Roesel, Kristina

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Safe Food, Fair Food Uganda Kristina Roesel ILRI Uganda/ Freie Universität Berlin, Germany Matuga, Uganda, 15 February 2014 Pig and pork zoonoses in Uganda  Presented at a training course for pig farmers organized by Pig Production and Marketing Uganda Ltd  Part of two research projects by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)  • Smallholder pig value chain development project (IFAD-EU) • Safe Food, Fair Food (BMZ/GIZ)  with local partners (Makerere University, MAAIF, district government, NGOs) in Masaka, Kamuli and Mukono districts.   Safe Food, Fair Food project 1  Outline  A brief introduction to zoonoses   I am just a farmer, why care about zoonoses?   Selected pig zoonoses identified in Uganda, transmission and management    2  What are zoonoses? “Diseases that can be transmitted between animals and people and vice versa”  7 billion world population: 55 million die each year  18 million from infections: 60% shared with animals  1.2 million from road traffic accidents  170,000 from fatal agricultural accidents  20,000 from extreme weather conditions   3 Photo courtesy of The pigsite Photo courtesy of Animal Blawg  Transmitted by contact: worms Very common Whipworm, roundworm Enormous economic losses  Stunted growth and malnutrition in piglets but also in children Good management: regular deworming (albendazole/ ivermectine) and biosecurity   Littermate Hampshire pigs:  control 91kg – infected 41kg (Photo courtesy of Louisana State University, US) 5  Diamond skin disease  Reported by farmers in Kamuli  Bacterial disease (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae)   In pigs from 3 months to 1 year, 3 forms of the disease: • 1: sudden death without any signs • 2: diamond skin, fever, abort • 3: fever, joint pain, heart failure  In people (mostly butchers, vets, pork handlers):  like form 3 starting with painful  skin infection  Easy treatment with Penicillin Photo courtesy of Richard Jakowski, DVM, PhD, DACVP 6  Many are transmitted by food  At least 2 billion cases of diarrhoea worldwide per year (up to 90% attributed to food)  1.5 million children under 5 die because of diarrhoeal diseases (80% in South Asia and Africa)  In sub-Saharan Africa, 80% of the food from animals is marketed informally  Animal-source foods are single most important source of foodborne disease   7 I am just a farmer, why care about zoonoses?  „Majority of pork in Kampala contaminated“   with what?   „Increasingly risky for human consumption“   consequences?   „Loyal pork consumers face running mad“   per se? Daily Monitor, 6 June 2012 8  „ALL pork supplied in Kampala for human consumption is contaminated“   defamation, severerly damaging a sector‘s reputation   „Threatening to close all pork joints around the city“   risk of unemployment  I am just a farmer, why care about zoonoses? Red Pepper, 13 June 2012 9 Did you feel any impact on your business after this publicity? 10 It’s because you are part of a system: N Taylor, J Rushton 11 Pigs and pork in Uganda  Highest per capita consumption in SSA (3.4 kg)  Explosion in pig numbers over the past 30 years (0.19-2.3 million pigs, FAO) Mostly in hands of small holders, especially women’s activity  Live asset, “piggy bank”  “Pork joint” phenomenon  Small formal sector with processed pork products (i.e. ham, bacon, salami)   12 Pork consumption in Kampala ILRI/BMZ Safe Food, Fair Food  14 Bacterial Viral Parasitic Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus Brucella suis Burkholderia pseudomallei Campylobacter spp. Clostridium botulinum Clostridium perfringens Listeria monocytogenes Mycobacterium spp. Salmonella spp. Toxigenic E. coli Staphylococcus aureus Yersinia spp. Adenoviridae Astrovirus Ebolavirus Enterovirus Hepatitis E Hepatitis A Influenza virus Norovirus Rabies Rotavirus  Alaria alata Ancylostoma duodenale Balantidium coli Cryptosporidium spp. Taenia solium Entamoeba polecki Fasciola hepatica Giardia intestinalis Linguatula serrata Sarcocystis suihominis Toxoplasma gondii Trichinella spiralis Pig zoonoses in Uganda 15 Cysticercosis What do you see here?  Could eating this meat make people sick? What would be the symptoms of the sickness? What signs did the live pig show?  