Objective: To analyze the behavior of pH and sodium bicarbonate (NAHCO3) in the saliva of patients with leukemia  during the administration protocol for Methotrexate (Mtx). Materials and Methods: A controlled clinical essay was  carried out on 23 patients between 4 and 18 years of age with high-risk Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Sampling was  carried out at To  : basal condition; T1  : 12 hours after intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate, before administering  Mtx and T2  : 3 hours after administering Mtx, the time of maximum concentration. Chiron-Diagnostic 378®  equipment was used to determine pH and sodium bicarbonate. The data was interpreted using Analysis of Variance at  the 5% significance level. Results: The highest values of sodium bicarbonate were observed at T2  , with salivary pH levels  remaining within neutrality ranges, diminishing slightly in T1  . Conclusion. In this study, the dose of sodium bicarbonate  considered in the administration protocol of 3 g /m2   Mtx, kept sodium bicarbonate levels in saliva at normal levels and  pH neutral

Chaparro, Neira

Griman, Dariana

Navas, Rita

Rojas de Morales, Thais

Viera, Ninoska

Álvarez, Carmen

English

Repositori d'Objectes Digitals per a l'Ensenyament la Recerca i la Cultura

E435Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007 Oct 1;12(6):E435-9.                                                                                                                                          pH and salivary sodium bicarbonate in children with leukemia  Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2007;                                                              12:E435-9.                                                                                                                                                         pH and salivary sodium bicarbonate in children with leukemia pH and salivary sodium bicarbonate during the administration protocol for methotrexate in children with leukemiaThais Rojas de Morales 1, Rita Navas 1, Ninoska Viera 2, Carmen Julia Álvarez 3, Neira Chaparro 2, Dariana Griman 4(1) Full Professor. Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University  of  Zulia(2) Associate Professor. Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University   of Zulia(3) Adjunct Professor. Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University  of  Zulia(4) Research Assistant. Dental SurgeonCorrespondence:Dra Thais Rojas de MoralesCalle 65 equina con Av.19. Edificio Ciencia y Salud. 3er piso. Maracaibo. Zulia.  Venezuela. Postal Code 400  E-mail: moralesrojas@cantv.netReceived: 24-08-2006Accepted: 3-06-2007Rojas-Morales T, Navas R, Viera N, Álvarez CJ, Chaparro N, Griman D. pH and salivary sodium bicarbonate during the administration protocol for methotrexate in children with leukemia. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007 Oct 1;12(6):E435-9.© Medicina Oral S. L. C.I.F. B 96689336 - ISSN 1698-6946AbsTRACTObjective: To analyze the behavior of pH and sodium bicarbonate (NAHCO3) in the saliva of patients with leukemia during the administration protocol for Methotrexate (Mtx). Materials and Methods: A controlled clinical essay was carried out on 23 patients between 4 and 18 years of age with high-risk Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Sampling was carried out at To: basal condition; T1: 12 hours after intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate, before admin-istering Mtx and T2: 3 hours after administering Mtx, the time of maximum concentration. Chiron-Diagnostic 378® equipment was used to determine pH and sodium bicarbonate. The data was interpreted using Analysis of Variance at the 5% significance level. Results: The highest values of sodium bicarbonate were observed at T2, with salivary pH levels remaining within neutrality ranges, diminishing slightly in T1. Conclusion. In this study, the dose of sodium bicarbonate considered in the administration protocol of 3 g /m2 Mtx, kept sodium bicarbonate levels in saliva at normal levels and pH neutral.   Indexed in: -Index Medicus / MEDLINE  /  PubMed            -EMBASE, Excerpta Medica-SCOPUS-Indice Médico Español                                                        -IBECSINTRODUCTIONThe capacity of human saliva to stabilize acids is essential for maintaining pH in the oral environment above critical levels for hydroxyapatite to protect the teeth from demine-ralization. The system responsible for the buffering capa-city of human saliva includes bicarbonate, phosphate and proteins (1), with the bicarbonate buffer system being the most important (2).  It is believed that the transportation of bicarbonate to the salivary glands occurs via the changing mechanisms of bicarbonate/chlorine. The concentration of bicarbonate in the saliva is a consequence of the metabolic passage of CO2 through the salivary glands (1). CO2 is diffused freely through the epithelial boundary and, due to the presence of the protein carbonic anhydrase, acid neutra-lization by the salivary bicarbonate is facilitated (3).  