Art and Design Research for the Future: Innovation and Art & Design ; September 26, 2017Conference: Tsukuba Global Science Week 2017Date: September 25-27, 2017Venue: Tsukuba International Congress CenterSponsored: University of Tsukub

ITOH  Makoto

KAWAMOTO  Masayuki

OZAKI Takuma

YAMAMOTO  Sari

Tsukuba Repository

  
4. CONCLUSIONS 
The economical and social barriers for the adoption of sustainable design were the most 
frequently mentioned. In the case of English, some notions of ecophobia and the apparent 
lack of sustainable design’s effect were present, while in the case of Spanish, lack of 
resources and contextual information were present. Overall, the inclusion of graphical 
representations in the analyses contributed to the understanding of written expression 
particularly in the case of the Spanish dataset, which is considerably smaller than the 
English dataset. Semantic network analysis proved useful to explore relationships between 
attitudes, emotions and behaviours related to creative endeavours. Also, the role of some 
negative emotions in the rejection/adoption of sustainable design (fear in English and anger 
in Spanish) was uncovered. However, further analysis focused on sentiment would be 
useful to deepen the understanding of the interplay of such attitudes, emotions and 
behaviours in written communication.  
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
The authors wish to thank Alejandra Vilaplana, Rafael Figueroa and Suomiya Bao. This 
research was supported by the Rotary Yoneyama Scholarship Foundation.  
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Ahn H, 2010, Modeling and analysis of affective influences on human experience, prediction, 
decision making, and behavior. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  
Bastian M., Heymann S., Jacomy M., 2009, Gephi: an open source software for exploring and 
manipulating networks. International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. 
Cialdini RB, 2001, Influence: Science and practice.  
Diesner J., 2014, ConText: Software for the Integrated Analysis of Text Data and Network Data. 
Conference of International Communication Association (ICA), Seattle, WA. 
Gruzd A, 2013, Emotions in the twitterverse and implications for user interface design. AIS 
Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction 5(1):42-56.  
Kelly C, 2015, Do you know what I mean > :( A linguistic study of the understanding of emoticons 
and emojis in text messages. Bachelor dissertation, Halmad University.  
Novak PK, Smailović J, Sluban B, Mozetič I, 2015, Sentiment of emojis. PloS one 10(12): 
e0144296.  
Park J, Barash V, Fink C, Cha M, 2013, Emoticon Style: Interpreting Differences in Emoticons 
Across Cultures. Seventh International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 
North America. 
Rieder B, 2015, YouTube Data Tools. Vers. 1.0. N.p.  
Sowa, J. F. ed., 2014, Principles of semantic networks: Explorations in the representation of 
knowledge. Morgan Kaufmann. 
Thelwall M, Sud P, Vis, F, 2012, Commenting on YouTube videos: From Guatemalan rock to el 
big bang. J Am Soc Inf Sci Tech 63(3):616-629. doi: 10.1002/asi.21679. 
Vargas-Meza X, Yamanaka T, 2016, Sustainable Design in Video Social Networks. Tsukuba 
Global Science Week 2016, Tsukuba, Japan. http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0025/00039976 
Address: Professor Toshimasa YAMANAKA, Faculty of Art and Design, University of Tsukuba 
1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, JAPAN 
E-mail: tyam@geijutsu.tsukuba.ac.jp, kt_designbox@yahoo.com 
 
 
Influence of Road Surface Design on Vehicles’ Speed:  
Experiment Using Driving Simulator for 
Implementation of Shared Space 
Takuma OZAKI,1 Sari YAMAMOTO,2 Makoto ITOH,3 Masayuki KAWAMOTO4 
1 Master’s Program in Art and Design, University of Tsukuba 
2 Faculty of Art and Design, University of Tsukuba 
3 Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba 
4 Headquarters for International Industry-University Collaboration, University of Tsukuba 
ABSTRACT 
We studied the influence of road surface design on vehicle speed with the aim of 
implementing Shared Space on Japanese roads. We created 16 road designs and subjects 
indicated what they felt was an appropriate speed on each road design using a driving 
simulator. Results of the experiments show that diagonal intersection patterns have the 
strongest deceleration effect, and horizontal lines along driving direction have the strongest 
acceleration effect. 
1. INTRODUCTION 
Japan is one of the most rapidly aging societies in the world, and a new transportation 
system is therefore necessary to meet changing societal needs in the future. We focus on 
“Shared Space” as a concept that can meet these needs. Shared Space is an urban design 
approach in which motor vehicles, pedestrians, and bicycles share the road space. The 
concept was developed by Hans Monderman, a traffic engineer in the Netherlands. Shared 
Space has become popular in the EU and other regions, but it has never been popular in 
Japan. To implement Shared Space, we should design road spaces from various 
viewpoints. Among these, we focus on vehicle deceleration in this research. The purpose 
of this research is to reveal the influence of road surface design on vehicles’ speed and the 
design elements that can cause drivers to decelerate. 
2. METHOD 
We used the “UC-win/Road Ver.10 DS” driving simulator to examine designs that would 
influence vehicle deceleration, specifically road pavement design. Subjects watched the 
monitor, which simulated driving on roads of various designs (Figure 1).  
 
