Davis, J.H.C.

Hopmans, S

Pérez Padrón, A.V.

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• 1, . ,~--- " , • \ . i ... 1 CENTRO ~'.;:: r .... -. c~ .,~\jE~~TAC¡ON EARLY GENERATION YIELO TESTING IN BEANS IN HONOCULTURE AND INTERCROPPED \HTH ¡-lA 1 ZE J.H.C. Davis, A.V. Pérez and S. Hopmans 1 Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), A.A. 6713, Cali, Colombia. As part of an effort to evaluate different breeding methods, two tríals were planted at CIAT (30 31' N, mean temp. 24°C) with families of beans in F, and F. gene¡'ations, from single plant selections made in the F2 (F z proge-______ ... ny method). The value of early generation yield testing Vias examined, par-ticularly with regard to the perforn:ance of the materials in different croppíng systems. These included sole cropping (monoculture) and intercropping with three maize genotypes varying in heighl. from ta11 to short. Families had been separated on the basis of growth habit in the F2 • These differences wel'e maíntained in F, and F., as shown by differences in main stem node nurnber, days to flovlering, and specific leaf weight (leaf dry 14eight/WO cm2). Specific leaf weíghtwas a150 affected by the cropping system, ----__ ,J. an effect of shading by tne maize. Bean yield was lowest with the ta11 maize • (La Posta) and highest in sole cropping. The best combined yields of beans and maize were obtained in both generations with climbing beans (type IV) with La Posta (ta11) or SU\1an-l (intermediate). Correlation coefficients between sole cropping and intercropping were generally higher for bush beans (types 1, 11 and 111) than for climbers (type IV). Bean and maize yields were negatively correlated in F3 and F" \1ith an average regression slopeof -1, indicating that one kilo of maize Vias lost for every extra kilo of bean. Since the price ratio of the tViO crops is approximately 3:1 in Latin America, this regression slope is favourable for intercropping. The regressions among bean families from F3 to F. were positive and signifícant both in sole crop-ping and intercropping. 'ViO families of climbers (type IV) and one family of types ¡I/III could be selected as exceptionally pro~ising in both generations, 1 Plant breeder and graduate students from the Universidad Aut6noma Agraria "Antonio ¡¡arro", t1exico, and ~Jageningen, Holland, respectively. n,.-o f' ~ .- '- .. EXTERIOR· , .. ) • - 2 -ln sole cropping and intercroppirg. lt was concluded that the method of yield testing progenies from promising selections for yield croppi ng sys tems . single plants in two generations gave highly and yield stability in different seasons and EARLY GEi,[RATIO:; YIELD TESTH:G IN BEANS IN tl0NOCULTURE AND INTERCROPPED \!lTH l·iAIZE J.Po.e. Davis, A.V. Pérez anc S. Ho~mansl Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAr), A.A. 67-13, Ca1i, Colombia. In many parts of the world, particularly in tropical countries, it is important t.o inCl'ease food production by intensifying the use of 1and and achieving greater efficiency of pl'Oductíon. Traditíonal intercropping offers a number of advantages in terms of increased total pl'oduction, reduced risk, and increased net income (Francis, J978; Francis and Sanders, 1978). To fully exploit the advantages of intercropping it is possible that plant breeding should be directed to selecting genotypes particularly suited to these cropping systems (Francis, 1980; Davis and García, 1983). At least it would be desirable to have a greater understanding of the morphologica1 fea-tures of the plant which are related to its abílity to yield efficiently when intercropped. In beans ability available for growth Phaseolus vulqaris L.), there is great vari-habit (CIAT, 1979) and crosses frequently have to be made between genotypes of different growth ha bits , in order to obtain suitable disease resistances fol' example. If selectian is carried out in such populations in parallel in sole cropping and intercropped with maíze, the selection pressure on plant characteristics may be different. The results of studies on advanced lines of beans grown in different cropping systems at CIAT indicate that selectíon in sole cropping will tend to lead towards bush plant types with 14 or less nodes on the