Peck, D.C.

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.\ 67251 NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR MANAGI NG GRASSLAND SPITTLEBUGS Danie' C. Peck I r CS00Jlf -J (OlECClON HISli: 1 I i\ INTRODUCTlON ---Spiukbugs (Homoplt rl : Ce 0 PldaC) are ¡he- mO SI widcsprcad and d;l1llllglllg pUl I ________ -i0íir.'''';;,;mo;;";,;;''~'';,:,;.;;i ,~';.;'''~<~"~,"ral activity in ¡he NC'Olroplcs. pn:il llfn ror mllk and - - li: hiSlory and LflCTc~m¡.; peSl S I¡¡!U~ in rornGC b-nS$ot~ and JUVf canco .n cffecllve ;md coordinatcd IPM prograrn does nOl }"C l ex .SI 00': limlta llOl1 is. rudimtnllry lmdcrstandmg ofl~ vanallOn in sJullkbu¡;. fOfO¡,;C' hlbilat .nlenchon,. tl'UClIIl to ullloring manage'menl 10 !he d;\"t'tS<' gw~pl"c aod prodUCllo n l)'5IcmS .... litre gnssland splllkbllgs oc("u( n-.. .. _rlJroJ ... Irt04 r...,~~· · t...,...,. .. ___ .... _ ..... ,"'>II)I" oro-.... _  """-_ .. _ · -.,¡-,..,( ....... .,. .. _ Iy--.,,¡ . 1Ioo6opaoI ___ ...... ..,...,.yol .. -,....-1"<'_ .. 10. ... ..., • r.o...w~lk""oIoto<>oI • ...s-_ --.:<: .1I'toI ..... _..........-,. ... -.. -- OBJECTlVES --Ot$ocribt Ihe ltuonal popu lallOl\ OW:fU3110ns of spinltbug.s 11\ conmoSl Ifl¡; rtgio ns or Colombu Idcoll fy vanallOO aod panem S al Ihe le"e l o f raml. ff\>'OO. S(lI.5Ofl aod yt:i\I m Ctn ólU. ('omponen" o f populalion ewlogy rncludlflg: · Sp«lcscomposlllon . population S)ITlchrony • abundllnct . volnnlsm • p~logy • Incldencc or natuml enemies Based on !his informal ion. d~velop new gunkl.nc~ for adv:mcln¡; Ihe Inle gr3lcd manabemtnl o f spmlcbugs In paslUrC$ and mngeland.s -- METHOOOL.OCV --Four conlJaslin¡¡: rC'g,ons " 'C'IC deve lo ptd as model s"es ror Sl lill )1llg Ihe fiek! «olog)' or ¡;ns.sland ~in k'bu&s The"S<' 51 les vaned fiom 15,1000 m C' levallOn :u'Id 1000· 3600 mm mrlll1 :umual pr«ipil~tlon under rTl3I"kedl y d iITe lent scuonal penems highly su.sonal ..... "h uo1/llod.a1 ra lllr, ]) (CMibbc.an CoaSl Sa"llnnn. 8mhrlQcMoa ~,r"so). high ly kI501l~1""Hh blmod~1 r¡¡tllrall (Inleranll~"" Rq:IOll. 8'(lChwrJo d>etyn"f!IIro), iruc rrn rdl ~tf sca.sonal¡ E.ómern S.vanna5, 8,od"oriu ch"1,, .. Iwn.r). and conllnUOllli ly humid ¡Amnonian P>edmorll. 8, d.,'t/lm/u:m) (Flg. 1) Comparall"" popublion SludlC's Wtff perfonnal over IWO yeat'S Vi (0111 ~"c , reprtSer\un¡; th,u or !hcsc rcs,ons Al tach SIIC. !hree 51\.1dy plon "'CI'( tstabloshtd on a rtprtscnulOvc rann. Et.ch plol was in.1 ~"arale p3ddock o.nd mainlllncd under thc normal sraz '"fj and p.a.stUll' mll1lal!em~nl regimc Sp1l11e mus and swccp net Su .. "t)'s "'trC' p-cñonned IWÍI;:C wo.'tkly !FI2. 2 ), All nymphs wcre dt t ~rm'"td ID inSI.,.. aduh, to scx .00 sp«IU. and nl Nral cnemles wc~ cen$used TropIcal Grasses and Legumes ProJo.: l Inlcgrated PCSl M.magement ProJec l Centro Inlem ac lonal de Agricu ltura Tropica l (CIAT ) A.A . 