The modification of the ecological equilibrium of the buccal cavity is related to the presence of systemic diseases or the administration of medication, all of which could produce quali-quantitative changes in the saliva (4-6), among which pH and sodium bicarbonate (NAHCO3) are worthy of mention (2). Clinical and forensic research has demonstrated that the salivary concentration of a substance may be related to its concentration in blood; the substances may pass from the plasma to saliva through intercellular or intracellular transportation. The latter could be by active transportation or by passive diffusion, which will depend on molecular weight, lipidic solubility, degree of ionization and proteic load. The mechanisms whereby a substance is transferred to saliva have an important implication for their use in               Article Number: 10489640              © Medicina Oral S. L. C.I.F. B 96689336 - ISSN 1698-6946               eMail:  medicina@medicinaoral.com E436Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007 Oct 1;12(6):E435-9.                                                                                                                                          pH and salivary sodium bicarbonate in children with leukemia  Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2007;                                                              12:E435-9.                                                                                                                                                         pH and salivary sodium bicarbonate in children with leukemia diagnosing (7). In the case of  a patient with cancer, the administration of acid substances such as Methotrexate in doses over 2 g/m2, requires the administration of alkaline substances such as sodium bicarbonate before and during 72 hours in order to maintain hyperhydration and obtain alkaline diuresis, since the blood’s most important tampon uses bicarbonate – a basic compound in equilibrium with carbonic anhydride, an acid compound.The more acid penetrates the blood, the more bicarbonate and the less CO2 are produced; on the other hand, the more the base penetrates the blood, the more CO2 and the less bicarbonate are produced; in both cases, the effect on pH is minimized (8), which could cause variations in pH and sodium bicarbonate levels in the saliva. A previous study concluded that the administration of methotrexate or cyclophosphamide did not modify the salivary buffering capacity in pediatric patients with cancer (9); these consi-derations served as the basis for this study, the purpose of which was to analyze the behavior of sodium bicarbonate in the saliva of patients with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the oncological treatment protocol of which uses high doses of Mtx.   MATERIALs AND METHODs -PatientsThe population was made up of the children and adolescents that attended the Oncohematological Unit of the Hospital de Especialidades Pediátricas (Hospital of Pediatric Special-ties) (HEP), State of Zulia, Venezuela, between April 2004 and May 2005. The sample comprised 23 patients ranging from 4 to 18 years of age.  Inclusion criteria: Patients must have been diagnosed with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in accordance with the French –American – British (FAB) (10), with indication to receive the Total XV Protocol of St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, which includes the administration of high doses of methotrexate (3g/m2) and hyperhydration with sodium bicarbonate (12 mEq/m2), during the consolidation phase (day 44, day 51) and ma-intenance phase (weeks 10,20,24,31,39 and 47). Exclusion criterion: The presence of active carious cavities.   This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the HEP; each parent or guardian signed an agreement report once the purpose therefore was explained to him or her.-Saliva samplesSaliva samples were collected from the patients selected for the study during one of the cycles of the consolidation phase (day 44) or maintenance (weeks 10, 20, 24, 31 and 47). The saliva was collected with the patient sitting upright and relaxed, stimulating saliva production by their chewing a paraffin capsule at three times: T0: basal condition, con-sidered as the moment at which the administration of high doses of methotrexate has not been started; T1: 12 hours after beginning the administration of intravenous sodium bicarbonate and before administering Mtx; and T2: three hours after concluding the administration of Mtx, the time of maximum concentration (Table 1). In this study, ranges of pH will be considered within normal limits when values are between 6.0 and 7.5 (1) and salivary sodium bicarbonate levels of 5.8611 ± 2.7248 mmol/l (11). Chiron-Diagnostic 378® equipment was used to determine pH and sodium bicarbonate, following the specifications of the manufac-turer.-Administering  chemotherapy Once authorized to receive high doses of Mtx, hyperhydra-tion of the patient was begun with 12 mEq/m2  of sodium bicarbonate before and during the 72 hours following the administration of Mtx, with dose distributed in a single injection of   500 mg/m2, followed by  2.500 mg/m2  di-luted in dextrose at 5%  for three hours, both indicated intravenously.  -Statistical analysis  The data was processed and analyzed with the Prisma Statistical Program, Version 4, using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level in which the between-subjects factor was age and the in-subject factor the eva-luation times. REsULTsThe samples from 23 patients with ages ranging between 4 and 18 years were analyzed. The patients were classified into four age groups: ≤ 5 (10 patients), from 5-10 (4 patients), 10-15 (5 patients) and > 15 (4 patients).