Blümmel, Michael

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Opportunities from multi-dimensional crop improvement and the supporting role of Near Infrared Spectroscopy(NIRS) networksMichael BlümmelInternational Livestock Research Institute11 November 2016TopicsWhy pay attention to crop residues: feed supply-demand scenarios, context, fodder markets Impact of differences in crop residue fodder quality on livestock productivity   Exploit existing cultivar variations and targeted genetic enhancement, trade-offs  NIRS hubs as logistical support infrastructure for phenotyping in multidimensional crop improvement    Feed resource supply - demand scenarios inIndiaFeed resource Contribution to  overall feed resources (%)Greens from CRP, forests, grazing 8.0Planted forages 15.1Crop residues 70.6Concentrates 6.3Deficit: feed availability versus feed requirement (%)Dry matter (i.e. crop residue quantity) -6Digestible crude protein -61Total digestible nutrients -50(NIANP 2012; Blümmel at al. 2014)05 0 01 0 0 01 5 0 02 0 0 02 5 0 03 0 0 03 5 0 04 0 0 04 5 0 0Yield differences in milk production between the 10% most productive farmers and the remaining 90% in India when managingcomparable dairy genetics(Derived from VDSA-India 2013 and Blümmel et al. 2016b)A ll C o w sL o c a l C o w sC ro s s b re d  C o w s1 0 %1 0 %1 0 %9 0 %9 0 %9 0 %G A P : 2  8 1 7  k g G A P : 8 6 9  k g G A P : 2  3 0 9  k gAverage Milk Yield (kg/cow/year)Crop residues are becoming more importantKahsay Berhe (2004) study in Yarer Mountain area  Cultivated land has doubled at the expense of pasture in 30 years Switch in source of nutrition for livestock from grazing to CR4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 001 0 0D ry  m a tte r  in ta k eD ig e s tib le  e n e rg y  in ta k eP h y s ic a l P h y s io lo g ic a lF o d d e r  q u a lity :  h e re  D ig e s tib ility  (% )Increasing IntakeS e t p o in tR e la t io n s h ip   b e tw e e n  fo d d e r  q u a litya n d  v o lu n ta ry  fe e d  in ta k eSorghum stover trading in Hyderabad7Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Ju Jul Aug Sep Oc Nov02468101214Sorghum grainSorghum stover3.46.5Month of tradingIndian Rupee per kgYearly mean2004 to 2005Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Ju Jul Aug Sep Oc Nov02468101214Sorghum stoverSorghum grain6.210.2Yearly mean2008 to 2009Month of tradingComparisions of average cost of dry sorghum stover traded in Hyderabad and average of cost ofsorghum grain in Andhra Pradesh 2005 to 2005 and 2008 to 2009Changes in grain: stover value in sorghum traded in Hyderabad from2004-5 to 2008-9Sharma et al. 2010Relation between digestibility and  price of sorghum stover44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 552.83.03.23.43.63.84.04.2y = -4.9 + 0.17x; R2 = 0.75; P = 0.03Stover in vitro digestibility (%)Stover price (IR/kg DM)Premium Stover“Raichur”Low Cost Stover“Local Yellow”Blümmel and Parthasarathy, 2006Price variations in different sorghum stover traded concomitantly in Mieso in April 2007  StoverETB/kgTrader   ETB/kgFarm Sweet Sorghum (SS) 0.65 0.20“Grain” Sorghum (GS) 0.50 0.13Price premium 30% 54%Source: calculated from Gebremedhin et al. 2009Note: In India SS stover have about 3-4 units higher digestibility than GS stoverPrice: quality relations in rice straw traded monthly in Kolkata from 2008 to 200937.0 37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0 39.5 40.0 40.5 41.0 41.5 42.02.753.003.253.503.754.004.25Best (n=81)Good (n=260)Medium/low (n=273)In vitro digestibility of rice straw (%)Price of rice straw at Kolkata tradersfrom 2008-2009 (Indian Rupees/kg)Teufel et al. (2012)Conclusions: why pay attention to crop residues as fodder  Feed supply – demand scenarios underline key role of crop residues as feed sources   Fodder market surveys show high monetary value, narrowing crop residue-grain price ratios Driving factor: more quality fodder required with shrinking