Status of organic trade  Turkey Very strong Growing Several  Syria Growing Nothing Some  Lebanon Modest Small Several  Jordan Nothing Nothing Some  Israel Very strong Growing na  Egypt Very strong Small Some  Lybia Nothing Nothing na  Tunisia Very strong Small Some  Algeria Nothing Nothing na  Morocco Very strong Small naExportDomestic marketOn going projectsCountry8Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200715Three groups of countries• Advanced:  G1 Turkey, Tunisia, Israel and Egypt;• Medium: G2 Lebanon and Morocco• Laggards: G3 Algeria, Syria (and Libya).Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200716Structure of exports• Bulk products: olive oil from Tunisia, tomatoes from Egypt,  cotton from Turkey and Syria, pulses from Turkey.• Processed products: argan oil from Morocco, dates from Tunisia, wines from Israel, olive oil from Palestine and Syria, honey from Turkey, t-shirts and herbal teas from Egypt, 9Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200717Organic olive oilCountryTurkey 93.133 7.732 649.350 8,3 1,19Syria  20.500 5.000 500.000 24,4 1,00Lebanon  2.465 475 58.000 19,3 0,82Israel  6.685 340 22.000 5,1 1,55Palestine 1.000 500 nd 50,0Jordan  10 10 64.520 100,0 0,02Egypt  24.548 23 49.000 0,1 0,05Lybia na na 200.000 na naTunisia 143.099 80.016 1.500.000 55,9 5,33Algeria 887 416 239.350 46,9 0,17Morocco 20.040 100 504.700 0,5 0,02Total 312.367 94.612 3.786.920 30,3 2,50All Med 3.299.154 362.210 7.379.090 11,0 4,91B/C    %A) Total organic areaB) Area with organic olive treesC) Area with olive treesB/A     %Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 2007186 Rulesfororganic olive oil• Respect the conversion period;• Know your soil and respect traditions;• Manage the natural fertility of the soil;• Defend with the help of nature;• Harvest with care and respect;• Process carefully.Comparative LCA givesmixed results10Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200719Organic olive oil chain• Respects the environment • In some cases, it improves the natural habitats• Uses local varieties• Ensures employment at farm level • Local processing and bottling provide jobs and income• Gives pride to producersFabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200720Biodiversity• Local and traditional olive tree varieties• Higher number of varieties• Introduction of shrubs and trees hosting parasitoids• Cultivation of leguminous crops as green manure• Sheep, goats, horses, (cattle ?) left grazing ￿ manure as fertilizer• Higher number of small mammals, birds, snakes?Further biological research is needed11Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200721Water conservation• Olive trees are naturally drought resistant.. • Olive trees were normally planted on the most difficult slopes, on marginal hills, on rocky areas; BUT• Increased use of irrigation (trickle) since the ’70s has made them more productive, but the root system is less deep ￿ more susceptible to reduced water availability• No specific organic guidelinesFurther research is needed (not only on olive trees)Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200722Links with fair trade: an example from UK In conversion CFT, UAWC, PARC 0,5 12 50,4 4,2 6,2 12,30,75 12 70,8 5,9 8,7 11,65,0 4 128,0 32,0 47,0 9,4 Organic Galilee Sindyanna 0,5 12 60,6 5,05 7,4 14,80,75 12 82,8 6,9 10,1 13,5Unit  literPrice (€) Per boxno. Total UnitPrice (£)Category SupplierContent(liter)Organic extra – virgin olive oil from Palestine12Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200723Scenario to 2010• Development of the organic agri-food chain: G1 > G2 > G3• Impact FAO, IFOAM, MOAN: G3• Annual average growth of output: 7,7% (crops and fruits)• Domestic market: G1 and G2; average value < 400.000 €• Export: EU;  average value < 700.000 €Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200724Limiting factorsObstacles MeanLow education, lack of extension and training 2,5Lack of structures (production, processing, distribution) 2,4Poor marketing 2,3Lack of consumers'awareness 2,1High production and certfication costs 1,9Lack of subsidies and of financial support 1,6Small size of farms and firms 1,5Lack of inputs and tools 1,3Low and/or fluctuating yields 1,2Competition of other foreign products (on foreign and local markets) 1,0Lack of harmonization with other legislations 0,5Lack of traceability 0,1Distance from foreign markets 0,0Missing legislations / regulations -0,2Lack of certification bodies -0,74 = strongly agree; -4 = strongly disagree13Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200725Favoring factors4 = strongly agree; -4 = strongly disagreeSuggestions MeanMore collaboration between international organizations and Donors3,1More cooperatives and associations 3,1Private foreign investments and joint ventures 3,0Expansion of eco-tourism and of agri-tourism 3,0More trade agreements, more access to EU markets, recognition of the national certification systems2,7Common Mediterranean logo 1,8Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200726Organic agriculture meets the MDGs1. Halving poverty and hunger- Higher resilience, more stable and better income, more jobs in rural areas (on farm and off farm diversification) ￿ Rural Development7. Ensuring environmental sustainability- Re-naturalization of countryside, lower water use, no chemicals, recuperation of native varieties, etc. ￿ More research is needed.8. Establishing a global partnership for development- Public support to OA through bilateral and multilateral cooperation;- Private and CSO’s partnerships based on respect and fair trade.14Fabio M. Santucci. DSEEA UniPG, Washington DC November 200727Thanks for your attention Fabio M. Santucci

Organic agriculture and olive oil production in the Southern Mediterranean Countries

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