-pH in  saliva The average values of pH in saliva  (Figure 1) showed no significant differences between T0, T1 and T2.  However, there is a slight decrease during T1. Figure 2 shows that the highest levels of  pH  observed during the study were located in the 10-15-year group and the lowest in the >15 group; likewise, this group showed the least difference between the averages of pH levels reached in T0 , T1 and T2.No significant differences were found upon relating pH le-vels during the different evaluation times and the age groups. On the other hand, in spite of the fact that higher pH levels were observed in the 5-10 and 10-15 age groups during the different evaluation times, no significant differences were detected between them. -Sodium bicarbonate in salivaThe behavior of bicarbonate levels in saliva was similar to that of salivary pH during the different treatment phases. The statistical test showed no significant differences. In Figure 3, a higher level of  salivary bicarbonate can be observed at T2 with respect to the levels at T0 and T1. The concentration of bicarbonate in saliva (Figure 4) showed a slight increase for the 10-15 age group and a decrease for the <15 age group in the different treatment phases. Bicarbonate concentration at T2 was above that observed at T0 and T1, except in the ≤5 age group, in which sodium bicarbonate concentration was slightly higher at T0. The greatest difference in sodium bicarbonate concentration was observed in the 10-15 age group, between T2 and the other evaluation times.E437Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007 Oct 1;12(6):E435-9.                                                                                                                                          pH and salivary sodium bicarbonate in children with leukemia  Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2007;                                                              12:E435-9.                                                                                                                                                         pH and salivary sodium bicarbonate in children with leukemia Administration of Leucovorin(Rescue)Cycle of high doses of Mtx 3g/m2Clinical evaluation /laboratoryToMtx: 500 mg/m2 + 2.500 mg/m2 indextrosa at 5%.3 h finishing the   Mtx administ.     T2Admission: 12 mEq/m2NaHCO3 (12 horas) T16.006.356.707.057.40phSalivaT0  basal conditionT1  B S Adm.T2   MTX Adm. + BST06.006.356.707.057.405 5-10  10-15 > 15SalivaphT0 Basal ConditionT1   B Sodio Admt.T2  MTX Admt.  + BSTable 1. Chemotherapy administration and times to collecting the saliva sample.Fig. 1. Salivary pH according to times of evaluation.Fig. 2.   Salivary pH according to age groups.E438Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007 Oct 1;12(6):E435-9.                                                                                                                                          pH and salivary sodium bicarbonate in children with leukemia  Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2007;                                                              12:E435-9.                                                                                                                                                         pH and salivary sodium bicarbonate in children with leukemia DIsCUssIONThe administration of Mtx produced no variations in pH and salivary sodium bicarbonate, differing from Olofsson et al (4), Ertugrul et al (5) and Al-Nowaiser et al (6), which could in this case be explained by the use, during the admi-nistration protocol of the cytostatic agent, of an optimum dose of  sodium bicarbonate, thus maintaining levels of sodium bicarbonate within normal ranges and neutral pH in the saliva.  Contrary to expectations, the lowest values of pH and sali-vary bicarbonate were observed during the administration of the bicarbonate (T1), when chemotherapy administration was started. It is possible that, at central level, the action of psychological (12) or psychopathological (13) factors such as stress or anxiety –not considered in this study– could have caused a decrease in the salivary flow rate, which is very closely related to bicarbonate concentration (14). Although this study did not evaluate the salivary flow rate, it may be considered that the emotional aspect and not chemotherapy was probably responsible for this result, since chemotherapy may cause alterations that are usually temporary and less severe than those produced by radiotherapy as reported by Valicena and Escalona (15), who suggest that chemotherapy may produce changes in salivation, with total saliva presen-ting modifications in composition or decreasing slightly. The increase in pH levels and bicarbonate during T2  could be related to bicarbonate concentrations in the blood, probably due to the continuous infusion received during 48 hours, time enough to allow the passage of sodium bicarbonate from the blood to the saliva (16).     