Carhuapoma, P.

Kroschel, J.

Mujica, N.

Carhuapoma, Pablo

Kroschel, Jürgen

CGSpace

    24  only on potato tubers under field and storage conditions. Losses of 100% and up to 40% are reported under storage and field conditions, respectively. Guatemala is supposedly the country of origin. It is however endemic in the whole of Central America, and has invaded Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Larvae make galleries in tubers; damage is first noticed when fully grown larvae leave tubers for pupation. The adult female is light brown and has three marks in the forewings and light brown longitudinal lines. In contrast, the male is dark brown with two marks on the first pair of wings and faint longitudinal lines. They are nocturnal. T. solanivora can adapt from subtropical zones in Central America at 1,000 m asl to colder zones at 3,500 m.a.s.l. The future distribution and abundance of this pest will be affected by climate change. Using the Insect Life Insect Modeling (ILCYM) software we applied three risk indices (establishment [ERI], generation [GI] and activity [AI] index) in a geographic information system (GIS) to map and quantify changes. Under the climate of the year 2000, an ERI [0.8-1] represents very well the current global distribution of T. solanivora: Central America, Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. Global predictions for 2050 indicate a reduction in the high-risk areas (ERI>0.8) in tropical areas of America, Africa and Asia, and a slight range expansion to more temperate areas. The number of generations in Central America, Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador ranged from 3 to 10 generations per year and future scenario (2050) may potentially increase its abundance by 2 to 4 generations especially in subtropical regions. Currently, a high activity (AI) is shown (6 – 11.5) in Central America, Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador and in the future, a marked potential population growth might occur in Mexico, south of South America, southern Europe and southern Australia. In Africa, the risks of establishment will potentially decrease in all potato-growing regions, but potato-growing regions of Angola, Rwanda and Tanzania remain at high potential risk (ERI >0.8). T. solanivora is an A2 quarantine pest for EPPO and its spread is not only limited by temperature but also depends on the year round presence of potato tubers. Phytosanitary measures and IPM help to control and reduce its dissemination and related yield losses.    Serpentine leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard)  Mujica N., P. Carhuapoma, J. Kroschel International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru  The leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a pest species from Central and South America, which had since the 1990s spread with plants to many parts of the world. In the tropics, subtropics and warmer parts of the temperate zone, L. huidobrensis has established itself in fields and has become greenhouse pest in colder climates of the northern hemisphere. L. huidobrensis has a wide host range. It causes direct damage to photosynthetic plant tissue due to larvae leaf mining, and damage by oviposition and feeding punctures (stipples) produced by adult females. Both crop yield and marketability are reduced, resulting in high economic losses to vegetable producers around the world. The polyphagous nature of L. huidobrensis, combined with high reproductive rates and rapid development of insecticide resistance, contributed to the success of L. huidobrensis as an invasive species. The life cycle is completed between 10 ºC (65.5 days) and 30 ºC (14.9 days), with the optimum temperature for overall population growth between 20-25 ºC. The establishment risk index (ERI), the generation index (GI), and the activity index (AI), allow to predict and explain the future distribution and damage potential of the pest under different climate change scenarios. An ERI of 0.8-1 reflects well the current global distribution of L. huidobrensis in the year 2000, as well as the high number of generations/year (GI>17) that develop in tropical and subtropical regions. Global predictions for 2050 indicate a potential reduction of high-risk areas (ERI>0.6) in these regions and a slight range expansion to more temperate regions, but still with a low establishment potential of the pest (ERI<0.6). Also, an increase of 2-4 generations/year can be potentially expected in Central and South America, Africa and Middle East. The AI indicates a potential increase in the potential growth of L. huidobrensis in Southern South America, and Southern Africa; instead increasing temperature along the Equator will potentially reduce L. huidobrensis activity. Early predictions could help adaptation to climate change by developing and supporting farmers with adequate pest management strategies to reduce greater crop yield and quality losses. Adapting to avoid risk at the farm level implies an ecological and economic control of leafminer based on integrated pest management by promoting natural regulation and combining cultural practices with physical and chemical control. 

Serpentine leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard).

https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/10568/72760/2/79004.pdf

Serpentine leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard).

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