Birthal, P.S.

Kar, D.

Rao, P.P.

Shrestha, H.R.

Wickramaratne, S.H.G.

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Increasing livestock productivity in mixedcrop-livestock systems in South AsiaP. Parthasarathy RaoP.S. BirthalDharmendra KarS.H.G. WickramaratneH.R. ShresthaICRISATInternational Crops Research Institutefor the Semi-Arid TropicsPatancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh,IndiaNCAPNational Centre for AgriculturalEconomics and Policy ResearchLibrary Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012,IndiaSystemwide Livestock ProgramInternational Livestock ResearchInstituteAddis Ababa, EthiopiaLivestock and Fisheries ResearchNepal Agricultural Research CouncilP.O. Box 5459, Khumaltar, Kathmandu,NepalVeterinary Research InstituteDepartment of Animal Productionand HealthP.O. Box 28, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya,Sri Lanka2004International Livestock ResearchInstituteAddis Ababa, EthiopiaAcknowledgementsAll the collaborating institutions gratefully acknowledge the funding provided by the Systemwide LivestockProgram (SLP) based in ILRI, Ethiopia, for carrying out the study on ‘Increasing Livestock Productivity andMixed Crop-livestock Systems in South Asia’. The authors would like to thank Dr. T. G. Kelley (formerlyPrincipal Scientist, ICRISAT, presently with Science Council, CGIAR) and Dr. E. Zerbini (formerly AnimalNutrionist, ILRI-SAP) who were instrumental in conceiving the project, setting the goals and objectives of theproject and doing much of the initial spade work; Prof. A. Vaidyanathan, Madras Institute of DevelopmentStudies, Chennai, for preparing the background information, activities and work plans for the project; Prof. D.Thomas (formerly NRI, UK), who played a key role in bringing the partners together during the stakeholderworkshop and subsequently in drafting progress reports related to the project. The authors would also like tothank Drs. MCS. Bantilan, Global Theme Leader, SAT Futures, ICRISAT, Dr. Mruthunjaya, Director, NCAPand Dr. M. Blummel, ILRI-SAP for their encouragement and valuable guidance during the course of the project.Our special thanks to Ms. Gloria Christina for her patience and skill in handling the district-level database,graphic and tabular analysis, Mr. Irshad Mohammed and Mr Moinuuddin for skillfully handling the GIS maps,and for Cover Artwork Mr. P. S. Rao.The AuthorsS.H.G. WickramaratneLivestock OfficerVeterinary Research InstituteP.O. Box 28, GannoruwaPeradeniya, Sri LankaH.R. ShresthaBovine Research ProgramLivestock and Fisheries ResearchNARC, P.O. Box 5459Khumaltar, KathmanduP. Parthasarathy RaoSenior  ScientistICRISATPatancheru 502 324Andhra Pradesh, IndiaP. S. BirthalSenior ScientistNCAP, Library AvenuePusa, New Delhi 110 001Dharmendra KarScientific OfficerICRISATPatancheru 502 324Andhra Pradesh, IndiaContentsChapter 1.Overview of Crop-Livestock Systems in South AsiaLivestock Production Systems ............................................................................................... 1Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems in South Asia ....................................................................... 2Scope and Objectives of the Study ....................................................................................... 4Emerging Trends in Crop-livestock Systems in South Asia .................................................... 5Projected Demand for Livestock Products ............................................................................ 18Challenges for the Livestock Sector ...................................................................................... 24Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 31References ............................................................................................................................ 31Chapter 2.Diversity of Agriculture and Development Planning:Need for a Typology of Crop-Livestock SystemsDiversity of Agricultural Systems ......................................................................................... 37Need for a Typology of Agriculture ....................................................................................... 42Constructing an Improved Typology of Agriculture ............................................................... 42Data and Methodology for Construction of Crop-Livestock Typology ................................... 45References ............................................................................................................................ 48Appendix .............................................................................................................................. 49Chapter 3Typology of Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems: IndiaMixed Crop-Livestock Systems Typology ............................................................................. 53Relative Economic Significance of Zones/Systems ................................................................ 53Characterization of Crop-Livestock Zones/ Systems ............................................................ 58Growth in Production: Crop and Livestock Sector ............................................................... 71Inputs Technology and Infrastructure ................................................................................... 79Factors Influencing Structure and Productivity of Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems ............... 92Livestock, Poverty and Environment ..................................................................................... 103Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 106References ............................................................................................................................ 108Chapter 4Typology of Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems: Sri LankaMixed Crop-Livestock Systems Typology ............................................................................. 113Characterization of Crop-Livestock Zones/Systems ............................................................. 113Crop-Livestock Interaction in Production Systems................................................................ 129Feed Resources ..................................................................................................................... 131Technology Adoption ............................................................................................................ 132Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 135References ............................................................................................................................ 136Chapter 5Typology of Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems: NepalMixed Crop-Livestock Systems Typology ............................................................................. 141Characterization of Crop-Livestock Zones/Systems ............................................................. 141Technology Adoption ............................................................................................................ 158Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 161References ............................................................................................................................ 161

Increasing livestock productivity in mixed crop-livestock systems in South Asia

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