main stem, and with little or no ability to respond to a climbing stimulus, such as a bamboo stake or a maize plant (Davis et al., 1983). These plants wil1 have a relatively high harvest --índex in sole cropping but tend to suffer a large reduction in harvest index when faced with competition from intercropped maize. Selection in inter -cropping with maize, 00 the other hand, will tend to lead to vigorous climbing types whích respond greatly to a climbing stimulus by putting on extra main stem nodes. They have a relatively low harvest index in sale cropping but suffer much less reduction in their harvest index in the face of competition Plant breeder and graduate students from the Universidad Autónoma Agraria "Antonio Narro", Nexico, and ~ageningen, Holland, respectively. - 4 -frorr: malze. They are also the hlghest yielding types when planted in mono-culture with artificial supports (stakes or trellls) and are, therefore, suited for agricultural systems óesigned to produce maximum yield. Even among climbing beans there are large dlfferences in their ability to compete with malze, leading to large interactions between cultivars and cropping sys tems (La i ng et al., 1983). In order to find out whether these conclusions, largely based on studles wlth finished varieties, are borne out in an actual selection pro-gramme, a trial was designed to follow the progress of early generation hybri d materi a 1 s of beans in severa 1 different croppi ng sys tems. The present paper reports resu1ts of early generation yield tríals in the F, and F4 gener-atians. ~lATERIALS AND t1ETHODS Two trials were planted at CIAT, Palmira, Colombia (1,001 m. altitude, 3° 31' N, 1000 mm. per year rainfall). The soil is a fertile alluvia1 type, pH 6.9. Fertilizer was applied at arate of 200 kg/ha 10-30-10 at planting. The first trial consisted of F, generation progenies from single plants selected in the F2 • and was planted in March 1982. The second tri al inc1uded Fe bulks from the same materials and had the same experimental designo The breeding method used is the F, progeny method described by Lupton and ~Ihite­house (1957). The design was nested with t\\'o replications and bean growth habits forming the main p10t5. Growth habits included were: I (determinate bush, erect p1ants); JI/IlI (indeterminate bush, erector prostrate p'lants); IV (índetermínate c1imber). There were four sub-plots for each growth habito consisting of bean monoculture (with a trellis for type IV growth habit on1y), and intercropping with three maize genotypes províded by the CIMMYT maize programo Población 30 (2.5 m. ta11, 92 days to maturity), Suwan-l (2.8 m. tall, 103 days to maturity) and La Posta (3.0 m. tall, 115 days to maturity). Ma he and beans were p 1 anted si multaneous ly in the i ntercroppi ng trea tments . ;J¡ thi n each sub- p 1 ot \.¡ere 10 famil i es of beans {each fami ly \olas from a - 5 -different cross), and \'iithin each famíly were 5 progenies from single plant selectíons made in F2 • The total number of genotypes tested '-las 150 (3 growth habits x 10 families x 5 progenies). The seed harvested from the F. trial of growth habits II/TII and IV vlas planted again in the same design, differing only in the randomization. The materíals of growth habít I were replaced by other materíals in F4 so that dírect comparison between the t\>/o generations can only be made for two of the three growth habits. Planting \Vas on beds 1 m. apart, with 2 plants of maize 50 cm. apart in the centre of the bed (40,000 pl/ha) and beans in two rows 30 c~. apart, on either síde of the maíze (density 120,000 pl/ha). Sínce the bean seed o¡'ígínated from single plants, small plots of 1 m2 were used per progeny, grouped together in families on beds 7 ffi. long (5 m. of experimental plot, and 1 m. of border at either end). Irrigatíon was províded tv/ice, as needed, and diseases and pests were controlled as far as possible. Days to f1 aV/eri ng v/as taken as the number of days to openi ng of the first flower on 50~; of the plants. Leaf dry weight and leaf area were mea-sured two weeks after flowering. In beans, leaf area consisted of a sample of s i x 1 eaves, two from the upper porti on of the p 1 ant, two from the mi ddl e, and two from the bottam. For maize, leaf area was measured on the flag leaf. Main stem no de number was counted at maturity. Yield was corrected to 14% humidity for beans, and 15% for maize. