[Abstract]: Ocular UV exposure is a function of both the direct and diffuse components of solar radiation. Broadband global and diffuse UV measurements were made in the morning, noon and afternoon. Thirty sets of measurements were made in summer and fifty in each of the other seasons at each of the periods in full sun. Corresponding sets were made in the shade of Australian evergreen trees: 42 trees in summer and 50 in each of the other seasons. The percentage diffuse UV was higher for the shorter UVB than for UVA. The percentage diffuse UVB ranged from 23% to 59%, whereas the percentage diffuse UVA ranged from 17% to 31%. The percentage diffuse UV was lower at noon than in the morning and afternoon with the difference more pronounced for the UVB. The average percentage diffuse UVB over all the measurements in the tree shade for the morning, noon and afternoon was 62%, 58% and 71% respectively and the average percentage diffuse UVA was 52%, 51% and 59% respectively

Bergemann, J

Lahmann, C

Wittern, K P

Young, A R

Parisi, Alfio

Green, Adele

Kimlin, Michael G.

University of Southern Queensland ePrints

English

1067.1-1990, Sunglasses and fashion spectacles.

Biological effectiveness of solar UV radiation in humans.

Commission on Illumination

Contact lens dosimetry of solar ultraviolet radiation.

Diffuse component of the solar ultraviolet radiation in tree shade.

Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on human health.

Errors in determining broadband ultraviolet irradiances from spectral measurements.

Fleming and B.W.Thomas

Geometrical assessment of ocular exposure to environmental UV radiation.

Horizontal and sun normal spectral biologically effective ultraviolet irradiances.

Measurement of ultraviolet radiation at the surface of the eye.

Ocular and facial skin exposure to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight: a Personal exposure model with application to a worker population.

Ocular ultraviolet-B exposures and lens opacities: A Review.

Radiation Protection Association

Sunglasses, pupil dilation and solar ultraviolet irradiation of the human lens and retina.

Sunlight exposure and the risk of lens opacities in a population based study.

The angular distribution of solar ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared radiation from cloudless skies.

The family of sunlight-related eye diseases.

The ocular dose of ultraviolet radiation from sunlight.

The optical properties of the anterior segment of the eye: Implications for cortical cataract.

The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Team. Assessment of ocular exposure to ultraviolet-B for population studies.

The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Team. The development of personal dosimeters for use in the visible and ultraviolet wavelength regions.

The shady side of solar protection.

UV damage to the eye lens: Further results from animal model studies: A review.

Diffuse solar ultraviolet radiation and implications for preventing human eye damage

Ocular UV exposure is a function of both the direct and diffuse components of solar radiation. Broadband global and diffuse UV measurements were made in the morning, noon and afternoon. Thirty sets of measurements were made in summer and 50 in each of the other seasons at each of the periods in full sun. Corresponding sets were made in the shade of Australian evergreen trees: 42 trees in summer and 50 in each of the other seasons. The percentage diffuse UV was higher for the shorter 320–400 nm range (UVB) than for 280–320 nm (UVA). The percentage diffuse UVB ranged from 23 to 59%, whereas the percentage diffuse UVA ranged from 17 to 31%. The percentage diffuse UV was lower at noon than in the morning and afternoon with the difference more pronounced for the UVB. The average percentage diffuse UVB over all the measurements in the tree shade for the morning, noon and afternoon was 62, 58 and 71%, respectively, and the average percentage diffuse UVA was 52, 51 and 59%, respectively

Green, A

Kimlin, M

Queensland University of Technology ePrints Archive

Diffuse Solar Ultraviolet Radiation And Implications For Preventing Human Eye Damage

In the Archean era (3.8–2.5 Ga ago) the Earth probably

lacked a protective ozone column. Using data obtained in

the Earth’s orbit on the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis

spores we quantitatively estimate the potential biological

effects of such an environment. We combine this practical

data with theoretical calculations to propose a history

of the potential UV stress on the surface of the Earth

over time. The data suggest that an effective ozone column

was established at a pO2 of ;5 3 1023 present atmospheric

level. The improvement in the UV environment

on the early Proterozoic Earth might have been a

much more rapid event than has previously been supposed,

with DNA damage rates dropping by two orders

of magnitude in the space of just a few tens of millions

of years. We postulate that a coupling between reduced

UV stress and increased pO2 production could have contributed toward a positive feedback in the production of

ozone in the early Proterozoic atmosphere. This would

contribute to the apparent rapidity of the oxidation

event. The data provide an evolutionary perspective on

present-day Antarctic ozone depletion

Cockell, Charles S.

