Two historic (Red Fife and Marquis) and two modern (5602HR; AC Barrie) wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars were assessed to determine if cultivar mixtures provided a benefit to grain yield and disease and weed suppression in Manitoba over 3 site-years.  5602HR was the highest yielding sole cultivar while Marquis and AC Barrie were the lowest yielding sole cultivars. Red Fife yielded similar to 5602HR in several cases. Orthogonal contrasts across all site-years showed that 3 and 4 cultivar mixtures yielded similar (P>0.05) to 5602HR, the highest yielding monocrop

Entz, Martin

Pridham, Jackie

English

Organic Eprints

3rd  QLIF Congress, Hohenheim, Germany, March 20-23, 2007 Archived at http://orgprints.org/view/projects/int_conf_qlif2007.html   Mixtures of modern and historical wheat cultivars under  organic management in western Canada  J. Pridham and M.H. Entz  Key words: Diversity, weeds, leaf disease Abstract  Two historic (Red Fife and Marquis) and two modern (5602HR; AC Barrie) wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars were assessed to determine if cultivar mixtures provided a benefit to grain yield and disease and weed suppression in Manitoba over 3 site-years.  5602HR was the highest yielding sole cultivar while Marquis and AC Barrie were the lowest yielding sole cultivars. Red Fife yielded similar to 5602HR in several cases. Orthogonal contrasts across all site-years showed that 3 and 4 cultivar mixtures yielded similar (P>0.05) to 5602HR, the highest yielding monocrop. Introduction  Cultivar mixtures are typically used in production to maintain quality and yield while reducing pesticide inputs (Newton, 1997).  Cultivar mixtures have been successfully utilized in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) crops in Europe (Mundt, 2002). Few cultivar mixture studies have been conducted in Canada.   Wheat cultivars used before the advent of high input farming in western Canada (1880-1950) are considered by some organic farmers to be better suited for organic management.  Older cultivars have been shown to be more responsive to mycorrhizal colonization than modern cultivars, which would enhance the cultivar’s nutrient acquisition capabilities in lower fertility conditions (Hetrick et al., 1992).  Wheat production in western Canada is often dominated by one or two major cultivars.  AC Barrie is grown on over 40% of wheat hectares in the region; in Manitoba AC Barrie is grown on over 60% of wheat hectares.  5602HR is poised to become the next dominant wheat cultivar in the region. Materials and methods  Three site-years of experiments were conducted on organically-managed land in Manitoba in 2004 and 2005. Fifteen treatments were tested in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Two historic (Red Fife and Marquis) and two modern cultivars (5602HR and AC Barrie) were used in treatments of sole cultivars; and all two, three and four cultivar combinations. The treatments were seeded proportionally to achieve a final seed population of 300 viable seeds m-2 at a row spacing of 15 cm. Wheat was seeded in late May. Crop and weed density were assessed 3 weeks after seeding. Leaf disease was measured on 20 flag leaves sampled during mid-grain filling; percent leaf area infected was measured. Grain yield was assessed at maturity from samples threshed with a plot combine. Statistical analysis was carried out using analysis of variance and orthogonal contrasts. Results and Discussion Few significant differences in weed density were observed (Table 1).  Only Marquis, of the historic cultivars, resulted in numerically fewer weeds than all other sole cultivar   Archived at http://orgprints.org/9890/   3rd  QLIF Congress, Hohenheim, Germany, March 20-23, 2007 Archived at http://orgprints.org/view/projects/int_conf_qlif2007.html   treatments. 5602HR, the most recently developed cultivar, had higher weed densities at Carman in 2005 than both historic cultivars; a similar trend was observed at the other two sites. The major diseases were leaf rust (Pucinnia tritici), Septoria leaf botch (Septoria tritici) and tan spot (Pyrenphora tritici-repens).  Surprisingly, Red Fife was the cultivar which consistently had the lowest leaf disease level (Table 1).  One explanation for this observation is Red Fife’s slower phonological development (7 days later), which may have allowed it to avoid disease.  A full disease assessment in 2005 revealed that the lowest levels of disease tended to occur in mixtures that contained Red Fife, even when it was grown in mixtures with cultivars that in monoculture had a high disease level (e.g., Marquis and AC Barrie). Few treatment differences for grain yield were observed in this study. At Carman in 2005, 5602HR has significantly higher yield than the majority of treatments (Table 2). It was interesting to note that 5602HR produced the highest grain yield at Carman in 2005, despite having the most weeds (Table 1) and the highest weed biomass (data not shown).  While the modern cultivar 5602HR had a higher grain yield than Red Fife and Marquis at Carman in 2005, mixtures containing Red Fife and Marquis without 5602HR were comparable in grain yield to 5602HR (Table 2).  