What can you do to manage this disease? Photo courtesy of Dr. A. Lee Willingham III, WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Parasitic Zoonoses, Denmark 16 18 Cysts in the human brain causing epilepsy. If people ingest eggs of the pig tapeworm (e.g. when not washing their hands before eating), these may develop in the brain, the eye or other parts of the body: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/biology.html    Managing cysticercosis on farm  Detection in live pigs is very difficult; treatment possible in theory (Oxfendazole) but not feasible  Better to observe good management practices: • Use toilets  • Wash your hands with soap after the toilet, before eating and after touching the soil • If you think you have a worm infection, go and see a doctor who can easily treat worm infection (praziquantel) • Observe good biosecurity for your pigs (confinement, limited outside visitors) • Cook pork thoroughly, boil drinking water   19  Trichinellosis in people  Parasitic disease  2 days after the ingestion: Nausea, Diarrhoea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain  2-8 weeks after the infection: flu-like symptoms muscle pain, fever, swelling of the face (particular the eyes), weakness/fatigue, headache, chills, itching, cough, diarrhoea, constipation  Normally, recovery after few months  but sometimes breathing and heart  problems until death   Photo courtesy of Emory U/Dr. Thomas F. Sellers Creation Date: 1963 20  Trichinellosis Challenges:  Larvae in meat not visible with bear eyes  Pigs not sick  Symptoms in people  flu-or malaria-like  Trichinellosis not commonly  known in Uganda , so  doctors may not think of it    Animal health online.de 21  Trichinellosis 22  Managing trichinellosis on farm  Detection in live pigs is very difficult; treatment possible in theory (Albendazole) but not feasible  Better to observe good management practices: • Confinement (no interaction with wildlife) • Don’t allow your pigs to eat meat scraps, lizards, snakes, birds and rodents • Cook your meat thoroughly    23  Toxoplasmosis in people  Parasitic disease; >60% infected worldwide but no signs of sickness At risk are:   People with HIV or other chronic conditions  Pregnant women and their unborn children*  The infection can be re-activated if a person was infected while healthy but is immuno-compromised at a later time  Eye pain, tearing of the eyes, sensitivity to light, blurred vision – can lead to blindness  Fever, confusion, headache, seizures, nausea, and poor coordination because of brain infection  24  Managing toxoplasmosis on farm  Detection in live pigs is very difficult; treatment possible in theory (Sulph, Trim) but not feasible  Better to observe good management practices: • Confinement  • Keep cats out of the piggery and the feed store • Rodent control • Cook your meat thoroughly    25 Environmental contamination and  cross-contamination of fruits and raw vegetables! 26 Trypanosoma spp. Pigs can die suddenly or Don’t show any signs  Pigs can be carriers of human sleeping sickness   Photo: courtesy of CDC 27  Brucellosis in people Bacterial disease: Brucella  Eating undercooked meat Consuming unpasteurized/ raw milk or dairy Breathing in the bacteria  Skin wounds (vets, slaughter staff, meat handlers, hunters)  Symptoms: recurrent fever and joint pain (often falsely confused with malaria!), abortions  Courtesy of Dr Joseph Erume DAAD post doc fellow at ILRI 28  Brucellosis in pigs  Transmitted between pigs through contact/  copulation  In boars often inflammation of one testicle  Lameness, sometimes paralysis  Infertility, abortion at any stage of gestation,  birth of dead or weak piglets  Related to Brucella in cattle, sheep and goats; can grow on cows udder and contaminate milk   Management: culling; vaccination not common in pigs  In Masaka, Mukono and Kamuli districts it occurs very rarely Colegio Oficial de Veterinarios de Badajoz 29 Salmonellosis in people  Bacterial disease: Salmonella  More than 2000 strains, it is everywhere, some strains cause sickness in people  acute onset of fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea and sometimes vomiting; sickness starts 6-72 hours (usually 12-36 hours) after ingestion, and illness lasts 2-7 days  In otherwise healthy people no treatment necessary but children and elderly must be re-hydrated or they could die  Can be transmitted through consumption of eggs, meat, poultry and milk), green vegetables contaminated by manure, or from sick people; 20% attributed to pork consumption 30 Salmonellosis in pigs  Affects mostly weaners and growers, especially when stressed (weaning, re-grouping, transport)  Diarrhoea but more often respiratory disease and fever, shivering, reddening of ears, nose and under-belly, death can also occur  Piglets and older pigs may not show signs but are carriers  100 meat and faecal samples from Masaka, Mukono and Kamuli districts at Kampala city slaughterhouse  Salmonella spp. isolates from 50% samples  Resistant to antibiotics: Sulfameth > Ampic > Tetracycline > Penic Courtesy of George Tinega, MSc fellow at ILRI 31  32 The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI. Contact Kristina Roesel Project coordinator “Safe Food, Fair Food” ILRI Kampala  https://safefoodfairfood.wordpress.com/   www.ilri.org   Credit: Cover slide photo by Angella Musewa 

Pig and pork zoonoses in Uganda

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Pig and pork zoonoses in Uganda

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