Figure 1: Experiment design 
TGSW 2017 Art & Design Session Proceedings 23
  
The experimenter gradually accelerated the driving speed, and the subjects raised their 
hands when the speed reached their favorability. If the speed was too high, the subject 
could decelerate by instructing the experimenter. Only the experimenter could see the 
speed indicator. We therefore determined participants’ preferred speed for each design. 
3. ROAD DESIGNS 
We created 16 road design patterns (Table 1). The road design patterns presented design 
elements that possibly influence velocity perception such as angle, brightness, and size of 
the patterns, or different pavement materials. 
Table 1. Road designs used in the experiment 
 
4. EXPERIMENT DETAILS 
4.1 Subjects 
The subjects were 30 people who had driver’s licenses. They were divided into three age 
groups of 10 people: those in their 20s, those aged 45–55, and those aged 65–75 (Table 2). 
Table 2. Subjects 
 20s 45–55 65–75 Total 
Male 5 5 5 15 
Female 5 5 5 15 
Total 10 10 10 30 
TGSW 2017 Art & Design Session Proceedings24
4.2 Date and Place 
Plac
Date: March 10, 2017 – April 7, 2017
e: Empowerment Studio, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan. 
4.3 Experimental Procedure 
1. Subjects fill in the factsheet (age, sex, eyesight, years of driving experience) 
2. Experimenters explain the experiment 
3. Several test drives on Road A (white line on the center of the asphalt surface) 
4. Main experiment (one drive on each of the roads; roads are presented in random order) 
5. Subjects write impression of the experiment 
Therefore, the leftmost design has the strongest acceleration effect, and the rightmost 
design has the strongest deceleration effect. 
Figure 2: Average driving speeds
Road E (horizontal lines along the driving direction on asphalt surface, as shown in 
Figure 3) had the strongest acceleration effect, and Road J (diagonal intersection patterns 
on interlocking blocks, as shown in Figure 4) had the strongest deceleration effect. The 
average driving speed on Road E was 75.2 km/h, and on Road J was 44.7 km/h. Diagonal 
intersection patterns highlight the perception of driving speed and have a high deceleration 
effect. Horizontal lines parallel to the driving direction weaken the perception of driving 
speed and have a high acceleration effect. 
E C D H A P O B M L F I K N G J
There was one outlier in the experiment data, so we analyzed 29 subjects’ data except for
those of subject No. 10 (male aged 65–75). Figure 2 shows the averages of all subjects’
and each generation’s driving speeds. The driving speed becomes lower towards the right.
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
S
p
e
e
d
(k
m
/h
)
Average driving speeds
age : 20s age : 45-55 age : 65-75 all subjects
5. RESULTS
TGSW 2017 Art & Design Session Proceedings 25
  
       
                       Figure 3: Road E                                             Figure 4: Road J 
Table 3 shows the difference that each design element had on vehicle speed. It shows 
that line direction and pattern size have significant effects on driving speed (p<0.01). In the 
case of roads with the same patterns and different pavement materials, such as E and H, F 
and I, and G and J, the speed on interlocking road was lower than that on asphalt road, 
though these show no significant differences. The youngest and oldest subjects showed a 
higher speed tendency, and the middle-aged subjects showed a lower speed tendency. 
Table 3: Differences in driving speed according to design element 
Design element Roads Difference  Design element Roads Difference 
Road width A⇔B 0.24 -  Pattern angle J⇔L 0.03 * 
C⇔D 0.24 -  Pattern size J⇔M 0.01 ** 
Center line A⇔C 0.09 -  J⇔N 0.37 - 
B⇔D 0.09 -  M⇔N 0.01 * 
Line direction E⇔F 0.00 **  Pavement material E⇔H 0.11 - 
F⇔G 0.08 -  F⇔I 0.43 - 
E⇔G 0.00 **  G⇔J 0.48 - 
H⇔I 0.00 **  Trees C⇔O 0.04 * 
I⇔J 0.06 -  C⇔P 0.08 - 
H⇔J 0.00 **  O⇔P 0.39 - 
Pattern contrast J⇔K 0.12 -  T-test  *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; -: n.s. 
6. CONCLUSIONS 
This study revealed that road design influences driving speed. Diagonal intersection 
patterns have a high deceleration effect. Design elements such as line direction, pattern 
size, and road surface significantly influence driving speed. 
In future research, we will clarify design elements and effects that create safe road 
spaces, and conduct a demonstration to show how Shared Space can be implemented. 
REFERENCES 
Nishikawa Kiyoshi, Yamamoto Sari, 2011, Research on Shared Space, part 1: Concept of 
Shared Space, Proceeding of the 58th Annual Conference of JSSD, 132-133 
Nishikawa Kiyoshi, Yamamoto Sari, 2011, Research on Shared Space, part 2: Field Study 
of Shared Space, Proceeding of the 58th Annual Conference of JSSD, 134-135 
 
Address: Takuma OZAKI, Master’s Program in Art and Design, University of Tsukuba 
1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, JAPAN 
E-mail: ozaki.tf@gmail.com 
TGSW 2017 Art & Design Session Proceedings26


Influence of Road Surface Design on Vehicles\u27 Speed: Experiment Using Driving

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