6713. Ca li, Colombia d.peck@cgiAr.org -- RESULTS--S prclcs Composilion. Sevcf) splU le bu¡; spCCICI !'rom fOUf ¡;enCf~ wefe del«le<J al IheS( $i l e~ The ¡;enus P"'Jopkl Wl$ reponed for ¡he fU"St IIme)l\ Soulh AmrnC3 bccausc Pro$(Ipio sim/llol'lS wa5 dt l« lcd 1I eco nofmCII lly damablflg Jc \-c ls 'o lb ... Cauc~ Rlver Vo lky (Ftg. J) Th,s $pt"c:ies is a polcnllal Ihrcal lO suglln:ane prodoction Al) undtscubed spc:e 'cs oflhe gtnus Molio"onv ,,' ,)5 dClccled Oiverslly was IoWC~I m lile h,gh ly $Cawo"I S!ln who.:rc onc spcc ics OOmin3lcd . Thre<" sp«le$ occum:d Lfllhc ,olcmlCd'3tC SC350nal Sil':. one ,n h.gh oOundancc . Oivcrsl1 y Wl$ hl¡;hest Inthe conILfluoosl)' humH~ sile wherc four SPCc:iCI ~m:d, rv.·o 11\ h'gh abundlncc (T.b~ r_1 Srayo' ___ I'"' ... ~_ • ..r."..'Io""P._ <-.. .. , ............ .,.(c .. C .. __ l~ .. .......... .:....- ""'"--$0._ ... ~ '"'- ~ "'"" ",ply~ II,,-tr_OO'IioI -,--I_..w~ ,~, --' -,j~~ < I --~ 100 -,-'" " -~"'-_.~ < I ~- 100 l,,¡ .. f"Ibo€ .... " NaJuNI Ene m¡~ Flvc c1assc~ of natu l'll l enenllC5 wt~ ~nco ulll erro In !he rour res, oo~ predaceous mu. par.ui' Í<' ni~s. p:lfa Sll ic nemutodu. p:trunic miles and funga ~nlomopalhobtnS Syrphid fly IlIrvac CSo1pi"(l01!/'l'lrr "'If"o) Ir~ Ihe moS! wcll·known and wldcsprC3d ~¡"t1 lcbu¡; I)3rura l t'ltCmIU Plpunc ulid file s ..... e re r ... poned fOI lhe fuS! lime pal'aSI1!211\fj Ncw World ctrcopllU IlIdu Il5). A lOt:t 1 01 1S IsolaliS o f fungal enlomop:llho¡;~n, from allcasl JO ben~ra (AJpt'rgillu.<, BC'uUW!rllJ. Cun "/.tlorlO. Dut:ry/~lIo. Fwonum. Mrlorhc ium, P/J .... :ilom)"cC'$. Pc" 'nlftum, Sparo,lrrix. T'iI.·buJ~nrlu) havc beco obumcd (rom nymphs o r Idu! ts of SOl': splUlcbuS 5pCC 'C'S In lile comp3f-,ivc: populallon $uNeys. lhe thtCf: 511 U hl¡;.ltl )· Sota$OMl for rll nfall expo;:ricnred llw: Jo ... ·CSI 00\"1:11111 mciócnte or nu"",,1 cncmln, Thc (C)I\ linuousl y wel .... .-.. ~~rlC'nt~d Ihe ¡reales' (Tab~ 2) ToMo-J ........... oA_ ..... __ '_ .. _ _ I .. .,.." ... , ....... KJ>_ofC-.-H IN, ......... u.¡IIIy--' __ C ......... Y ,--a.l1 ,_"w¡ __ _ , ..pI--~ , ......... O ... I ... ~oJoc' ",,--,~, ti 6 11 ""' __ .... ' _ 1 2 _ ..... n ... 'IIoohdo<J r Popubtlktn Fluciuaiktn. Spi ttlebug nymphs and adults occurTed dunng Ihe Wt'I s.eason and disappearC"d dunng lhe drlt'SI pcflods . Tht' msC'Cl $ut'\·lwd mt' dr)' s.ea.son as donnant or d lapaustng tggs. Th~ ¡pratesl p-opulallQfl fluctu al,on5 occurrcd In rht moSl s..:asonal1y dr )" S'It'S ba:).