Understanding the impacts of climate change on agriculture, associated landscapes and natural resources in general is crucial if local development efforts are to be tailored towards addressing the impacts of climate change. Simplification of scientific concepts can help local planners at different level to introduce and then mainstream strategies that have factored in the impacts from climate chang

Amutan C

Gonsalves, Julian

Joven, B.

Lucerna A

Sebastian, Leocadio S.

Gonsalves, Julian F.

CGSpace

 Climate Smart Villages: Key Concepts  1Climate SmartVillages:Key ConceptsA primer for CCAFS partners in Southeast Asia2 A Primer for CCAFS partners in Southeast AsiaCredits:•	 Julian	Gonsalves	-	FP	1.3	Collaborator	(juliangonsalves@yahoo.com)•	 Leo	Sebastian	-	CCAFS	SE	Asia	Regional	Program	Leader	(l.sebastian@irri.org)•	 Bernadette	Joven	-	Senior	Communications	Specialist,	IRRI	&	CCAFS-SEA	(bpjoven@yahoo.com)•	 Celso	Amutan	-	Graphic	Designer	(celetiff@yahoo.com)•	 Ariel	Lucerna	-	Illustrator	(ariel_lucerna@yahoo.com)	This	primer	is	a	joint	effort	of	CCAFS	Southeast	Asia	Regional	Coordination	Unit	and	the	IIRR-ICRAF	CCAFS	FP1.3	project.Cover photo:		Location:	Moc	Chau,	Sonla	Province,	VietnamSeptember	2015The	CGIAR	Research	Program	on	Climate	Change,	Agriculture	and	Food	Security	(CCAFS),	led	by	the	International	Center	for	Tropical	Agriculture	(CIAT),	brings	together	the	world’s	best	researchers	in	agricultural	science,	development	research,	climate	science	and	Earth	System	science,	to	identify	and	address	the	most	important	interactions,	synergies	and	tradeoffs	between	climate	change,	agriculture	and	food	security.	www.	ccafs.cgiar.org.This	work	was	implemented	by	the	International	Institute	of	Rural	Reconstruction	(IIRR)	as	part	of	the	CGIAR	Research	Program	on	Climate	Change,	Agriculture	and	Food	Security	(CCAFS).	The	views	expressed	in	this	document	cannot	be	taken	to	reflect	the	official	opinions	of	CGIAR	or	Future	Earth. Climate Smart Villages: Key Concepts  3Climate SmartVillages: Key ConceptsA primer for CCAFS partners in Southeast Asia4 A Primer for CCAFS partners in Southeast AsiaWhy Climate-Smart Villages (CSVs)?Why are scientists and local communities pivotal in the CSV campaign of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)?What are the key elements of a CSV? Climate Smart Villages: Key Concepts  5Individual action is not enough in coping with climate change. CSVs provide venues where different stakeholders collectively participate in the program/project planning and implementation to generate practical adaptation and mitigation options to improve food security, nutrition and climate resilience.Concerted actions in the CSVs operate at the community level and its surrounding landscape.6 A Primer for CCAFS partners in Southeast Asia• CSVs are primarily focal points for location-specific research.• Multiple CSV sites represent different  agro-ecologies, climate risks, etc. This diversity in context is useful for comparison, extrapolation, climate analogue research, etc.• CSVs help develop solutions to anticipated future impacts of climate change. Climate Smart Villages: Key Concepts  7In the CSVs, rural communities partner with local governments, national programs and international research and development organizations to develop villages as models for local research and development on Climate-Smart Villages.8 A Primer for CCAFS partners in Southeast AsiaThe CSV approach is a collaborative effort designed to test and identify appropriate interventions, innovations and policies which are not only technically appropriate but also gender- and socially- sensitive. Climate Smart Villages: Key Concepts  9The CSVs are “lighthouses” where communities test, develop, and subsequently adopt appropriate CSA practices and technologies on a wider scale.They provide platforms for multi-stakeholder participation and collaborative work in targeted, clearly delineated geographic areas (“territories” or “small landscapes”).10 A Primer for CCAFS partners in Southeast AsiaEstablishing a CSVA first step in starting a CSV is to do baseline studies like situation analysis, household studies, vulnerability and risk assessments, etc.After gathering baseline data, conduct CSA prioritization activities to identify existing and potential CSA practices. Climate Smart Villages: Key Concepts  11Examples of Key Interventions in a CSVSource: CCAFS SEA brochureClimate-Smart Village/FarmWeather Smart•	 Seasonal	weather	forecast•	 ICT	based	agro-advisories•	 Climate	analoguesWater Smart•	 Aquifer	recharge•	 Rainwater	harvesting•	 Community	management	of	water•	 On-farm	water	managementCarbon Smart•	 