Price, Jack D.

English

Texas A&M University

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
PESTicidE
EXpOSURE ...
PROTECTIVE
MEASURES
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE
J. E. Hutchison, Director, College Station, Texas
l-1167
Pesticide Exposure ...
Protective Measures
Jack D. Price*
Chemicals used as pesticides are toxic (poisonous)
and care must be exercised to avoid accidental
poisoning. Minimizing exposure to chemicals is an
essential element of safe use. A review of the exposure
routes illustrates the importance of taking proper
precautions and using proper protective measures when
working with chemical pesticides. Chemicals may enter
the body through dermal (skin), respiratory (lungs) and
oral (mouth) routes (figure 1).
Dermal exposure. The dermal route is the most
important one during exposure situations in the field, in
handling and in formulating. Percutaneous (skin)
absorption is the probable route of entry in nearly 80
percent of the occupational poisoning cases by industrial
and agricultural chemicals in one western state.
Occupational poisoning by various pesticides is more
closely related to their acute dermal toxicity than to
their acute oral toxicity.
Factors affecting dermal absorption include:
• the pesticide's physical and chemical
properties
• health and condition of the skin
• temperature
• humidity
• presence of other chemicals (solvents,
surfactants, etc.)
• pesticide concentration
• type of formulation
• skin site (Le., forehead, forearm,
crotch, etc.)
Persons with skin conditions should avoid
exposure to pesticides unless extra precautions are taken
to minimize dermal exposure. Similarly persons with
cuts, abrasions, scratches, scuffs or any other skin
damage or disruption should exercise extra care to
minimize exposure to those areas.
*Extension leader-agricultural chemicals, Texas A&M University.
Other factors affecting dermal exposure include
wind, type of activity, application method, application
rate and duration of exposure. Of these factors, wind is a
most important environmental condition studied as an
exposure determinant. Effect of wind varies according to
size of spray droplets and is probably maximal in the
mist produced by air blast machines used in orchards,
during aerial application and when applying dust
formulations. Loaders and flaggers are subject to
relatively high levels of dermal exposure and, of course,
indoor spraying can be extremely hazardous in terms of
dermal exposure. Other activities resulting in dermal
exposure include maintenance and repair of contamin-
ated equipment and contact with treated surfaces.
Parathion, for example, apparently can be fairly stable
on and in equipment. Poisoning from contact with
treated plant surfaces has been reported. Hand
harvesting, thinning, cultivating, irrigating and insect
scouting can result in sufficient dermal exposure to
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
FIGURE 1
:-he princIpal route of exposure
dUring most exposure sItuatIons
(absorptIon through the skIn)
2) RESPI RATORY: An Important route of exposure,
particularly in the case of toxic
dusts, mIsts and vapors. (absorp·
tion through the lungs)
3) ORAL: A serious route of exposure in the
case of splashing materials into the
mouth or contaminating food or
beverage. (absorption through the
gastrointestinal tract)
NOTE: Cuts, scratches, abrasions or skIn
disorders wIll Increase the hazard
of dermal exposure.
result in poisoning, particularly among workers entering
fields too soon following pesticide applications.
The following suggestions are intended as a guide
to protective measures that will minimize dermal (skin)
exposure:
Absorption through the skin can occur directly
through intact skin, apparently through the hair follicle,
and disrupted skin. Differences in absorption rate
through the skin of the forearm, pal m, forehead, scal p,
etc. are known to occur (figure 2).
1.
2.
Observe recommended protective measures
specifically mentioned on the label.
Cover up before exposure, not after.
Covering contaminated skin with a thin
plastic wrap has caused a fourfold increase in
parathion absorption.
[\
Percent
Absorbed2
100 -
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
ABSORPTION OF INSECTICI ES APPLIED TO SKIN1
Figure
-
10 -
In I n n
FOREARM PALM FOOT(BALL) ABDO EN SCALP FOREHEAD EAR CANAL SCROTUM
ill PARATHION 0 MALATHION til CARBARYL
1 Adapted from Maibach et. al. 1971.
2 Measured indirectly as corrected urinary recovery in percent of dose
applied to skin.
,
_____________________l .....~ _
3. Use clean clothing daily and bathe (shower)
at least da ily .
4. A wide-brimmed hat, preferably waterproof,
offers protection from downward drift for