(d on I 1) complele disap¡xoarance oflht ms..:CI dunng Iht dry $CMOn momhs and ( 2) e"rcme populationpt'alts durmg Ihe wel St'ason bt-gmnmg wl1h Ihe rClum orlhe rams (Fig. 4). Popu .... "on fluctualions ","ere less pronounet'd in ¡he.' 11I1ermedlale s.easonal SlIe. eorrespondmg 10 Ihe shonn and Ins sevcre dr )' suson. N}mphs and adullS ","trc nOI delecled in al kasl oot" o f Ihe d'Iesl mooths of eaeh )'Uf. In ¡he.' eOntmuously humtd slIe. nymphs and aduhs WeTe detecled cver)' OIoolh orlhe rear cot'Tl'spondmg 10 Ihe laek ofa dislincl dry seasoo Populallon synchrony was grcalcslmlhe $Casonal SlIt's whcre abn,pl n)mph populanon pe:U.s "'"t'rt palrt'd Wll h eoo!;("euli\te adult populllhon peaks. Such s)"nehronous popu!al1on pcah .. ·ere nol del«lable m Ihe eonlinuously humld SICo: _ A Pb~nolllg) . RC $Olul1OO of populallon dynanllCS was grnd )' t'nh:I.nCf:J by cOllsldt'nn~ all swdy paddocks ~paraldr. As an eumpk. populallOn curves of Suere I9CHc ICanbbean CooSI $<I1'anna, hlgh ly S("3sooa l t '" er~ ass.es~d tO gaU¡;C o n· fann vanatlOll 111 a~ndance and pheoolog)'. Jo lenns of abuodance. paddock P3 eXpt'nenced 5·6 lunes mort' flymphs and aduhs Ihan PI and ~2 . In lt'mlS of ph('nology. the firsl nymph populatJon p('al¡ In P.' was nOI deleclC"d in P I and P2 (Fig. ~) n.c-se phwolo¡;tcal d,fTef'!Cnct'~ offerc-d SITong ('\t,dence fo, rap,d CO IOOlVlllon of p4""t'\tl00sl )" uOInfuled ~re3S of a farm Ihrough adull mol'cmenl. Ini lía l adull popu lallon p-eah In PI and P2 coutclded w,lh Ihe second adult pt'ak Ifl P3. bul "'e re 001 accomparued b ), 11 precedlflg oymph pt'ak. Adulls Ifl PI and P2 were ¡herc rore l1T1 m'grants . F ,ru Ihal SWepl Ihrou~ PI and P:! ¡bu¡ 001 P3 ) lale in ¡he.' dr)' SE'ason probably kllltd Ihe so,l·bome eggs: oolonizmg adults rrom surrounding unaffeeled art'as. such a" P3. r(·eslablished Ihe local populallon. Resolullon ofpopulallon d)Tlam,es was further enhanced Ihough ao ass<ssmenl of a ll spink~g I,fe sta)!.ts. nOljuSI 10lal nymphs and 10lal 3dulls. Tlus penntned an 'nterprelat ion baseu on progreSSlon of Ihe gCTl(T3lion mlher lhan over:r.11 populallon pt'aJ.;s . For mSlan«. In SUCf'!C 199X. P3 .¡here was a clear re{;lllllment ofoymphs from onc IIfe SIa¡;e 10 lhe neXI up IruOllgh Itneral adulls SIIIl found in Ihe sp,tlk ma S$.. This was c\t,dence for 1"'0 large aou synchrooous m'llal gcneral,()I1~ in Ih'5 paddock TheSo.' coolrrbuled 10 fou r mort' dlSllTlct. ~I Itss synchronolls. gcnerat¡oos. Geneflllion S12e aJso appcart'd lO decre~ ","l1h rht' p4""OgnSSlOTl oflhe wC'l S-ea$<)n These Sl~ gencr3l ions ma'u ll'd appro.~ imalel)' t \tn)' 15 monlhs end Ma)·. sun Jul)'. mld Au¡¡ust. end Seplcmber. m,d NoltCmber anú mld IXcember (Ffg. 6) r«..,._iy~ "'" ""' .~~ MoI« It. ) ~l&." """"""_ a...-.... o(n)'llOl'lo'" """" OJ'!"ktIoop ..... , .... ¡.no-. o! "-'Y '. _<_",~"'C"""'. "III,Ply~......wIC __ C ..... o.ro C ...... ~81 1 IoJ101r..-l~IC_C-. I)q'Io . ~<I.O~ -...I C Eooc<n s..'_II<¡oI. _~ 'J, C_"""'¡y~!M.x-.