In this study, the effects of different application techniques on emissions of nitrous oxide and methane from a barley field were compared

Esala, Martti

Kapuinen, Petri

Perälä, Paula

Regina, Kristiina

Tyynelä, Sanna

English

The effect of different fertilizer application techniques on nitrous oxide and methane emissions were investigated in a field experiment. Gas fluxes were measured during a five months period in 2001 from a barley field located in Vihti, southern Finland. The effects of different fertilizer application techniques on crop yield and quality were also investigated. According to the results, slurry injection produced the most N2O during the measurement period. Placement of mineral fertilizer produced least N2O. Methane fluxes were close to zero and there were no statistically significant differences between the treatments

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                                                                                                                                NJF-Seminar 372  Manure  - an agronomic and environmental challenge Arranged by NJF sections - Soil, Water and Environment - Engineering Nils Holgersson gymnasiet Skurup, Sweden September 5-6, 2005          NJF Report  •  Vol. 1  •  No 2  •  2005   37Influence of slurry and mineral fertiliser application technique on N2O and CH4 fluxes from a barley field  Paula Perälä1*, Petri Kapuinen2, Martti Esala1, Sanna Tyynelä2 and Kristiina Regina1  MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Environmental Research, Soils and Environment, FIN- 31600 Jokioinen, Finland, +358341882412, paula.perala@mtt.fi, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Agricultural Engineering, Vakolantie 55, FIN-03400 Vihti, Finland  Summary The effect of different fertilizer application techniques on nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions were investigated in a field experiment. Gas fluxes were measured during a five months period in 2001 from a barley field located in Vihti, southern Finland. The effects of different fertilizer application techniques on crop yield and quality were also investigated. According to the results, slurry injection produced the most N2O during the measurement period. Placement of mineral fertilizer produced least N2O. Methane fluxes were close to zero and there were no statistically significant differences between the treatments. Although slurry injection is a good fertilizer application method for producing good quality crop with high yield and minimal ammonia emissions, according to this experiment, it may increase direct N2O emissions. There is a need to develop slurry injection technique but national greenhouse gas inventory as well to include application techniques and different fertilizers.    Introduction N2O and CH4 are greenhouse gases emitted from agricultural sources (Houghton et al. 2001; Bouwman 1996) and fertilizer application techniques are known to affect these emissions (Ferm et al. 1999; Flessa & Beese 2000). Currently no data has been published about the effects of different fertilizer application techniques on N2O and CH4 emissions from agricultural soils in Finland. Placing slurry and fertilizer in one band at sowing is one option to improve the recovery of nutrients by the plants and to minimize ammonia emissions. However, high content of soluble nitrogen and carbon may increase N2O emissions from the band. In this field experiment, these effects were monitored during a five months period. Effects of fertilizer application techniques on crop yield and quality were also investigated.   Materials and methods The experiment was a randomized blocks design with 12 plots, 4 treatments and 3 replicates established in Vihti, southern Finland in 2001. The field was ploughed in the autumn and in the spring before the final cultivation the field was levelled. On the 10th of May the field was cultivated to the seeding depth with a rotary tiller. Fertilizer applications were performed thereafter as described in Table 1 by using a combination of tanker and drill (Figure 1) for all the treatments.     38Table 1. The amount of nitrogen applied and application technique used in the experiment Treatment  Technique used  Slurry N  (kg ha-1) Mineral  fertiliser N  (kg ha-1) Sinj+ F   Slurry (14.3 t ha-1) injection (8 - 10 cm) and placement of mineral fertiliser in combination with sowing 79  (60a) 50 Sinc + F   Incorporation of slurry (14.3 t ha-1) 1 hour after band spreading followed by combine placement of mineral fertiliser and sowing 79 (60a) 50 Sinj  Slurry (28.6 t ha-1) injection in combination with sowing  157 (120a)  Fplac  Placement of mineral fertiliser in combination with sowing  - 100      a  soluble N     Figure 1. Tanker and drill combination used to apply slurry, mineral fertilizer and seeds.  Gas fluxes were measured for five months after fertilization with a closed chamber method by using rectangular aluminum chambers (60 cm  by 60 cm). Gas samples (20 ml) were taken from the top of the chamber by using syringe, transferred immediately to pre-evacuated glass vials and analysed with a gas chromatograph. The method has been described in details by Regina et al. (2004). The effects of different treatments on crop yield and quality are reported by Kapuinen & Tyynelä (2002).  