face and neck areas. Contaminated hatbands
can present a problem; thus, use an
inexpensive hat that can be discarded after
minimal use or one with a replaceable
hatband.
5. Wear unlined, natural rubber, gauntlet gloves
for best protection. Prevent contamination
of the inside of the gloves.
6. A long-sleeved, light-colored, washable cloth
jacket, preferably water-repellant, is desir-
able. Disposable paper jackets have been
tested and apparently are suitable except in
heavy 'Netting.
7. If exposure to the lower trunk and legs is
anticipated (mixing, loading, etc.), a water-
proof apron is essential.
8. Use waterproof shoes or boots. Leather
shoes crack after a few wettings and thus are
penetrated easily. Canvas shoes also become
wet and are a constant source of dermal
exposure.
9. Shield the eyes to avoid contamination,
particularly if splashing may occur (mixing,
loading, etc.). Plastic shields or masks
generally are tolerated better by agricultural
workers than are goggles.
In view of the potential hazard of poisoning via
dermal exposure, suggested protective measures become
more meaningful. One should not, however, ignore the
possibility of exposure either orally or through
respiration. While exposure through these routes is
generally much less than through dermal exposure, the
pesticide is much more readily absorbed through these
routes.
Oral route. Accidental splashing or transfer of pesticides
to the mouth through inadvertent actions such as wiping
one's face on the sleeve, cuff or hand are probably
the most likely means of ingesting pesticides. Other
means include food handled with contaminated hands;
food exposed to spray, dust or spills of pesticides;
contaminated drinking utensils and attempting to clear
nozzles by blowing through the orifice. Although not
considered a major source of occupational exposure to
pesticides, absorption through the gastrointestinal tract
is generally more efficient than through the skin.
Minimize exposure, of course, whenever possible, thus
reducing total exposure.
Oral exposure can be minimized by the following
steps:
1. Check the label for special instructions or
warnings regarding oral exposure.
2. Never eat or drink while spraying or dusting.
3. Wash thoroughly with soap and water before
eating or drinking.
4. Do not touch lips to contaminated objects
or surfaces.
5. Do not wipe the mouth with hands, forearm
or clothing.
6. Do not expose lunch, lunch container,
beverage or drinking vessel to pesticides.
7. If involved in operations that may result in
splashing of pesticides, wear a full-face,
plastic shield or mask.
Respiratory route. The potential hazard of respiratory
exposure is great because near complete absorption of
pesticides occurs through this route. Vapors and
extremely fine particles represent the most serious
potential of respiratory exposure. Airborne contamin-
ants of about 10 microns or less (those representing a
high potential of respiratory exposure) include pesticide
dusts, aerosols, fog, fumes, smoke and certain mists.
Appl ication in confined spaces also contributes to an
increased potential respiratory exposure.
Respiratory protection can be provided by various
types of respirators. Respirators are uncomfortable to
wear, particularly in the hot and often dusty conditions
encountered in pesticide application. Because of the
discomfort, persons must fully realize the need for
protection or they will not wear them.
Most respirators used in pesticide operations are
air purifying. Respirators remove contami nants from the
air by filtering or by chemical absorption or adsorption.
Filters remove particles by physical trapping as air
is inhaled. Mechanical filter respirators do not provide
protection against gases, vapors or oxygen dificiency.
Different classes of mechanical filter respirators are
available, thus providing economical and efficient
protection against specific particulate hazards. In
pesticide operations, the pesticide may vaporize. Thus, if
a respirator other than a filter type is called for on the
label of a pesticide, there undoubtedly is a sound reason.
Chemically removing a contaminant from the air is
characterized by a cartridge or cannister housing the
chemical. Chemicals used in respirators for pesticide
protection function in one of two ways:
1. Adsorption - The contaminant is adsorbed to
the chemical's surface in the cannister.
Activated alumina, molecular sieves, silica
gel, etc. are commonly used. Certain
contaminants require specific types of
adsorbents.
2. Absorption - Absorption involves a chemical
reaction between the chemio.:al in the
cannister and the contaminant in contrast to
the surface attraction involved in adsorption.
A chemical reaction takes place between the