The levels of pH  at T0  decreased as the age of the patients under evaluation increased. The presence of local factors such as dental caries, plaque level and gingivitis could have influenced our findings; Zambrano et al (17) point out that these factors increase with age, which produces quali-quantitative changes in the microbial flora of the saliva and induces a decrease in salivary pH.It is thereby concluded that the dose of sodium bicarbonate considered in the administration protocol of 3 g /m2 of Mtx, kept the levels of sodium bicarbonate within normal ranges and neutral pH. It would be pertinent to continue with studies that could include measuring saliva flow rate and considering health-disease conditions in the mouth as variables moderating the parameters evaluated here, as well as the relationship between the values of pH and sodium bicarbonate in blood and saliva.0.004.008.0012.0016.00T0 T1SodiumBicarbonate (mEq/m2)T0  Basal conditionT1  B S Admt.T2   MTX Admt.+ BST20.004.008.0012.0016.005 5-10 10-15 > 15Sodiumbicarbonate(mEq/m2)T0 Basal conditionT1 B Sodio Admt.T2  MTX Admt.+ BSFig. 3. Salivary sodium bicarbonate according to times of evaluation.Fig. 4. Salivary sodium bicarbonate according to age groups.E439Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007 Oct 1;12(6):E435-9.                                                                                                                                          pH and salivary sodium bicarbonate in children with leukemia  Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2007;                                                              12:E435-9.                                                                                                                                                         pH and salivary sodium bicarbonate in children with leukemia REFERENCEs1. Pedersen AM, Bardow A, Nauntofte B. Salivary changes and dental caries as potential oral markers of autoimmune salivary gland dysfunction in primary Sjogren’s syndrome. BMC Clin Pathol. 2005 Mar 1;5(1):4. 2. Bardow A, Moe D, Nyvad B, Nauntofte B. The buffer capacity and buffer systems of human whole saliva measured without loss of CO2. Arch Oral Biol. 2000 Jan;45(1):1-12. 3. Kimoto M, Kishino M, Yura Y, Ogawa Y. A role of salivary carbonic anhydrase VI in dental plaque. Arch Oral Biol. 2006 Feb;51(2):117-22. Epub 2005 Jun 14. 4. Basic Cariology [homepage on the Internet]. Malmo University. Faculty of Odontology. Department of Cariology 2001 [cited 2006 Aug 30]. Avai-lable from http://www.db.od.mah.se/car/data/basic.html.5. Ertugrul F, Elbek-Cubukcu C, Sabah E, Mir S. The oral health status of children undergoing hemodialysis treatment. Turk J Pediatr. 2003 Apr-Jun;45(2):108-13. 6. Al-Nowaiser A, Roberts GJ, Trompeter RS, Wilson M, Lucas VS. Oral health in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003 Jan;18(1):39-45. Epub 2002 Nov 22. 7. Medina R, Moran E, Regalado M, Bergado G. La saliva como medio de diagnóstico de VIH. Rev Cubana Estomatol 2000; 37(3):146-56.8. Manual Merck de información médica para el hogar. [homepage on the Internet]. SECCION 12. Trastornos de la nutricion y del metabolismo. Capitulo 138. Equilibrio acidobásico [updated 2005]. Available from: http://www.msd.com.mx/publicaciones/mmerck_hogar/seccion_12/sec-cion_12_138.html9. Rojas-Morales T, Lugo Z, Santana Y, Navas R, Zambrano O, Viera N, et al. Capacity buffer of the saliva in children and adolescents with cancer: Variations induced by the administration of metotrexate or cyclophospha-mide. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2005 Jul 1;10 Suppl 2:E103-8. 10. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, Flandrin G, Galton DA, Gral-nick HR, et al. Proposals for the classification of the acute leukaemias. French-American-British (FAB) co-operative group. Br J Haematol. 1976 Aug;33(4):451-8. 11. Fenoll-Palomares C, Muñoz Montagud JV, Sanchiz V, Herreros B, Hernandez V, Minguez M, et al. Unstimulated salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity of saliva in healthy volunteers. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2004 Nov;96(11):773-83. 12. Bergdahl M, Bergdahl J. Perceived taste disturbance in adults: preva-lence and association with oral and psychological factors and medication. Clin Oral Investig. 2002 Sep;6(3):145-9. Epub 2002 Aug 16. 13. Bergdahl M, Bergdahl J. Low unstimulated salivary flow and subjective oral dryness: association with medication, anxiety, depression, and stress. J Dent Res. 2000 Sep;79(9):1652-8. 14. Wikner S, Soder PO. Factors associated with salivary buffering ca-pacity in young adults in Stockholm, Sweden. Scand J Dent Res. 1994 Feb;102(1):50-3. 15. Valicena M, Escalona LA. Manejo Terapeútico del paciente con xerostomía. Acta Odontol Venez. 2001 Dic;39(3):70-9.16. Smith PM. Mechanisms of secretion by salivary glands. In: Edgar WM, Mullane DM, editors. Saliva and oral health. London: British Dental Association;1996. p. 9-25.17. Zambrano O, Rojas de Morales T, Navas R, Viera N, Tirado D, Rivera L. Respuesta inflamatoria gingival en niños y adolescentes con neoplásias linfohematopoyéticas. Interciencia. 2002 Sep;27(9): 471-5.          ACKNOWLEDGEMENTOur thanks to Council for Scientific and Humanistic Development   (CON-DES) University of Zulia, for financial support, to the Oncohematology Unit and the Clinical Laboratory of  Hospital of  Pediatric Specialties (HEP) , State of Zulia, Venezuela for their invaluable contribution to the execution of this research project.

pH and salivary sodium bicarbonate during the administration protocol for methotrexate in children with leukemia

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pH and salivary sodium bicarbonate during the administration protocol for methotrexate in children with leukemia

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Repositori d'Objectes Digitals per a l'Ensenyament la Recerca i la Cultura