Results and discussion  During the five-months-period slurry injection (Sinj) produced the most N2O, the cumulative flux being 1100±169 g ha-1 (Figure 2). The second largest flux of N2O (660±70 g ha-1) was produced by slurry injection followed by placement of mineral fertilizer in combination with sowing (Sinj+ F). However, the differences between the treatments were not statistically significant. When slurry was incorporated one hour after band spreading followed by combine placement of mineral fertilizer and sowing (Sinc+F), cumulative N2O flux was 400±37 g ha-1. Placement of sole mineral fertilizer in combination with sowing (Fplac) resulted in a flux of 290±27 g ha-1, which was not statistically different from treatment Sinc+F. However, treatments Sinc+F and Fplac differed significantly from  treatments Sinj and Sinj+ F.     39-600-400-2000200400600800100012001400Sinj Sinj+FSinc+FFplacg ha-1 N2OCH4 Figure 2. Cumulative N2O and CH4 emissions (± SE) during a five-month-period in different treatments. Different letters indicate statistical differences (P<0.05) between the treatments (calculated from the mean fluxes).  According to the results, slurry and mineral fertilizer application techniques seem to have an effect on the gaseous losses of nitrogen as N2O, which is not included in the IPCC guidelines for compiling national greenhouse gas inventories (Penman et al. 2000). In this experiment, injection of sole slurry or injection of slurry followed by placement of mineral fertilizer in combination with sowing produced the most N2O. Slurry incorporation one hour after band spreading followed by placement of mineral fertilizer in combination with sowing, and placement of sole mineral fertilizer produced the lowest fluxes. Application of slurry on surface followed by incorporation produced an emission not significantly greater than that of placement of mineral fertilizer. Slurry injection increases soil moisture content in the location favourable for denitrifying microbes whereas mineral fertilizer application does not increase soil moisture which could be the reason for the lowest N2O emissions from placed mineral fertilizer. When slurry is spread on the surface and incorporated the moisture content does not raise over the critical level at any place, which could explain the emissions not greater than those of placed mineral fertilizer. Band spreading may have increased N volatilization directly as NH3 thus lowering direct N2O emissions from this treatment. NH3  emissions and dislocation thereafter increases the indirect N2O emissions. An application of slurry on surface followed by a rapid incorporation could result the lowest total N2O emissions if the nitrogen is used by the plants during the season. However, in Finland, there is typically very little rain in late May and June and the nitrogen incorporated to a dry top soil layer might never be used by barley which does not take significantly nutrients after the end of June. The remaining nitrogen will potentially cause direct N2O emissions when the rain wets the soil later or be leached in the autumn to the watercourse where it causes indirect N2O emissions. Therefore the injection technique should be developed in a way which allows injection without increasing the moisture content locally over the critical level. A winged tine injecting slurry evenly on the seeding bed could be the solution.  Cumulative CH4 fluxes ranged from -290 g ha-1 to 50 g ha-1 and no significant differences were noticed between the treatments. Application technique may also affect soil CH4 oxidation capacity. In this experiment small differences between the treatments were noticed but they were not statistically different. Total emissions as affected by the application technique produced the following order Sinj>Sinj+F>Sinc+F>Fplac when expressed as CO2 a a bba  40equivalents. When fertilizer application techniques are developed, it would be an advantage if fertilizer nitrogen is well available for plants with minimum gaseous losses to the atmosphere. It would also be an advantage if the technique would not disturb the methane oxidation capacity of soils.    Conclusion There is a need to develop slurry injection technique and national greenhouse gas inventory as well to include the effects of application techniques and different fertilizers.    References Bouwman, A.F., 1996. Direct emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 46: 53-70. Ferm, M., Kasimir-Klemedtsson, Å., Weslien, P., Klemedtsson, L., 1999. Emission of NH3 and N2O after spreading of pig slurry by broadcasting or band spreading. Soil Use Manage. 15: 27-33. Flessa, H., Beese, F., 2000. Laboratory estimates of trace gas emissions following surface application and injection of cattle slurry. J. Environ. Qual. 29: 262-268.  Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Xiaosu, D., 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Kapuinen, P., Tyynelä, S., 2002. Sian lietelannan käyttö viljojen lannoitukseen. In: Hopponen A. (ed.) Maataloustieteen Päivät 2002, Helsinki, 9.-10.1.2002. Suomen maataloustieteellisen seuran tiedote 18: 4. (In Finnish)  Penman, J., Kruger, D., Galbally, I., Hiraishi, T., Nyenzi, B., Emmanuel, S., Buendia, L., Hoppaus, R., Martinsen, T., Meijer, J., Miwa, K., Tanabe, K., 2000. Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Hayama, Japan. Regina, K., Syväsalo, E., Hannukkala, A., Esala, M., 2004. Fluxes of N2O from farmed peat soils in Finland, Eur. J. Soil Sci. 55: 591-599.                                                                                    Contact:             NJF General Secretariat                                                            E-mail: njf@njf.nu         Website:www.njf.nu            ISSN 1653-2015                              