two generally on the surface of the chemical
in the cannister.
These means of purifying air are employed in
chemical cartridge respirators and gas masks.
No matter how well a respiratory device is designed
and made, unless it is properly maintained, it may fail to
provide protection. The two most common problems are
(1) failure to occasionally wash the face-piece with soap
and water and (2) neglecting to change the filter
cartridges regularly.
Observe the following suggested practices:
1. Read the label. If a respirator is required, the
information will appear on the label
including the type that will meet the
particular need. In fumigation or applying
highly toxic pesticides in confined spaces, a
respirator with a special compressed air
supply tank is suggested.
2. Check the f~ce-piece for cracks, hardening
and elasticity of straps. A good seal is
essential.
3. Change filters twice a day and whenever
breathing becomes difficult.
4. Change cartridges after 8 hours of actual use
and whenever any odor of the pesticide is
detected.
5. Remove filters and cartridges and wash the
face-piece with soap and warm water after
use. Rinse thoroughly to remove traces of
soap. Dry with a clean cloth that is not
contaminated with the pesticide. Place the
face-piece in a well-ventilated area to dry.
6. Store the respirator, filters and cartridges in
a clean, dry place, preferably a tightly closed
paper or plastic bag.
SELECTED REFERENCES
Birmingham, D. J. 1958. Occupational dermatosis - their
recognition control and prevention in the industrial
environment - its evaluation and control. U.S. Department
of Health, Education and Welfare. pp. B-30-1 to B-30-8.
De Grozs, I. 1969. Chemical burns of the eye due to pesticides.
Ophthal mologica. 158: 136-140.
Deichmann, W. B. 1967. Safe handling and use of organic
phosphate pesticides. Ind. Med. and Surg. 36: 267-274.
Finley, E. L. and Rogillio, F. R. B. 1969. DDT and methyl
parathion residues found in cotton and cotton-polyester
fabrics worn in cotton fields. Bull. Environ. Cont. &
Toxicol. 4: 343-351.
Fredriksson, T. 1961. Percutaneous absorption of parathion and
paraoxon. IV. Decontamination of human skin from
parathion. Arch. Environ. HIth. 3: 185-188.
Fredriksson, T. 1961. Studies on the percutaneous absorption of
iparathion and paraoxon. II. Distribution of 321'Iabeled
parathion within the skin. Acta Dermato-Verereologica.
41: 344-352.
Fredriksson, T. 1961. Studies on percutaneous absorption of
parath ion and paraoxon. III. Rate of absorpti on of
parathion. Acta Dermato-Verereologica. 41: 353-362.
Ganelin. R. S.; Mail, G. A.; and Cueto. C.. Jr. 1964. Hazards of
equipment contaminated with parathion. Arch. Environ.
Hlth. 8: 826-828.
Glidden, G. M. 1964. How your gas mask cannister works. Pest
Control. pp. 1-4.
Hayes, W. J., Jr. 1954. Agricultural Chemicals and Public Health.
Public Health Reports. 69: 839-898.
Hayes. W. J.• Jr. 1971. Studies on exposure during the use of
anticholinesterase pesticides. Bull. Wid. Hlth. Org. 44
277-288.
Kay, K. 1964. Environmental toxicology in industry and
agriculture. Arch. Environ. Hlth. 8: 681-699.
Maibach, H. I.; Feldmann, R. J.; Milby, T. H.; and $erat, W. F.
1971. Regional variation in percutaneous penetration in
man. Arch. Environ. Hlth. 23: 208-211.
Noakes, D. N. and Sanderson, D. M. 1969. A method for
determining the dermal toxicity of pesticides. Brit. J. Ind.
Med. 26 ( 1): 59-64.
Quinby, G. E. and Lemmon, A. B. 1958. Parathion residues as a
cause of poisoning in crop workers. J. Am. Med. Assoc.
166: 74()'746.
Scheupleen, R. and Ross, L. 1970. Effects of surfactants and
solvents on the permeability of epidermis. J. Soc. Cosmet.
Chem. 21: 853-873-
Starr, H. G. and Clifford, N. J. 1971. Absorption of pesticides in
a chronic skin disease. Arch. Environ. Hlth. 22: 396-400.
Wolfe, H. R.; Durham, W. F.; and Armstrong, J. F. 1967.
Exposure of workers to pesticides. Arch. Environ. Hlth.
14: 622-633.
Wolfe, H. R. 1971. Protection of workers from pesticide
exposure. Proc. of the trainin~ course "Pesticides and
Public Health (Advanced)". January 18-20, 1971.
Atlanta, Georgia. pp. 117-128.
Wolfe, H. R.; Armstrong, J. F.; and Durham, W. F. 1966-
Pesticide exposure from concentrate spraying. Arch.
Environ. Hlth. 13: 34(}344.
Educational programs conducted by the Texas Agricultural
Extension Service serve people of all ages regardless of
socia-economic levels, race, color, sex, religion or national origin.
Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home
Economics, Texas A&M University and the United States
Department of Agriculture cooperating. Distributed in further-
ance of the Acts of Congress of May 8, 1914, as amended, and
June 30, 1914.
10M-5-73 CHEM


