Spectra of light treatments applied to bilberry fruits. (PDF 27 kb

Elisabete Carvalho (3431267)

Helmi Mentula (3431264)

Hely Häggman (49385)

Jenni Hirsimäki (3431270)

Katja Karppinen (3431273)

Laura Jaakola (784880)

Laura Zoratti (784879)

Marian Sarala (3431276)

Stefan Martens (1474744)

BMC Plant Biology

PubMed

Background: Carotenoids are important pigments and precursors for central signaling molecules associated in fruit
development and ripening. Carotenoid metabolism has been studied especially in the climacteric tomato fruit but
the content of carotenoids and the regulation of their metabolism have been shown to be highly variable between
fruit species. Non-climacteric berries of the genus Vaccinium are among the best natural sources of health-beneficial
flavonoids but not studied previously for carotenoid biosynthesis.
Results: In this study, carotenoid biosynthetic genes, PSY, PDS, ZDS, CRTISO, LCYB, LCYE, BCH and CYP450-BCH, as well as a
carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase CCD1 were identified from bilberry (V. myrtillus L.) fruit and their expression was studied
along with carotenoid composition during fruit development under different photoperiod and light quality conditions.
Bilberry was found to be a good source of carotenoids among fruits and berries. The most abundant carotenoids
throughout the berry development were lutein and β-carotene, which were accompanied by lower amounts of 9Z-β-
carotene, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin. The expression patterns of the
biosynthetic genes in ripening fruits indicated a metabolic flux towards β-branch of the carotenoid pathway. However,
the carotenoid levels decreased in both the β-branch and ε,β-branch towards bilberry fruit ripening along with increased
VmCCD1 expression, similarly to VmNCED1, indicating enzymatic carotenoid cleavage and degradation. Intense white light
conditions increased the expression of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes but also the expression of the cleavage genes
VmCCD1 and VmNCED1, especially in unripe fruits. Instead, mature bilberry fruits responded specifically to red/far-red light
wavelengths by inducing the expression of both the carotenoid biosynthetic and the cleavage genes indicating tissue
and developmental stage specific regulation of apocarotenoid formation by light quality.
Conclusions: This is the first report of carotenoid biosynthesis in Vaccinium berries. Our results indicate that both
transcriptional regulation of the key biosynthetic genes and the enzymatic degradation of the produced carotenoids to
apocarotenoids have significant roles in the determination of the carotenoid content and have overall effect on the
metabolism during the bilberry fruit ripening

Karppinen, Katja

Zoratti, Laura

Sarala, Marian

Carvalho, Elisabete

Hirsimäki, Jenni

Mentula, Helmi

Martens, Stefan

Häggman, Hely

Jaakola, Laura

NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives

Carotenoid metabolism during bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruit development under different light conditions is regulated by biosynthesis and degradation

Katja Karppinen

Laura Zoratti

Marian Sarala

Elisabete Carvalho

Jenni Hirsimäki

Helmi Mentula

Stefan Martens

Hely Häggman

Laura Jaakola

Crossref

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This article is also available via DOI:10.1186/s12870-016-0785-5Background: Carotenoids are important pigments and precursors for central signaling molecules associated in fruit
development and ripening. Carotenoid metabolism has been studied especially in the climacteric tomato fruit but
the content of carotenoids and the regulation of their metabolism have been shown to be highly variable between
fruit species. Non-climacteric berries of the genus Vaccinium are among the best natural sources of health-beneficial
flavonoids but not studied previously for carotenoid biosynthesis.
Results: In this study, carotenoid biosynthetic genes, PSY, PDS, ZDS, CRTISO, LCYB, LCYE, BCH and CYP450-BCH, as well as a
carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase CCD1 were identified from bilberry (V. myrtillus L.) fruit and their expression was studied
along with carotenoid composition during fruit development under different photoperiod and light quality conditions.
Bilberry was found to be a good source of carotenoids among fruits and berries. The most abundant carotenoids
throughout the berry development were lutein and β-carotene, which were accompanied by lower amounts of 9Z-β-
carotene, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin. The expression patterns of the
biosynthetic genes in ripening fruits indicated a metabolic flux towards β-branch of the carotenoid pathway. However,
the carotenoid levels decreased in both the β-branch and ε,β-branch towards bilberry fruit ripening along with increased
VmCCD1 expression, similarly to VmNCED1, indicating enzymatic carotenoid cleavage and degradation. Intense white light
conditions increased the expression of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes but also the expression of the cleavage genes
VmCCD1 and VmNCED1, especially in unripe fruits. Instead, mature bilberry fruits responded specifically to red/far-red light
wavelengths by inducing the expression of both the carotenoid biosynthetic and the cleavage genes indicating tissue
and developmental stage specific regulation of apocarotenoid formation by light quality.
Conclusions: This is the first report of carotenoid biosynthesis in Vaccinium berries. Our results indicate that both
transcriptional regulation of the key biosynthetic genes and the enzymatic degradation of the produced carotenoids to
apocarotenoids have significant roles in the determination of the carotenoid content and have overall effect on the
metabolism during the bilberry fruit ripening