natural resource basis Impact of variations in crop residue fodder quality on livestock productivity Effect of superior stover as basal diet What magnitude of fodder quality differencematter and why   Livestock productivity levels on entirely crop residue based diets Feed block manufacturing: supplementation,densificationIngredients %Sorghum stover 50Bran/husks/hulls 18Oilcakes 18Molasses 8Grains 4Minerals, vitamins, urea 2Courtesy: Miracle Fodder and Feeds PVT LTDRelation between digestibility and  price of sorghum stover44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 552.83.03.23.43.63.84.04.2y = -4.9 + 0.17x; R2 = 0.75; P = 0.03Stover in vitro digestibility (%)Stover price (IR/kg DM)Premium Stover“Raichur”Low Cost Stover“Local Yellow”Blümmel and Parthasarathy, 2006Comparisons of feed blocks based on lower (47%) and higher (52%) digestible sorghum stover and testedwith commercial dairy buffalo farmer in India  Block Premium Block Low CP 17.2 % 17.1%ME (MJ/kg) 8.46 MJ/kg 7.37 MJ/kgDMI 19.7 kg/d 18.0 kg/dDMI per kg LW 3.8 % 3.6 % Milk Potential* 15.5 kg/d 9.9 kg/dModified from Anandan et al. (2009a)* 21 and 14 kg/d in crossbred cattle  Live weight gains in Indian Deccan sheep fed exclusively on groundnut haulmsGroundnut cultivars Gain (g/d)ICGV 89104 137ICGV 9114 123TMV 2 111ICGS 76 76ICGS 11 76DRG 12 66ICGS 44 65ICGV 86325 83ICGV 92020 95ICGV 92093 109Prob > F 0.02Prasad et al. 2010Live weight changes in Ethiopian Arsi-Bale sheep fed exclusively on Faba bean strawsWegi et al.,  2016Cultivars Grain Yield Straw Yield Weight Gain (g/d)Mosisa 4.28a 5.68a 52.2abWalki 4.21a 4.42c 64.6aDegaga 4.20a 4.31c 43.2bcShallo 4.06a 4.98b 37.5cLocal 2.89b 3.65d 48.3bcConclusions: Impacts of variations in crop residue fodder quality on livestock productivity “Intuitively” small difference in fodder quality of stover do matter: additive effect of higherdiet quality and higher intake   Informed choice of cultivar can have very substantial effect on livestockproductivity Exploit existing cultivar variations  Phenotyping new cultivars submitted for release testing for fodder traits• Laboratory infrastructure: stationary NIRS, mobile NIRS  Phenotyping during crop improvement for fodder traitsStover fodder trait analysis in new sorghum cultivar release testing in India 2002 to 2008 (Blümmel et al. 2010)Cultivar CP IVOMD ME SY% % MJ/kg kg/haICSC 93046 7.6 58.8 8.87 15 814ICSV 91005 7.5 58.3 8.75 17 734ICSR 196 7.9 55.2 8.19 10 386ICSR 56 6.9 54.8 8.23 9 698NT J2 6.6 54.8 8.19 11 675E-36-1 7.0 53.7 8.00 9 256ICSR 93034 6.6 53.6 8.00 10 176A 2267-2 6.3 52.6 7.82 10 046Seredo 6.1 52.6 7.86 8 069ICSV 96143 6.6 51.8 7.64 6 295WSV-387 6.5 51.7 7.64 7 911ICSV 111 5.9 50.8 7.56 7 372Statistical summaryLSD 0.5 1.6 0.25 1 726h2 0.65 0.49 0.50 0.47South-south transfer of superior dual purpose sorghum cultivars: tested 2 years x 3 locations in EthiopiaAdie et al. 2016Conclusions: exploit existing cultivar variations  Livestock nutritionally-significant variations exist in all key cereal and legume crops (except perhaps wheat)  Short impact pathways, quick, relatively little investment   Modifying cultivar release criteria promising entry pointTargeted genetic enhancementTargeted genetic enhancement towards dual and multi purpose traits Conventional breeding (recurrent selection, hybridization) Molecular breeding (QTL introgression, Genetic selection)Response in stover in vitro digestibility to 2cycles of selection of pearl milletvariety ICMV 221Digestibility% Grain Yieldkg/haStover yieldkg/haOriginal 43.6 2 669 3 095H1 44.5 2 596 3 460L1 42.1 2 592 2 889H2 45.8 2 564 3 168L2 42.0 2 408 2 73125Choudhary et al (in preparation )Effect of introgression of different stay green QTL’son stover digestibity of a Rabisorghum background (Blümmel at al. 2015)(Blümmel at al. 2015)Dual Purpose Maize: Genomic Selection (Babu et al. 2016)DTMA & CAAM New DH LinesID IVOMD - Predicted IVOMD-ObservedDH_9_157 High IVOMD and