Pesticide Exposure…Protective Measures.

Texas A&amp;M Repository

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxPESTicidEEXpOSURE ...PROTECTIVEMEASURESxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxTEXAS A&M UNIVERSITYTEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICEJ. E. Hutchison, Director, College Station, Texasl-1167Pesticide Exposure ...Protective MeasuresJack D. Price*Chemicals used as pesticides are toxic (poisonous)and care must be exercised to avoid accidentalpoisoning. Minimizing exposure to chemicals is anessential element of safe use. A review of the exposureroutes illustrates the importance of taking properprecautions and using proper protective measures whenworking with chemical pesticides. Chemicals may enterthe body through dermal (skin), respiratory (lungs) andoral (mouth) routes (figure 1).Dermal exposure. The dermal route is the mostimportant one during exposure situations in the field, inhandling and in formulating. Percutaneous (skin)absorption is the probable route of entry in nearly 80percent of the occupational poisoning cases by industrialand agricultural chemicals in one western state.Occupational poisoning by various pesticides is moreclosely related to their acute dermal toxicity than totheir acute oral toxicity.Factors affecting dermal absorption include:• the pesticide's physical and chemicalproperties• health and condition of the skin• temperature• humidity• presence of other chemicals (solvents,surfactants, etc.)• pesticide concentration• type of formulation• skin site (Le., forehead, forearm,crotch, etc.)Persons with skin conditions should avoidexposure to pesticides unless extra precautions are takento minimize dermal exposure. Similarly persons withcuts, abrasions, scratches, scuffs or any other skindamage or disruption should exercise extra care tominimize exposure to those areas.*Extension leader-agricultural chemicals, Texas A&M University.Other factors affecting dermal exposure includewind, type of activity, application method, applicationrate and duration of exposure. Of these factors, wind is amost important environmental condition studied as anexposure determinant. Effect of wind varies according tosize of spray droplets and is probably maximal in themist produced by air blast machines used in orchards,during aerial application and when applying dustformulations. Loaders and flaggers are subject torelatively high levels of dermal exposure and, of course,indoor spraying can be extremely hazardous in terms ofdermal exposure. Other activities resulting in dermalexposure include maintenance and repair of contamin-ated equipment and contact with treated surfaces.Parathion, for example, apparently can be fairly stableon and in equipment. Poisoning from contact withtreated plant surfaces has been reported. Handharvesting, thinning, cultivating, irrigating and insectscouting can result in sufficient dermal exposure toROUTES OF EXPOSUREFIGURE 1:-he princIpal route of exposuredUring most exposure sItuatIons(absorptIon through the skIn)2) RESPI RATORY: An Important route of exposure,particularly in the case of toxicdusts, mIsts and vapors. (absorp·tion through the lungs)3) ORAL: A serious route of exposure in thecase of splashing materials into themouth or contaminating food orbeverage. (absorption through thegastrointestinal tract)NOTE: Cuts, scratches, abrasions or skIndisorders wIll Increase the hazardof dermal exposure.result in poisoning, particularly among workers enteringfields too soon following pesticide applications.The following suggestions are intended as a guideto protective measures that will minimize dermal (skin)exposure:Absorption through the skin can occur directlythrough intact skin, apparently through the hair follicle,and disrupted skin. Differences in absorption ratethrough the skin of the forearm, pal m, forehead, scal p,etc. are known to occur (figure 2).1.2.Observe recommended protective measuresspecifically mentioned on the label.Cover up before exposure, not after.Covering contaminated skin with a thinplastic wrap has caused a fourfold increase inparathion absorption.[\PercentAbsorbed2100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -ABSORPTION OF INSECTICI ES APPLIED TO SKIN1Figure-10 -In I n nFOREARM PALM FOOT(BALL) ABDO EN SCALP FOREHEAD EAR CANAL SCROTUMill PARATHION 0 MALATHION til CARBARYL1 Adapted from Maibach et. al. 1971.2 Measured indirectly as corrected urinary recovery in percent of doseapplied to skin.,_____________________l .....