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The number of nades on the main stem in F, and F. bean families reflected closely the selection which had been made in F2 to divide the plants into different habit groups (Table 1). Habit I had an average of 9.5 nodes, habits JI/JII 14.9 nades, habit IV 25.6 nodes. An important purpose of using the F2 progeny method (Luptan and \-Ihitehause, 1957) is to separate genetic varíability. and hence reduce interplant competition, in the early generations. Possibly as a result o" increased self-shading when plants ha ve many nodes, specifíc ::\ - 6 -1eaf vleight (leaf dry weight/lOO CM') \1a5 10west in growth habit IV (climbing) and highest in grmvth habit l (determínate bush). Sean yield vlas a1so highest ín growth habit IV and lov¡est in growth habit l. For maize, of the three genotypes La Posta Vias the tallest (mean height 3.04 m.), SUl'lan-l intermediate (2.80 m.) and Población 30 shortest (2.57 m.). Initial gro\.¡th rate was fastest in Población 30, 50 that at 30 days this was the tallest maize, but by 65 days the position was reversed. lnter-cropping reduced the height of al1 maize genotypes by 10-40 cm. The area of the flag leaf was also reduced 20-25~; by competition. Yieldwas highest in La Posta, intermediate in Suwan-l, and lowest in Población 30. Inter-cropping reduced yie1d least in La Posta (tall, competitive plant) and most in Población 30 (short, non-competitive plant). Maize yield reductions were greatest with growth habit IV (cli~bing) beans (12-33% reduction). Land equivalent ratio was 1.25 on average, with a tendency to be slightly hi gher vii th Type 1 beans, and s 1 i ghtl Y lower with growth habi t IV beans. This is due to greater yield reduction of the maize with growth habit IV beaos .. For beans, intercropping with maize did not affect days to flowering, but reduced the specific leaf weight by 20%, a direct effect of shading by the maize. Yield was reduced most by intercropping with La Posta (60% reduction) and least by Población 30 (50j; reduction). The interaction of growth habits x cropping systems (Table 2) was significant for bean yield, but not for maize. There was a trend for bean yield to increase from the bottom left corner of the table (growth habit 1 with La Posta) towards the top right corner tgrowth habit IV with Población 30). For maize the reverse trend occurred, with yields 10west in the top right cornero This is a reflection of the negative correlation between bean and maize family yields, both in F3 and F4 (Figures 1 and 2). The slope of the re -gression was -0.79 in F, and -1.21 in F4 , averaging -1.00 over the two - 7 -generations. This índicates that approximately one kilo of maize is 10st for every additional kilo of beans. At a príce ratio of 3:1 for beans: maíze, common in Latín America, this regressíon is favou¡'able economícally. It is very noticeable in both generations how the growth habits of beans are 9 rouped, with type I famil í es occupy i 09 the porti on of the graph with low bear. yíelds and hígh maize yíelds. Growth habit IV families had high bean yields and lower maíze yields, with growth habit !IITII families inter-mediate. Tne relationship between bean yields in Fa and F. is shown in Figures 3 and 4, far sole cropping and intercropping respectively. In both cropping systems the relationship was positive and highly significant, although the distribution of points within growth habit 11/111 did not follow the regres-sion slope very convincingly. In both cropping systems, two families of growth habit IV and one of growth habit II/II! stood out as being exception-al1y high yielding in both generations. These were families 1 and 20f growth habit IV, and family 7 of growth habits lI/III. Since beans are grown in a range of cropping systems, particularly in the tropics, it is considered important that early generation testing of familíes should be carried out in a number of different systems. The yield trial in F3 and F, provided valuable information for selecting families with good performance when intercropped and in sole cropping. Stability of yield across seasons can also be selected for with this method. The best families can return to single plant selection in the Fs or Fs generations. REFERENCES l. CIAT (1979). Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Bean Program 1979 Annual Report. Cali, Colombia. 1980. 109p. 2. Davis, J.H.C. and Garc1a, S. (1983). Competitive ability and growth habit of indeterminate beans and maize for intercropping. Field Crops Research 6, 59-75. - 8 -3. Davis, J.H.C., Beuningen, L., Ortíz, M.V. and Pino, C. (1983). Selecting beans (Phaseolus vulqaris L.) for tolerance to competition from maize when intercropped. Submitted to Crop Science. 4. Francis,C.A. (1980). Development of plant genotypes for multiple cropping systems. In K.J. Frey (ed.), Plant Breeding Symposium 11, Iowa State Uni v. Press, Ames, rO\~a, Ch. 7. 5. and Sanders, J.H. (1978). Economic analyses of bean and 6. maize systems: monoculture versus associated cropping. Field Crops Res., 1,319-335. -----(1978). Multiple cropping potentials of beans and maize. Hort. Science 13,12-17 7. Laing, D.R., Jones, P.G. and Davis, J.H.C. (1983). Crop Case Study: Cornmon Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Submitted for publication in "The Physiology of Tropical Field Crops", eds. P.R. Goldsworthy and N. Fischer, John Wiley and Son Publishers. 8. Lu~ton, F.G.H. and Whitehouse, R.N.H. (1957). Studies on the breeding of self-pollinating cereals. l. Selection methods in breeding for yield. Euphytica 6,169-184. - '";:' ·;.~~f:' :'!> ····.·,i) Table 1. Mean characteristics of the bean progenies of different growth habits. Character Trial Habit ¡ Habit ¡I/III Habit IV Main stem node number F3 9.5 15.0 25.0 F., 9.5 l3 .8 26.2 Days to f1 oweri ng F3 34.0 38.0 38.0 F •• 34.9 37.4 35.3 Leaf dry Nei ght/lOO cm 2 F3 29.5 26.5 23.0 (g. ) F. 29.7 25.0 23.5 Yield (kg/ha) F3 944 1497 2338 F. 581 589 925 Table 2. Hean yields (kg/ha) of beans and maize, combiníng different bean growth habits with different maize genotypes. Bean Growth Habit fla i ze genotype Trial Población 30 F, F" Suwan-l F, F. La Pos ta F3 F4 Il/ilI IV -~ .... '-'---Bean ¡'laize Bean r~aize Bean ~'aize yield yield yield yield yield yield 700 3192 1168 2639 1686 2105 470 3954 438 4226 748 3366 505 4219 1113 2948 1389 3040 345 5189 347 5032 596 4958 698 3693 951 4659 1387 4066 323 4408 347 4278 567 4144 '" .<::--... G> -'< . -o ~ <tJ >-(J) N .!2 -5400 r I 5000 I I 4600~_ I I i 4200 l_ I 3800L I 3400~ i I 1,1 ~ VI io. i • Cl J j Á 2 LSO, p ~ 0.05 ... 10-1 [!] 6 _ Dean ~rowth tlabit ¡ Á Dean Growth Habits 11/111 [!] Bean GroVlth Habit IV O 11aize sole cropping y ~ 4956 - 1.21X r ,~ -1).52** [!] 9 [!] 1] [!] 10 [!] 5 [!] 4 [!] • 2 3000~~ __ ~I~ ____ ~I ______ L-______ J ______ -L ______ J-______ L-____ ~ o 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Bean Yield, kg/ha Figure 2. ¡,lean yields of beans and maize (kg/ha) for F4 fa~ilies (numbered 1 to 10) of beans intercropped with maize (mean of 3 genotypes). '" J:: '-C> -'"' , lL e .~ v; w .~ ~ ',.-E '" 4-e '" (j) ro 4-O "C ~. GJ >-2500 I ,J 1500 3 AA 8 1 A 7 AA 9 2 A [lean r;\'o\>lth Hab i ts 111 IT 1 El Bean Gl"ol'lth Habít IV y 433 + O.42X r " 0.87*** El 3 El 6 El 9 El 7 5 10El • El 1 El 8 • G 4 1000L-______________ -L ________________ ~ ______________ ~L_ ______________ _l ____ __ 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Yield of Sean families in F3. kg/ha . Figure 3. /lean yields of bean families (numbered 1 to 10) of growth habits II/III and IV in sale cropping. in F. and F. generations. ~: .-< 800 '" .c "-"" -" . 600 ~ LL e '-V1 O! ~ '-S '" "'. c: '" O! ce t¡.. 400 o 'O ~ (j) '->-800 4 6 4 1 4 5 48 4 2 1000 4 Bean Growth lIabits ¡¡/III @ Sean Growth Habit IV 4 443 4 10 4 9 1200 • 7 4 @ 7 6 1400 @ 3 Yield of Bean families in F3 , kg/ha G 1 1600 @ 5 1800 Figure 4, 11ean yields of bean families (numbered 1 to 10) of 'gro\1th habits 11/111 and IV intercropped with maize, in F3 and F. generations, 

Early generation yield testing in beans in monoculture and intercropped with maize

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Early generation yield testing in beans in monoculture and intercropped with maize

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