Influence of slurry and mineral fertiliser application technique on N2O and CH4 fluxes from a barley field

   NJF – seminar no.372  Book of abstracts    Manure – an agronomic and environmental challenge  5-6 September 2005 Nils Holgerssongymnasiet, Skurup, Sweden     Maria Stenberg, Hans Nilsson, Rikharð Brynjolfsson, Petri Kapuinen, John Morken, Torkild Søndergaard Birkmose (eds.)    16Influence of slurry and mineral fertiliser application technique on N2O and CH4 fluxes from a barley field  Paula Perälä1, Petri Kapuinen2, Martti Esala1, Sanna Tyynelä2 and Kristiina Regina1 1MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Environmental Research, Soils and Environment, FIN- 31600 Jokioinen, Finland, 2 MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Agricultural Engineering, Vakolantie 55, FIN-03400 Vihti, Finland, tel +358 / 3 4188 2412, fax + 358 / 3 4188 2437, e-mail paula.perala@mtt.fi  Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are greenhouse gases influencing on global warming and destruction of ozone layer (Houghton et al., 2001; Crutzen, 1981). The application of livestock manure and mineral fertilisers is an important source of greenhouse gases in agriculture (Bouwman, 1996; Mosier et al, 1998). The emissions of N2O originate from nitrification and denitrification processes which are strongly influenced by soil temperature, moisture, pH and availability of soluble organic matter (Granli & Bøckman, 1994). Currently, there is lack of knowledge about the effect of different application techniques on fluxes from agricultural soils.  In this study, the effects of different application techniques on emissions of these gases from a barley field were compared. During a five-month period, slurry injection in combination with sowing produced the most N2O, cumulative N2O flux (￿SE) being 1100￿169 g N ha-1. When slurry was injected and mineral fertiliser placed in combination with sowing, the cumulative N2O emissions were 660￿70 g N ha-1. Cumulative N2O flux was 400￿37 g N ha-1 from slurry incorporated one hour after band spreading followed by combined placement of mineral fertiliser and sowing. N2O emissions were the lowest (290￿27 g N ha-1) when mineral fertiliser without slurry was placed in combination with sowing. The proportion of applied N lost as N2O during the five-month period was the highest (0.8%) in the treatment where only slurry was injected, and the lowest (0.3%), when mineral fertiliser was placed. Cumulative CH4 fluxes ranged from -290 g ha-1 to 50 g ha-1 in the treatments and no significant effect of the application technique was detected. The results suggest that separate emission factors should be developed for N2O emissions resulting from different application techniques.  Bouwman A.F. 1996. Direct emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 46: 53-70. Crutzen P.J. 1981. Atmospheric chemistry processes of the oxides of N, including N2O. In: Delwiche C.C. (ed.) Denitrification, nitrification and atmospheric nitrous oxide. John Wiley, New York, pp. 17-44. Granli T., Bøckman O.C.  1994. Nitrous oxide from agriculture. J. Agr. Sci. 12: 7-128.  Houghton J.T., Ding Y., Griggs D.J., Noguer M., van der Linden P.J., Xiaosu D. 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Mosier A., Kroeze C., Nevison C., Oenema O., Seitzinger S., van Cleemput O. 1998.  Closing the global N2O budget: Nitrous oxide emissions through the agricultural nitrogen cycle. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 52: 225-248.   

Influence of slurry and mineral fertiliser application technique on N2O and CH4 fluxes from a barley field

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