Munin - Open Research Archive

English

Springer - Publisher Connector

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Additional file 1: of Carotenoid metabolism during bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruit development under different light conditions is regulated by biosynthesis and degradation

Background: Carotenoids are important pigments and precursors for central signaling molecules associated in fruit development and ripening. Carotenoid metabolism has been studied especially in the climacteric tomato fruit but the content of carotenoids and the regulation of their metabolism have been shown to be highly variable between fruit species. Non-climacteric berries of the genus Vaccinium are among the best natural sources of health-beneficial flavonoids but not studied previously for carotenoid biosynthesis. Results: In this study, carotenoid biosynthetic genes, PSY, PDS, ZDS, CRTISO, LCYB, LCYE, BCH and CYP450-BCH, as well as a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase CCD1 were identified from bilberry (V. myrtillus L.) fruit and their expression was studied along with carotenoid composition during fruit development under different photoperiod and light quality conditions. Bilberry was found to be a good source of carotenoids among fruits and berries. The most abundant carotenoids throughout the berry development were lutein and β-carotene, which were accompanied by lower amounts of 9Z-β-carotene, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin. The expression patterns of the biosynthetic genes in ripening fruits indicated a metabolic flux towards β-branch of the carotenoid pathway. However, the carotenoid levels decreased in both the β-branch and ε,β-branch towards bilberry fruit ripening along with increased VmCCD1 expression, similarly to VmNCED1, indicating enzymatic carotenoid cleavage and degradation. Intense white light conditions increased the expression of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes but also the expression of the cleavage genes VmCCD1 and VmNCED1, especially in unripe fruits. Instead, mature bilberry fruits responded specifically to red/far-red light wavelengths by inducing the expression of both the carotenoid biosynthetic and the cleavage genes indicating tissue and developmental stage specific regulation of apocarotenoid formation by light quality. Conclusions: This is the first report of carotenoid biosynthesis in Vaccinium berries. Our results indicate that both transcriptional regulation of the key biosynthetic genes and the enzymatic degradation of the produced carotenoids to apocarotenoids have significant roles in the determination of the carotenoid content and have overall effect on the metabolism during the bilberry fruit ripening

NIBIO Brage

Background: Carotenoids are important pigments and precursors for central signaling molecules associated in fruit
development and ripening. Carotenoid metabolism has been studied especially in the climacteric tomato fruit but
the content of carotenoids and the regulation of their metabolism have been shown to be highly variable between
fruit species. Non-climacteric berries of the genus Vaccinium are among the best natural sources of health-beneficial
flavonoids but not studied previously for carotenoid biosynthesis.
Results: In this study, carotenoid biosynthetic genes, PSY, PDS, ZDS, CRTISO, LCYB, LCYE, BCH and CYP450-BCH, as well as a
carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase CCD1 were identified from bilberry (V. myrtillus L.) fruit and their expression was studied
along with carotenoid composition during fruit development under different photoperiod and light quality conditions.
Bilberry was found to be a good source of carotenoids among fruits and berries. The most abundant carotenoids
throughout the berry development were lutein and β-carotene, which were accompanied by lower amounts of 9Z-β-
carotene, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin. The expression patterns of the
biosynthetic genes in ripening fruits indicated a metabolic flux towards β-branch of the carotenoid pathway. However,
the carotenoid levels decreased in both the β-branch and ε,β-branch towards bilberry fruit ripening along with increased
VmCCD1 expression, similarly to VmNCED1, indicating enzymatic carotenoid cleavage and degradation. Intense white light
conditions increased the expression of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes but also the expression of the cleavage genes
VmCCD1 and VmNCED1, especially in unripe fruits. Instead, mature bilberry fruits responded specifically to red/far-red light
wavelengths by inducing the expression of both the carotenoid biosynthetic and the cleavage genes indicating tissue
and developmental stage specific regulation of apocarotenoid formation by light quality.
Conclusions: This is the first report of carotenoid biosynthesis in Vaccinium berries. Our results indicate that both
transcriptional regulation of the key biosynthetic genes and the enzymatic degradation of the produced carotenoids to
apocarotenoids have significant roles in the determination of the carotenoid content and have overall effect on the
metabolism during the bilberry fruit ripenin

Karppinen, K.

Zoratti, L.

Sarala, M.

Hirsimäki, J.

Häggman, H.

Jaakola, L.

Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Fondazione Edmund Mach

https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12870-016-0785-5?site=bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com

Additional file 1: of Carotenoid metabolism during bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruit development under different light conditions is regulated by biosynthesis and degradation

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