These primer was produced for a project under CCAFs, jointly implemented by the
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), Philippines and the World
Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Vietnam Country Office.
CCAFS Project No.: P55-FPI-SEA-ICRA

Baconguis, Rowena

Barbon, Wilson J.

Bernales, Lorna L.

Dalusag, Joanna

Gonsalves, Julian

Jordan, Jonna

Joven, Bernadette

Lorenzo, Maria Cristina

Mendez, Kharla Vianca

Monville-Oro, Emilita

Narte, Julieta

Narte, Russel

Navarra, Eduardo V

Puno, Arnel

Rosales, Belina

Rosimo, Maggie

Sebastian, Leocadio S.

Servano, Gonzalo

Tolentino, Caress

Vidallo, Rene

Gonsalves, Julian F.

Vidallo, Rene R.

Barbon, Wilson John

Rosimo, Magnolia M.

Servano, Gonzalo S.

Méndez, Kharla Vianca S.

Rosales, Belina O

CGSpace

1CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationClimate Resilience in AgricultureKey concepts for community-based adaptation2 CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationThe CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), led by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), brings together the world’s best researchers in agricultural science, development research, climate science and Earth System Science, to identify and address the most important interactions, synergies and tradeoffs between climate change, agriculture and food security.www.ccafs.cgiar.org.These primer was produced for a project under CCAFs, jointly implemented by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), Philippines and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Vietnam Country Office.   CCAFS Project No.: P55-FPI-SEA-ICRAF“We acknowledge the CGIAR Fund Council, Australia (ACIAR), Irish Aid, European Union, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland, UK, USAID and Thailand for funding to the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)”Printed: November 2016Credits:IIRR• Julian Gonsalves • Rene Vidallo• Emily Oro• Joanna Dalusag• Wilson John Barbon• Jonna Jordan• Maggie Rosimo• Gonzalo Servano• Maria Cristina Lorenzo• Kharla Vianca MendezLGU• Belina Rosales• Julieta Narte• Arnel Puno• Russel Narte• Eng’r. Lorna L. Bernales• Eduardo V. NavarraCCAFS S East Asia Region• Leo Sebastian• Bernadette JovenUPLB FI• Rowena Baconguis• Caress Tolentino(Permission is granted for reproduction and wider use. However, please acknowledge IIRR / CCAFS and its partners)IIRR is also grateful to the Department of Agriculture Bureau of Agricultural Research and the Systems Wide Climate Change Office for its support to field action research activities in its two learning sites through the project: “Building community-based models for climate resilient agriculture and fisheries across landscape within municipalities.”3CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationClimate change is expected to adversely affect lives, livelihoods, nutrition and food security in the future. However, if we start NOW, we can:- do a lot to reduce the impacts of climate change;- build resilience in our food systems; and- reduce risks and vulnerabilities of farming communities.4 CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationThe impacts of climate change on agriculture include the loss of agro-biodiversity, soil degradation, reduction in crop, fish and livestock productivity, water shortages and possible increases in destructive pests and diseases. With a large population reliant on farming, it is important to already discover ways to build resilience to climate change.5CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationAdapting to climate change requires adjusting agricultural practices to meet changing and more difficult environmental conditions.Traditional and newly introduced practices can help farmers cope with both current climate variability and future climate scenarios.Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) / Climate Resilient Agriculture (CRA) can help farmers prepare for the future.6 CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationCSA/CRA refers to environment friendly and sustainable agricultural practices that takes climate change and variability into consideration. Key objectives of CSA/CRA:• Increase agriculture productivity and income in a sustainable, environmentally sound manner.• Build the capacity of households and food systems to adapt to climate change.• Reduce GHG emissions and increase carbon sequestration.7CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationCSA/CRA is usually best undertaken across landscapes because ecosystems are interconnected. By conserving and improving forest and water resources, nutrient flows to farms on lower slopes are likewise enhanced.Landscapes are useful organizing frameworks for operationalizing  climate smart/resilient agriculture on the ground. Landscape approaches help us better understand the multi- functionality of agriculture and links to forests, water and other natural resources.8 CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationTo help ensure lasting results, it is not enough to limit our work to addressing the impact of climate change on agriculture. We also need to address the problems of poverty and reduce climate vulnerabilities through the use of multiple benefit approaches (e.g. diversified farms, alternative livelihoods, and micro enterprises).9CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationClimate Change affects different communities in different ways. Adaptation efforts must therefore be localized and context specific. Various studies have however already shown that small holder farmers are most vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate change. Interventions to support them in building their resilience is not only necessary but also urgent.10 CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationBuilding the resilience of smallholder farming and fishing communities require interventions to provide them greater access to portfolio of technologies, information, support services, market linkage and finance/credit that would enable them to adjust, modify or change their current production systems and practices. This is done in an environmentally friendly way. This process is community-based adaptation. 11CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationTo design effective Community-based Adaptation (CBA) efforts, we have to first understand and assess local risks and vulnerabilities of communities.Focus group discussions, key informant panels, surveys and the study of secondary data are important methods. Vulnerability assessments are done to better understand location and context specific climate change impacts, which enables stakeholders to properly identify options for addressing it.12 CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationCBA is a process of resilience building that is grounded on location and context specific vulnerabilities. The goal of community-based adaptation is to build resilience bottom up. This is why community-based participatory action research is essential for deriving effective solutions.13CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationFinding solutions that work locally involve a process of participatory technology development (action research and learning). Farming and fishing communities identify, plan, design, field test, and learn about the effectiveness and scalability of portfolio of options for addressing specific risks and vulnerabilities.14 CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationMarket linkages and livelihood enhancementValue additionGroup building for institutional strengtheningBuild social capital by investing in capacity strengtheningResilient Small-scale FarmsFarmer-to-farmer extensionIntensificationNutrition-sensitive Climate-smartDiversificationLow carbon footprint/reduce inputsBuilding resilient small holder farms and communities entails understanding the complexities that contribute to vulnerabilities and risks; and developing multiple scales and levels of strategies that all contribute to addressing the multi-dimensional challenges of food, nutrition and livelihood insecurities.15CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationCertain geographic areas are designated as impact sites where wide scale adoption can be demonstrated. These centers evolve as centers of discovery, adaptation, learning and sharing. They serve as basis for documentation and  field level advocacy.16 CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationScaling out CSA/CRA involves building adaptive models that provide practical guidance and serve as focal points for communities, organizations, and governments in the local level. CSA/CRA considerations should be included in the local government plans. Projects must demonstrate impact and uptake at scale if local governments are to take notice.17CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationLet us look at climate change and the new interest and investments as our best opportunity to deliver on our promises to end hunger, reduce poverty and achieve the sustainable development goals.18 CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptationReminders:• Community innovation development funds can encourage farmer experimentation, thereby building capacities to innovate/adapt.• CBA is a bottom up approach that is driven by community needs and priorities. The process is context specific but lessons can be drawn for scaling out efforts. • Identifying options for adaptation at the community level can help build adaptive capacities.• It is important to understand the differential impacts of climate change on men and women.• Communities with more assets and diverse income sources can better adapt to climate change.19CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptation20 CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: Key concepts for community-based adaptation

Climate resilience in agriculture: Key concepts for community-based adaptation

https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/10568/79434/1/CRA%20Primer.pdf

Climate resilience in agriculture: Key concepts for community-based adaptation

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