Therefore, mixtures did display some yield compensation. When combined across site-years, 5602HR yield significantly more than Marquis, AC Barrie and the Marquis-5602HR mixture. As Marquis and AC Barrie appeared to be the most affected by disease in all site-years (Table 1), it follows that their grain yield would be reduced compared to other treatments.  Orthogonal contrasts were used to compare the grain yield of the highest yielding cultivar, 5602HR, to mixtures with increasing levels of cultivar diversity. When combined across site-years, 5602HR significantly outyielded all two mixture treatments (Table 2).  However, as the number of cultivars within the mixtures was increased, the yield gap between 5602HR and the mixtures decreased.  In fact, the probability level of the contrast increased with each additional cultivar in the mixture; three and four cultivar mixtures yielded the same (p>0.05) as the 5602HR monocrop (Table 2). Conclusion This preliminary study showed that cultivar mixtures provided some advantages over wheat sole cultivars..  While cultivar mixtures did not provide consistent overyielding to sole cultivars, in two of three site-years, cultivar mixtures had the highest yield.  Also, in the one case where 5602HR had the highest yield among sole cultivar crops, some mixtures were comparable in yield.  Some of the advantage from mixtures in this study may have resulted from lower leaf disease offered by Red Fife. 5602HR, the most recently developed spring wheat cultivar in western Canada yielded well under organic management, despite high levels of weed infestation.  However, long-term production of such “weedy” cultivars may allow weed populations to build up, causing future problems.   3rd  QLIF Congress, Hohenheim, Germany, March 20-23, 2007 Archived at http://orgprints.org/view/projects/int_conf_qlif2007.html Tab. 1: The effect of wheat cultivars and wheat cultivar mixtures on weed population density and flag leaf disease severity (percent leaf area covered; %LAC) in field experiments conducted over three site-years in Manitoba.  Numbers in columns followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05.   Clearwater 2004  Carman 2004  Carman 2005  Weeds(m-2) Disease(%LAC) Weeds(m-2) Disease(%LAC) Weeds (m-2) Disease (%LAC) Red Fife  2262  89 b  2331 ab  22 b  1696b  79 de Red Fife-Marquis  2212  -  2298 ab  -  1711b  83 cde Red Fife-5602HR  2094  -  2320 ab  -  1554b  73e Red Fife-AC Barrie  2532  - 2216  ab - 1873ab  72e Red Fife-Marquis-5602HR  2133 -  2448  ab  -  1529b  80de Red Fife-Marquis-AC Barrie  2141  - 2215  ab - 1873ab  82cde Red Fife-AC Barrie-5602HR  2526 -  2238  ab  -  1847b  73e Red Fife-Marquis- AC Barrie-5602HR  2277 -  2582 a -  1446b  91bcd Marquis  2099  100 a  1958 ab  89 a  1345b  99a Marquis-5602HR  2242 -  2010  ab  -  1532b  98a Marquis-AC Barrie  2229 -  2200  ab  -  1539b  94abc Marquis-5602HR-AC Barrie  2365  - 2237  ab - 1900ab  97ab 5602HR  2311  98 a  2418 ab  61 a  2478a  93abc 5602HR-AC Barrie  2496  - 1840  b - 1786b  98ab AC Barrie  2440  99 a  2121 ab  89 a  1640b  97ab  Tab. 2: The effect of wheat cultivars and wheat cultivar mixtures on wheat grain yield (kg/ha) in field experiments conducted over three site-years in Manitoba, and contrasts comparing 5602HR with 2, 3 and 4 cultivar (cvs.) mixtures.  Numbers in columns followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05.  Clearwater 2004 Carman 2004  Carman 2005 Combined  (3 site-years) Red Fife  2474  2368 ab  1695 b  2179 ab Red Fife-Marquis  2419  2334 ab  1711 b  2155 ab Red Fife-5602HR  2290  2356 ab  1553 b  2066 ab Red Fife-AC Barrie  2769  2251 ab  1872 ab  2297 ab Red Fife-Marquis-5602HR  2332  2487 ab  1528 b  2166 ab Red Fife-Marquis-AC Barrie  2341  2250 ab  1872 ab  2154 ab Red Fife-AC Barrie-5602HR  2762  2273 ab  1846 b  2294 ab   3rd  QLIF Congress, Hohenheim, Germany, March 20-23, 2007 Archived at http://orgprints.org/view/projects/int_conf_qlif2007.html   Red Fife-Marquis- AC Barrie-5602HR  2490  2622 a  1446 b  2186 ab Marquis  2295  1988 ab  1345 b  1876 b Marquis-5602HR  2452  2041 ab  1531 b  2008 b Marquis-AC Barrie  2438  2234 ab  1538 b  2070 ab Marquis-5602HR-AC Barrie  2586  2272 ab  1900 ab  2253 ab 5602HR  2526  2456 ab  2477 a  2487 a 5602HR-AC Barrie  2729  1869 b  1785 b  2128 ab AC Barrie  2668  2154 ab  1640 b  2033 b Contrasts 5602HR vs 2 cvs.  0.9575 0.2599  0.0013  0.0308 5602HR vs. 3 cvs.  0.9170 0.5899  0.0072  0.1063 5602HR vs. 4 cvs.  .08864 0.6017  0.0018  0.1734  References Hetrick, B.A.D., G.W.T. Wilson, and T.S. Cox. 1992.  Mycorrhizal dependence of modern wheat cultivars, landraces and ancestors. Can J Bot. 70:2032-2040. Mundt, C.C. 2002. Performance of wheat cultivars and cultivar mixtures in the presence of Cephalosporium stripe. Crop protection 21:93099. Newton, A.C. 1997.  Cultivar mixtures in intensive agriculture. P. 65-79 in Crute et al. (eds.). The gene-for-gene relationship in plant-parasite interactions. CAB International, London, UK. 

Mixtures of modern and historical wheat cultivars under organic management in western Canada

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