~ ... r><po c--" Th,s dClatled aoalysls kd 10 ph~oOb'1"Dms Ihal sraph'CIII)" deplcl populalion and geoera lioo dCl'clopmenl lO lh~ survey Sl1C S. Dase-d on calc1l181,ons or 5~ó aceuOlulaled mSCCI-days for eaeh general ion. Aen/":n!nmia ~h,,"I(1 00 Ihe Cnibbean ('oaSl complt!ed its 1,(( c)"e1e t'\ter)' 43.1 d {IF 16} Thls eO"espondfo very weU "" ,Ih resulls obtamed from greenhouse sludles (4~ 3 d i. A . rflhlCfO 15 Iherdor(!he moSI prohlic grassland spl1ll(bu¡; known. achtc:\t '"1> $i)\ genNauons In. h,~l y susooal en\t"oomen! chaflClerizC<1 by 2·3 dry momhs pt'r rear (Fig. 7). ---.-~" --o .' ( .. , ( .... ( o • • ( o .. ( .... ( o ¡ , , · · ~ ,-· i, J-.. · ,-· ., .. , , ,",", 1 ... ,) , A V . . . " .1>. " "..... ",,!J. ~.J>. ./Jo.. . o o ,. 1l<p,.,." .... 0I0 Iuw f'f"," I","';OO lA.< , moy O< doM ... I<f,""¡ t>y """'" ,n.: oJ<a. .. cr ........ I"""""" • 1 .... · ~,,·.1 '¡',n"'y q/ OJ'!""""'P ' I""".-..,..¡",~ol ......... _ - 1u¡:h 1"'J"'bO_ ' )1I'ior, .. y R.-- .. "h loo porow ........ " .. 'to..t "" ... _y ........ ""yt'<,·_;<fl ..,,¡t.,· Iu""' , ... ·~ ~/ ... , ... ,.,..,....... ~ ' .... ",,·. 1 m'n .. ,y or.,..otct.>.p 1<,..1"'''''''''''-...1 J"lI"bI"'" 'I"'~ ... ''''''' - - - NEW MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES --~1c.! ,....,t.o_th.._~ .. ~( o..oaI.~..,.¡o.Iott."'~poJ.Io..;". ,..,.,._ ......... "'. lo,pl, ........... 1 .... K .... IoI>. .. c.-.!"l<ro s...~<, In Slles more S(:8sonal (or ralflfall. spatlal and It'roporal delemlm~lion of early season oUlbreal¡s '5 lIiral . Scoulmg slra lcgies muS! foc llS on nymphs. befoft \he first generarktn of mobl ll' adules. Controllacl lCS shoukllargC1 these foci 10 w ppn:ss nymph POPUllllions and lhercby ocell"&Se colontzauon o f othcr non· ,n(tSltd aT(aS and reduce Ihe sal' of subsequenl I>eflt'falions. G'\ten !he e:uens,\le nature of paslurt 8nd rangt'1ands. tdennftcal,on of foc, is cfllical bt-fore control taclics s.uch 3.S intens",e grumg. mowlOg. hum'ng and pC'SlIcides bt:com~ prael1eal ~ ~~+-+-~~~~~~~~~ 111 siles kss sca;;onal for ralOfall. lhe 11Isecr occursall yt'ar round and pre$t'nlS lio .... populatioo $)TIchron y Control sU"lIleglCs $oould bt- ~scd on cuhural taenes lO rcduc .. habltal qualir)' fo r T(prodUC11OO and d(vclopmenl . Hablu.r mana~ment S\Kh u gl":!IZtng I11.lna¡;emenl. boS! planl SCI«I'OIl. f'!Cs iSlallCf: .nd diYC"rs,focaloon shou\d be in\tesligalcd Wnh enhanced ratnfBll and cOTlltnual pf'!Cstnce of Ihe tnseCI. deplo)Tnt'nt of funga l enlomopathogens and olher nalural ..,n(mies llS ag<:'ntS of b,ologocal control ",",11 be more feaslblc " , " ~ " 1 ,. t .:J-..J._'-..;.. .... '!" .... - .. -w. .... '-.. ~--1 • )O ,, ' ,. Jo : 1 ..... " ¡; , - - CONClUS IONS --• New splll lebug enemles fel11.lin 10 be distovcrcd Lo ponleul3/. lher.., 's a very hi~ dlwrSlly of fungal enlomopalhogens lhal sht>uld be exploi led . Few spinlcbug '"'S] natural enernrts have beco seriously