~ _3. Use clean clothing daily and bathe (shower)at least da ily .4. A wide-brimmed hat, preferably waterproof,offers protection from downward drift forface and neck areas. Contaminated hatbandscan present a problem; thus, use aninexpensive hat that can be discarded afterminimal use or one with a replaceablehatband.5. Wear unlined, natural rubber, gauntlet glovesfor best protection. Prevent contaminationof the inside of the gloves.6. A long-sleeved, light-colored, washable clothjacket, preferably water-repellant, is desir-able. Disposable paper jackets have beentested and apparently are suitable except inheavy 'Netting.7. If exposure to the lower trunk and legs isanticipated (mixing, loading, etc.), a water-proof apron is essential.8. Use waterproof shoes or boots. Leathershoes crack after a few wettings and thus arepenetrated easily. Canvas shoes also becomewet and are a constant source of dermalexposure.9. Shield the eyes to avoid contamination,particularly if splashing may occur (mixing,loading, etc.). Plastic shields or masksgenerally are tolerated better by agriculturalworkers than are goggles.In view of the potential hazard of poisoning viadermal exposure, suggested protective measures becomemore meaningful. One should not, however, ignore thepossibility of exposure either orally or throughrespiration. While exposure through these routes isgenerally much less than through dermal exposure, thepesticide is much more readily absorbed through theseroutes.Oral route. Accidental splashing or transfer of pesticidesto the mouth through inadvertent actions such as wipingone's face on the sleeve, cuff or hand are probablythe most likely means of ingesting pesticides. Othermeans include food handled with contaminated hands;food exposed to spray, dust or spills of pesticides;contaminated drinking utensils and attempting to clearnozzles by blowing through the orifice. Although notconsidered a major source of occupational exposure topesticides, absorption through the gastrointestinal tractis generally more efficient than through the skin.Minimize exposure, of course, whenever possible, thusreducing total exposure.Oral exposure can be minimized by the followingsteps:1. Check the label for special instructions orwarnings regarding oral exposure.2. Never eat or drink while spraying or dusting.3. Wash thoroughly with soap and water beforeeating or drinking.4. Do not touch lips to contaminated objectsor surfaces.5. Do not wipe the mouth with hands, forearmor clothing.6. Do not expose lunch, lunch container,beverage or drinking vessel to pesticides.7. If involved in operations that may result insplashing of pesticides, wear a full-face,plastic shield or mask.Respiratory route. The potential hazard of respiratoryexposure is great because near complete absorption ofpesticides occurs through this route. Vapors andextremely fine particles represent the most seriouspotential of respiratory exposure. Airborne contamin-ants of about 10 microns or less (those representing ahigh potential of respiratory exposure) include pesticidedusts, aerosols, fog, fumes, smoke and certain mists.Appl ication in confined spaces also contributes to anincreased potential respiratory exposure.Respiratory protection can be provided by varioustypes of respirators. Respirators are uncomfortable towear, particularly in the hot and often dusty conditionsencountered in pesticide application. Because of thediscomfort, persons must fully realize the need forprotection or they will not wear them.Most respirators used in pesticide operations areair purifying. Respirators remove contami nants from theair by filtering or by chemical absorption or adsorption.Filters remove particles by physical trapping as airis inhaled. Mechanical filter respirators do not provideprotection against gases, vapors or oxygen dificiency.Different classes of mechanical filter respirators areavailable, thus providing economical and efficientprotection against specific particulate hazards. Inpesticide operations, the pesticide may vaporize. Thus, ifa respirator other than a filter type is called for on thelabel of a pesticide, there undoubtedly is a sound reason.Chemically removing a contaminant from the air ischaracterized by a cartridge or cannister housing thechemical. Chemicals used in respirators for pesticideprotection function in one of two ways:1. Adsorption - The contaminant is adsorbed tothe chemical's surface in the cannister.Activated alumina, molecular sieves, silicagel, etc. are commonly used. Certaincontaminants require specific types ofadsorbents.2. Absorption - Absorption involves a chemicalreaction between the chemio.:al in thecannister and the contaminant in contrast tothe surface attraction involved in adsorption.A chemical reaction takes place between thetwo generally on the surface of the chemicalin the cannister.These means of purifying air are employed inchemical cartridge respirators and gas masks.No matter how well a respiratory device is designedand