Okeyo Mwai, Ally

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Challenges and opportunities for improved tropical dairy productivity and resilience Okeyo A.M.International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)CTLGH Annual Meeting 2017Edinburgh, 26-28 September, 2017Key agro-ecological zones insub-Saharan Africa .Source http://harvestchoice.orgAfrican livestock• 310 million cattle, 360 & 340 million goats & sheep• 34 million pigs, 23 million camels and 1.9 billion chicken • 150 indigenous breeds• Kept by 309 million peopleSource : FAO, 2015The Tropics: Some Facts on SSAAgro-Ecological Zone (AEZ)1landarea  (km2)cultivated land  (%)Population (millions)below poverty line (%)Humid 3,177,532      8.0 127.2 48.5Sub-humid 5,138,577       10.3 238.8 57.3Semi-arid 5,466,015       16.2 197.0 52.5Arid 6,096,894       2.0 43.8 23.3Highland 2,758,556       18.1 217.9 44.0Sub-tropical2 1,489,561       8.1 30.3 30.5Total 24,127,135   10.5 855.0                 48.8Source http://harvestchoice.orgCoverage & demographic characteristics of key agro-eco zones in Sub-Saharan Africa • The proportion of unemployed youth is highest in the world (> 40%) • Political strife is frequent, signaling sense of hopelessness• Average cereal yields are 1.4 tons/ha (6 times lower than the N. America’s  figures)Potential impact of improved tropical dairy productivity and resilience1. Sustained increase in income and improved livelihoods for millions of dairy smallholdersFrom too large and underfedPurebreds to moderate sized well-fed, productive & more resilient geneticsOptimize Realized Productivity for farmersProductivityBetter match of breed-type tofarmers’ production systemsPotential impact cont..2. Improved food, nutrition security & health of the poor households in Sub Saharan Africa:A glass of milk/day for children under 5 yrsaffordable by millions of rural householdsPotential impact cont..3. Improved/sustained environmental health0123456780 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000methane (CO2eq)/kg milk90% of Ethiopian milk production now> 60% (desired future scenario)Fewer but more productive cowsVision: What would success look like?farmersfarmersadapted , prodGeneticallyMillions of stable tropically adapted and productive dairy cowsuctive & stable dairy Forage producersOther input providersPRoceSsorsfarmersResearchersA globally shared data platforms and samples but with clear MTAs & Access & Benefit Sharing (ABS) frameworksDetailed data DB(cleaned)Hand-held gadgetErrorLogData querying AnalyticsSamplesR PyFField staffConsultationAnalyzed data/samplesDB(results per script)Visualized resultsetc.)Further Data cleaningPPPFeedback FarmersOther scientistsExternal AccessOther primary data(e.g., service providers)Clear MTAs &ABS are keyClear MTAs &ABS are keyClear MTAs &ABS are keyClear MTAs &ABS are keyClear MTAs &ABS are keyChallenges to improved tropical dairy productivity and resilience• Lack of systems/infrastructure for livestock performance recording, analysis and feedbacks– genetic evaluation and certification programs are lacking• Limited access to the desired dairy genetics for the different production systems:– Crossbreds commonly demonized for the wrong reasons !Innovative application of Genomic technologies and IT technologies are hampered by poor infrastructureChallenges cont..• Efficient multiplication and delivery systems often lacking:– AI is demanded by majority (70%), but delivery remains unsatisfactory• Inadequate technical and organizational capacity:– Local tropical systems are least understood by ARIs (strong links needed between those who understand local situations & ARI scientists)– Quantitative geneticists are scarce (notion in the early 90”s -molecular genetics would solve every thing!)– Actors/farmers not organized into strong enough groups but even when attempted, poor governance empedes progress!Challenges cont..Uncertainty of climate change effectsSource: Ericksen et al 2011Access to input, market services, including AI service that arenecessary for sustained productivity gains is inadequate.Opportunities• Exploiting the existing genetic variability using sharper genomic toolsSelective sweep for milk production in Kenana cattleSelective sweep for heat tolerance in African cattleSource: Kim et al., 2017 Opportunities cont.. Making use of the genetics underlying natural variations in different ways, including designing of new genomic tools(150 livestock breeds!)   Source: Strucken et al., 2017 Accuracy (r2) of dairy proportion estimates (a–c) and accuracy versus bias (d–f) for different panel sizes. d–f large symbols show average linearbias across all panel sizes. Standard errors of accuracy ranged on average from 0.008 for 100 SNPs to 0.003 for 1500 SNPs (Kenya/Uganda), 0.015to 0.005 (Ethiopia), and 0.02 to 0.008 (Tanzania)Use of digital platforms to record, geo-reference and share livestock performance and feedbacksOpportunities for CTLGH to improve tropical dairy productivity and resilienceMapped CTLGH Dairy Genomics projects to the CTLGH-BMGF-DFID results frameworkOutputs BMGF original funding DFID funding (* proposed)Next funding priority1.1.1 Define and characterize cattle adaptability or productivity traitsDairy cattle adaptation to (1) protracted nutritional deficits and (2) disease1.1.2 Identify putative causal variants linked to cattle adaptability/resilience or productivity traitsGenomic variants for milk and other ADGG traits*Signatures of selection for adaptation e.g. heat1.1.3 Develop genomic tools and/or prediction algorithms to aid the selection of superior dairy cattle – including in collaboration with ADGGEnhanced SNP-chips for African cattle genome interrogation and assignment of breed compositionGenomics Reference Resource for African CattleStrengthening and testing wider applicability of ADGG developed genomic toolsSuitability index for screening global dairy cattle for use in East AfricaP3,P4,P5P4ADGGADGGADGGADGGAligned visionGenotyping PhenotypingAdapted & productive livestockGenome manipulationIncreased Understanding of the tropical production systemsData systems developed and effectively sharedBetter Delivery systemsConclusionsAn vibrant & impactful network of south-south and north-south Scientists and action research programs that are continuously responding to the tropical challenges, farmer needs & emerging diseases (esp. zoonoses)Better networks and impactThank youFARMERSNARES & Regional Governments

Challenges and opportunities for improved tropical dairy productivity and resilience

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Challenges and opportunities for improved tropical dairy productivity and resilience

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