Horneck, Gerda

NERC Open Research Archive

The history of the UV radiation climate of the Earth - theoretical and space-based observations

Ocular UV exposure is a function of both the direct and diffuse components of solar radiation. Broadband global and diffuse UV measurements were made in the morning, noon and afternoon. Thirty sets of measurements were made in summer and 50 in each of the other seasons at each of the periods in full sun. Corresponding sets were made in the shade of Australian evergreen trees: 42 trees in summer and 50 in each of the other seasons. The percentage diffuse UV was higher for the shorter 320-- 400 nm range (UVB) than for 280-320 nm (UVA). The percentage diffuse UVB ranged from 23 to 59%, whereas the percentage diffuse UVA ranged from 17 to 31%. The percentage diffuse UV was lower at noon than in the morning and afternoon with the difference more pronounced for the UVB. The average percentage diffuse UVB over all the measurements in the tree shade for the morning, noon and afternoon was 62, 58 and 71%, respectively, and the average percentage diffuse UVA was 52, 51 and 59%, respectively

Parisi, Alfio V.

Green, Adrian K.

Name not available

Diffuse solar ultravioilet radiation and implications for preventing human eye damage

Cockell, C.S.

Horneck, G.

Institute of Transport Research:Publications

The history of the UV radiation climate of the Earth -- Theoretical and space-based observations

Sunscreens penetrate human epidermis and modify the biology of proliferating cells. This study addressed the question whether the UV response of cultured human cells is affected by direct treatment with nontoxic levels of sunscreens. Cell survival following exposure to UVC or unfiltered UVB was not altered by preincubation with 25 mg/mL of octyl p-dimethylaminobenzoate (o-PABA), 2-ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) or oxybenzone. However, UVA or UVB filtered to reproduce the solar UV spectrum penetrating to the basal layer of the epidermis, highly sensitized cells to killing by o-PABA but not by its hydrolysis product, 4-dimethylaminobenzoic acid. Sensitization was found in all cell types tested, except normal keratinocytes, and could be prevented by certain antioxidants particularly pyruvate and the hydroxyl radical scavenger mannitol. o-PABA and EHMC

applied without UV reduced the adherence of cells. The

results indicate that sunscreens may increase cell mobility

and the combination of o-PABA with solar UV may selectively damage melanocytes in the skin

Xu, Chunxia

Parsons, Peter G.

Photosensitization of the sunscreen octyl-p-dimethylaminobenzoate by UVA in human melanocytes but not in keratinocytes

Diffuse Solar Ultravioilet Radiation And Implications For Preventing Human Eye Damage

In the Archean era (3.8–2.5 Ga ago) the Earth probably lacked a protective ozone column. Using data obtained in the Earth's orbit on the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores we quantitatively estimate the potential biological effects of such an environment. We combine this practical data with theoretical calculations to propose a history of the potential UV stress on the surface of the Earth over time. The data suggest that an effective ozone column was established at a pO2 of 5 × 10−3 present atmospheric level. The improvement in the UV environment on the early Proterozoic Earth might have been a much more rapid event than has previously been supposed, with DNA damage rates dropping by two orders of magnitude in the space of just a few tens of millions of years. We postulate that a coupling between reduced UV stress and increased pO2 production could have contributed toward a positive feedback in the production of ozone in the early Proterozoic atmosphere. This would contribute to the apparent rapidity of the oxidation event. The data provide an evolutionary perspective on present-day Antarctic ozone depletion

Open Research Online (The Open University)

The History of the UV radiation climate of the earth: theoretical and space-based observations

The history of the UV radiation climate of the Earth -- Theoretical and space-based observations

Abstract

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University of Southern Queensland ePrints

Queensland University of Technology ePrints Archive

NERC Open Research Archive

Name not available

Institute of Transport Research:Publications

Name not available

University of Southern Queensland ePrints

Queensland University of Technology ePrints Archive

Open Research Online (The Open University)