ME 57.1DH_3_33 High IVOMD and ME 56.7DH_3_63 High IVOMD and ME 55.8DH_9_15 High IVOMD and ME 55.7DH_8_4 High IVOMD and ME 55.6DH_3_149 High IVOMD and ME 55.5DH_3_24 High IVOMD and ME 55.4DH_6_1 Low IVOMD and ME 55.4DH_3_10 High IVOMD and ME 55.0DH_3_21 High IVOMD and ME 54.9DH_3_138 High IVOMD and ME 54.6DH_3_35 High IVOMD and ME 54.5DH_3_61 High ME 54.4DH_3_83 High IVOMD and ME 54.1DH_9_165 High IVOMD 53.6DH_9_134 High IVOMD 53.6DH_9_153 High IVOMD and ME 53.5DH_3_47 High IVOMD and ME 53.4DH_3_62 High IVOMD and ME 53.4DH_3_87 High IVOMD and ME 53.4DH_3_82 High IVOMD 53.3Predicting performance of DH maize lines for fodder qualityHTMA - GSPred. AccuracyIVOMD 0.44ME 0.45(Babu et al.2016)4 5 .0 4 7 .5 5 0 .0 5 2 .5 5 5 .0 5 7 .5 6 0 .02 .83 .03 .23 .43 .63 .84 .04 .2S to v e r  in  v itro  d igestib ility  (% )Stover price (IR/kg DM)B re e d in g  a d v a n c e  in  d u a l p u rp o s e  m a iz e  s to v e r  fo d d e r  q u a lityre la t iv e  to  d iffe re n t  s o rg h u m  s to v e r  tra d e d  in  ra in fe dIn d ia  in  th e  p a s t  d e c a d eL o w  q u a litys o rg h u m  s to v e rH ig h  q u a litys o rg h u m  s to v e rM e a n  IV O M D  (ra n g e  5 5 .2  to  5 7 .9 % )o f 1 1  a d v a n c e d  d u a l p u rp o s e  m a iz eb re e d in g  lin e s  g e n e ra te dd u r in g  th e  p ro je c tsM e a n  IV O M D  (ra n g e  5 3 .6  to  5 6 .0 % )o f 1 1  e x p e rim e n ta l h e a t to le ra n t d u a lp u rp o s e  m a iz e  h y b r id s  g e n e ra te dd u r in g  th e  p ro je c tsB lü m m e l e t a l. (2 0 1 6 a )Conclusions: targeted genetic enhancement  Longer term, higher investments Great impact opportunities   Multi-trait options   New tools becoming available and more affordable Required infrastructure for phenotyping for crop residue fodder quality Stationary  Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Mobile NIRS Qualitative trait prediction in plant breeding basedon Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Non-evasivec. 200 samples/d>30 traitsPhysico-chemicalc. 60 000 US $CalibrationValidationNIRS equations sharable across          compatible instruments At current: ILRI34Transfer of NIRS equations for phenotyping for fodder quality traits: example cowpea  ILRI  FOSS 5000ILRI  FOSS 6500Methionine Prediction by NIRS  Mobile handheld NIRS• About 40 000 US$ but pricedecreasing• Application currently developed and validated at ILRI India and Ethiopia Luminar 5030PhazirConclusions: NIRS infrastructure for phenotyping in multidimensional crop improvement Multi-dimensional crop improvement can be mainstreamed using NIRS  NIRS hubs minimize new investments and optimzeolder ones  (South Asia, East Africa, West Africa) Sample grinding the real bottleneck and rate limiting procedure  Mobile NIRS a way out? Where to go from here  Develop the East African NIRS hub based on ILRI-EIAR-Private Sector collaboration Screen released and pipeline key cereal and legumes crops for food-feed-fodder traits Explore feed and fodder value chains around improved crop residues CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fishlivestockfish.cgiar.orgThe CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish aims to increase the productivity of small-scale livestock and fish systems in sustainable ways, making meat, milk and fish more available and affordable across the developing world.This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.The Program thanks all donors and organizations who globally supported its work through their contributions to the CGIAR system.

Opportunities from multi-dimensional crop improvement and the supporting role of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) networks

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Opportunities from multi-dimensional crop improvement and the supporting role of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) networks

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