made, unless it is properly maintained, it may fail toprovide protection. The two most common problems are(1) failure to occasionally wash the face-piece with soapand water and (2) neglecting to change the filtercartridges regularly.Observe the following suggested practices:1. Read the label. If a respirator is required, theinformation will appear on the labelincluding the type that will meet theparticular need. In fumigation or applyinghighly toxic pesticides in confined spaces, arespirator with a special compressed airsupply tank is suggested.2. Check the f~ce-piece for cracks, hardeningand elasticity of straps. A good seal isessential.3. Change filters twice a day and wheneverbreathing becomes difficult.4. Change cartridges after 8 hours of actual useand whenever any odor of the pesticide isdetected.5. Remove filters and cartridges and wash theface-piece with soap and warm water afteruse. Rinse thoroughly to remove traces ofsoap. Dry with a clean cloth that is notcontaminated with the pesticide. Place theface-piece in a well-ventilated area to dry.6. Store the respirator, filters and cartridges ina clean, dry place, preferably a tightly closedpaper or plastic bag.SELECTED REFERENCESBirmingham, D. J. 1958. Occupational dermatosis - theirrecognition control and prevention in the industrialenvironment - its evaluation and control. U.S. Departmentof Health, Education and Welfare. pp. B-30-1 to B-30-8.De Grozs, I. 1969. Chemical burns of the eye due to pesticides.Ophthal mologica. 158: 136-140.Deichmann, W. B. 1967. Safe handling and use of organicphosphate pesticides. Ind. Med. and Surg. 36: 267-274.Finley, E. L. and Rogillio, F. R. B. 1969. DDT and methylparathion residues found in cotton and cotton-polyesterfabrics worn in cotton fields. Bull. Environ. Cont. &Toxicol. 4: 343-351.Fredriksson, T. 1961. Percutaneous absorption of parathion andparaoxon. IV. Decontamination of human skin fromparathion. Arch. Environ. HIth. 3: 185-188.Fredriksson, T. 1961. Studies on the percutaneous absorption ofiparathion and paraoxon. II. Distribution of 321'Iabeledparathion within the skin. Acta Dermato-Verereologica.41: 344-352.Fredriksson, T. 1961. Studies on percutaneous absorption ofparath ion and paraoxon. III. Rate of absorpti on ofparathion. Acta Dermato-Verereologica. 41: 353-362.Ganelin. R. S.; Mail, G. A.; and Cueto. C.. Jr. 1964. Hazards ofequipment contaminated with parathion. Arch. Environ.Hlth. 8: 826-828.Glidden, G. M. 1964. How your gas mask cannister works. PestControl. pp. 1-4.Hayes, W. J., Jr. 1954. Agricultural Chemicals and Public Health.Public Health Reports. 69: 839-898.Hayes. W. J.• Jr. 1971. Studies on exposure during the use ofanticholinesterase pesticides. Bull. Wid. Hlth. Org. 44277-288.Kay, K. 1964. Environmental toxicology in industry andagriculture. Arch. Environ. Hlth. 8: 681-699.Maibach, H. I.; Feldmann, R. J.; Milby, T. H.; and $erat, W. F.1971. Regional variation in percutaneous penetration inman. Arch. Environ. Hlth. 23: 208-211.Noakes, D. N. and Sanderson, D. M. 1969. A method fordetermining the dermal toxicity of pesticides. Brit. J. Ind.Med. 26 ( 1): 59-64.Quinby, G. E. and Lemmon, A. B. 1958. Parathion residues as acause of poisoning in crop workers. J. Am. Med. Assoc.166: 74()'746.Scheupleen, R. and Ross, L. 1970. Effects of surfactants andsolvents on the permeability of epidermis. J. Soc. Cosmet.Chem. 21: 853-873-Starr, H. G. and Clifford, N. J. 1971. Absorption of pesticides ina chronic skin disease. Arch. Environ. Hlth. 22: 396-400.Wolfe, H. R.; Durham, W. F.; and Armstrong, J. F. 1967.Exposure of workers to pesticides. Arch. Environ. Hlth.14: 622-633.Wolfe, H. R. 1971. Protection of workers from pesticideexposure. Proc. of the trainin~ course "Pesticides andPublic Health (Advanced)". January 18-20, 1971.Atlanta, Georgia. pp. 117-128.Wolfe, H. R.; Armstrong, J. F.; and Durham, W. F. 1966-Pesticide exposure from concentrate spraying. Arch.Environ. Hlth. 13: 34(}344.Educational programs conducted by the Texas AgriculturalExtension Service serve people of all ages regardless ofsocia-economic levels, race, color, sex, religion or national origin.Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and HomeEconomics, Texas A&M University and the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture cooperating. Distributed in further-ance of the Acts of Congress of May 8, 1914, as amended, andJune 30, 1914.10M-5-73 CHEM

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Pesticide Exposure…Protective Measures.

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Pesticide Exposure…Protective Measures.

Abstract

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Texas A&M University

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