eVll lualed as agenl$ orb,ologlcal coolrol. f O ' . . High resolul ion artd accura'e mlerpreralton of local popubllon dynam,(S d(pc-nd , .. on delatled Silt"srecifoc sllldi(s !ha! ( 1) ¡;auge on·farrn vanabdil )l and (1) '-~ . discrimmat~ amOllg all hf.: 5131>(5. Very ft'1O: R'gions have Ih ,s IIlformallOn 1 2 Ole. 2005 ay;¡ilabk for guid in¡; Iht' sdC'Clion and tar¡;elrn¡; ofmanagemeOl latl K:$ • TIre'" ,de ¡;cogn¡phoc rangc where spnr lebugs oceur as pest$ ofgmminold cmps IS \ D ~ ; t O./ MACIO" y ~~ d; MHHACIOH accompaOJ<:'d by ","ide \tarialion m splll lehus·forage-habi.at IOle raClion$lhal ;$ rek\tarJllo ?<,St Sla lU S. ~s.t ccology alld con$Cqucnl l)' Ihe de\t .. !opmenl of pt:' s.t managemcnt SIr:lleg,u. InfOlTTJ.alion (rom more reglon$ muS! be galht'TC"d lO dflt'TJTlUJo.' how soea$Onll l TlIlIlfall pallems may broodl)'driw 1000a l spO:ClndlYC"f$lty. POpulallon d)"llImlcs. phcnolos), and Ihe mcodtoce and ,mp.,cl of nalural tnem,es ... "r.M"T c_ .. r..w"' .......... _ ...... "", .... -'<Ioo,' ..... ........... ~-"". ,., .. ,." ......... . _ "" . .,.--........ ..... ,,_ ....... '-_, .... , ... , .. __ .... '~, ... rc_. ! ... _~." ..... _ .. ___ ...... _  .......... ....,k._, .... ~., • -, __ . ! _""'_¡, .... ~ ........ ...ooI,._ .. __ , . , .. ""'''''-~ .,_ ..... .-.. .... _" .. _, I_-....,~· .. _ ...... ""-, •. , ...... ............ _ ...._ ., .. _,.~ ... -".--.- ............... ·.,oI.,~ ......... ,..... ... . _ .. ·.-.-.. _ .......... _" .......... ... --..-. , ........... _ ...... _l)' ..... '.-...., .. ...........,n. -'_ .. _1· ..--..."'_ .. ______ .......-.. ""'_ ... ,._."<'<_ .. -.. ............ _-_ ........ _- ... ~ ___ 1.J._ ......... 1 .... .. , ...-__ .. .......... s. ..... _ .. ..._. ____ .  ..... _ ......... _,_ .... --_ .. ... --_-(0)'.) ... .......,-'. 1.1.1 .. ,., .. ' ___ o,.aI) __ b , ...... ___ ...... ,... .. .,.._ ... __ . ,..,""' .... Io1I._I _ ___ .. ..,¡, __ ",,,.,,"" _ .. <-..t .... " ... _'-"~_...,_ ........ _ ..... ,_ .. _-, .... ,--, ........... _,.,...--..... , .. ,,- ,"-, .. - -.. .. _ .... ,..- ........ -.. _ ..----" _Joow.I ........ Iono'_JO .... _-. ... _ ... , .. _"' .... .r-.o H c.7 W~lly ...... ..,. ....... ... ~of~""""" • ..,.¡_ _., ... ·....., ... .... <._ ... ~oI_"*' .. _"""'_ .. ---...... """"_ ......... ........_'""',,_ .. _ __. ......... , 01 ............ __ 00)._'1'<' ... _ ... ", .. _,_ ............. ............ """" ... "'" --, ... ,) ... ~~-. ' ..... -___ ........ ol« _ ... oltlo<bk .. ,.1"k,"" ..... k .... __ ""' ........ ol~ ___ ,.. ___ . h<p.ly--' .... (CanMo:.C ...... \)q>< s..."T<' 

New perspectives for managing grassland spittlebugs

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New perspectives for managing grassland spittlebugs

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