Agroforestry•	 Conservation	tillage•	 Land	use	systems•	 Livestock	management•	 Alternate	wetting	and	dryingNutrient & Pest Smart•	 Site	specific	nutrient	management•	 Precision	fertilizers•	 Catch	cropping/legumes•	 Ecological	engineeringEnergy Smart•	 Biofuels•	 Fuel	efficient	engines•	 Residue	management/biochar•	 Minimum	tillageKnowledge Smart•	 Farmer	to	farmer	learning•	 Farmer	networks	on	adaptation	technologies•	 Seed	and	fodder	banks•	 Market	info•	 Off-farm	risk	management-kitchen	garden12 A Primer for CCAFS partners in Southeast AsiaResearchers and farmers continuously monitor the benefits from CSV action research (using identified indicators such as resilience, farm production, income, equity, adaptation and mitigation, etc.) Climate Smart Villages: Key Concepts  13CSVs within small landscapes?Climate, Environment, and Ecosystem elements interact with farms and local communities in a small landscape or micro-watershed setting. These natural resource boundaries are important because of the  ecosystem influences on climate adaptation and resilience building objectives of a CSV.  Moreover, collective action on a wider scale is usually necessary for successful local adaptation programs (e.g., no burning of rice straw campaign, watershed rehabilitation, etc.).14 A Primer for CCAFS partners in Southeast AsiaCCAFS approach of using a 10 km x 10 km grid, which covers the target CSV and landscapes immediately around it, provides CSVs with an opportunity to compare and evaluate changes in livelihoods and landscapes/ ecosystems before and after interventions. The CSV boundary can be defined as an administrative unit which includes surrounding natural resources boundaries (that local governments target their resources to). Climate Smart Villages: Key Concepts  15Using participatory land-use planning approaches, communities can be assisted to develop local adaptation plans to address climate-related risks.16 A Primer for CCAFS partners in Southeast AsiaCSVs provide a platform for researchers, farmers and local stakeholders to engage in community-based participatory research. CSVs promote local adaptation and capacity build-up. This distinction sets CSVs apart from conventional village-based on-farm trials.CSVs also help generate methodological innovations. Climate Smart Villages: Key Concepts  17CSVs are unique in that they provide space for the testing of shortlisted options (derived from on station research, local indigenous and technical knowledge, etc.) eventually leading to prioritization of the best options for particular geographic areas.18 A Primer for CCAFS partners in Southeast AsiaThough CSVs are focal points for action research (or lighthouses for learning and sharing), they should not remain as islands of innovations. Wider adoption of innovations need to be ensured, “not a showcase but a pattern“. Climate Smart Villages: Key Concepts  19The integrity of the CSV as a unit for action research should not be compromised, otherwise, its emphasis on generating local evidence is lost.Let us remember:• Scalability is an important CSV criterion.• Evidence should be generated in a real-life setting.• Solutions are unique to representative areas.20 A Primer for CCAFS partners in Southeast AsiaCSVs are also being used as conduit for scaling out CSA (without an explicit research agenda). It is important for the CSV proponent to clarify the role and purpose of doing CSVs and  specify their intended scope and scale of application. Climate Smart Villages: Key Concepts  21The question of scale must be understood in the context of what is driving the need for a CSV.22 A Primer for CCAFS partners in Southeast AsiaKEY REMINDER 1Adaptation research, which is a basic element of a CSV, helps build and nurture local capacities at different levels. Local communities of practice are encouraged to continue to innovate, experiment, and adapt (incremental or step by step).Communities which have had a successful community- level adaptation management experience are likely to adapt better to future change. Climate Smart Villages: Key Concepts  23KEY REMINDER 2In a CSV, ultimately we need to ask ourselves whose needs are being addressed. Achieving outcomes such as reduced poverty, enhanced resilience, improved livelihoods and better nutrition should be the primary considerations (research papers are considered as associated outputs).After all CSVs is not about doing business as usual!24 A Primer for CCAFS partners in Southeast Asia

Climate Smart Villages: Key Concepts

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Climate Smart Villages: Key Concepts

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