Renal citrate metabolism and urinary citrate excretion in the infant rat.BackgroundAlthough hypercalciuria has the same prevalence in children as adults, children rarely develop renal stones. This may be explained by a greater urinary citrate excretion in infants compared with adults. The present study examines the renal excretion of citrate and renal cortical citrate metabolism in infant and adult rats.MethodsAdult male and newly weaned infant rats were acclimated to metabolic cages and fed synthetic diets. Urine was collected after two days, and renal cortical citrate metabolism was assayed.ResultsInfant rats had a lower plasma [HCO3-] and higher plasma [K+] and had a fourfold higher urinary citrate:creatinine ratio and a twofold higher concentration of citrate in their urine compared with adult rats. This higher urinary citrate excretion was not due to a difference in renal proximal tubular Na/citrate cotransporter activity, nor renal cortical citrate synthase or ATP citrate lyase activities in infants as compared with adults. However, infant rat kidneys had significantly lower mitochondrial aconitase (m-aconitase) activity. Renal cortical citrate concentrations were comparable in infant and adult rats. Manipulation of plasma [K+] to adult levels did not affect the higher urinary citrate excretion in infant rats.ConclusionsUrinary citrate excretion in infant rats is greater than in adults but does not parallel tissue [citrate]. Thus, this higher urinary citrate is likely due to maturational differences in the proximal tubule, other than Na/citrate cotransport, that directly affect citrate transport

Melnick, Joel Z.

Preisig, Patricia A.

Alpern, Robert J.

Baum, Michel

Elsevier - Publisher Connector 

Renal citrate metabolism and urinary citrate excretion in the infant rat 

Figini, Paolo

Almae Matris Studiorum Campus

Festival Tourism A Contributor to Sustainable Local Economic Development?  by Diane O'Sullivan & Marion J. Jackson  Claudia Pisapia Ivana Bukovac Martina Santini Sara Fortunati Silvia Neri Giorgia Miletta Emanuele Cevenini Jinglan Shi Tatsiana Bayarevich Aleksandra Matejczyk c c “Emerging Giant” Festiva濿 t瀂uris瀀 was ca濿濿ed “a瀁 e瀀ergi瀁g gia瀁t” 瀂ver 10 years ag瀂 a瀁d it 瀀a濾es a c瀂瀀瀃濿ex topic of study that has been tackled from a variety of perspectives.  Broadly speaking, this may be grouped into 4 areas of interest: ¾Sociological; ¾leisure participation; ¾Community development; ¾Tourism industry perspective.    Festival Tourism and Localities Interact with local economies and their communities Generate revenues for governments Extend the tourism season Have positive economic impacts on the local economy, by generating income How do festivals affect the economy of a certain destination? c c Considered also as «money-making»  Visitors are often from urbains centres and bring economic benefits ¾Raise funds for service organisations; ¾Put money in the pockets of local vendors; ¾Provide a showcase for local talent; ¾Create a positive image of the host community; ¾Instil community pride; ¾Promote clean-ups and fix-ups; ¾Make business sponsors happy RURAL FESTIVALS Brecon Jazz Festival Gr瀂wi瀁g dissatisfacti瀂瀁 with the festiva濿's “i瀀瀃act 瀂瀁 t瀂w瀁 濿ife” Negative impacts Glastonbury Festival Over exceeding capacity of the site c c Estimates suggest that the number of festivals taking place in the UK every year is growing in both volume and value. ¾In 1991, the Policy Studies Institute concluded that 550 regular festivals in UK earned £17.6 瀀i濿濿i瀂瀁 i瀁 tic濾et reve瀁ue a瀁d t瀂ta濿 i瀁c瀂瀀e 瀂f £40.6 瀀i濿濿i瀂瀁. ¾In 1995, the British Tourist Authority promoted 1000 cultural events under the banner 瀂f the Festiva濿 瀂f Arts a瀁d Cu濿ture, which resu濿ted i瀁 £150 瀀i濿濿i瀂瀁 extra s瀃e瀁di瀁g by overseas visitors alone. Festivals growth over the years Notting Hill Festival One of the largest UK festivals is Notting Hill, which receives over 2 million visitors during the two-day event.   The estimated visitor spend at Notting Hill is around £30 瀀i濿濿i瀂瀁, with 瀂rga瀁izers‘ c瀂st ar瀂u瀁d £10 瀀i濿濿i瀂瀁, a瀁d further c瀂st 瀂f £4 瀀i濿濿i瀂瀁 f瀂r 瀃瀂濿ici瀁g. Home-grown Small scale, bottom-up Supported by Community Public and Private Sector Run by one or more volunteers Major themes  Arts/culture/Entertainment For the benefit of the locality  lCultural and/or entertainment benefits  Tourist-tempter Medium size Supported by local authority Run by local authority Major themes  Arts/culture/Entertainment Aim at attracting visitors to stimulate local economic development Big-bang Large size Supported by Partnership Run by Public/Private/Voluntary sector Major themes  Arts/culture/Entertainment For economic development, for partners/cultural and entertainment benefit, for locals and visitors Case Study Area Home-grown   Based on a small market town in the County of Monmouth Tourist-tempter   Takes place in the post-industrial town of Caerphilly Big-bang   Considers the case of Swansea c c The study is strengthened by the use of the Forum for the Future themes as its theoretical proposition allowing for a pattern-matching logic.    Research Design Semi-structured interview Follow-up interviews  Confirm information Transform into grid matrix Research Process and Results Conclusions The ‘h瀂瀀e-gr瀂w瀁’ a瀁d ‘big-ba瀁g’ festiva濿s demonstrated less evidence of the activities which contribute to sustainable local economic development.  The methodology has provided a way of considering the contribution of festival tourism to local economies from more than just a basic and relatively vague ‘i瀁c瀂瀀e ge瀁erati瀂瀁’ 瀃ers瀃ective.   The results of this study suggest that while festival tourism may have the potential to make a valuable contribution to a locality, it does not automatically make a significant contribution to sustainable local economic development.    THANK YOU. 

Lecture 11 - Case study D

· Issac Afrifa · Anna Dubenko · Valeria Sinacori · Henry Kunjumon · Reyhaneh Maleki · Minhong Liang · Yuanxue Lyu · Greta Nardoni · Sonia Sanchini · Manh Hung Tran · Chiara Venza · Chiara Zanella✓Back ground of Mombasa, Kenya✓Research findings✓Discussion & conclusionOutlineTourism Characteristics in Kenya and MombasaKenya6% international tourism arrival of AfricaMombasa1/3 international tourism arrival of KenyaLack of education Unemployment50%  population lives under the poverty line Lack of medical facilitiesSocio-economics conditionsCrimeMethodologySECTION 01 SECTION 03SECTION 02TWO QUESTIONNAIRESTwo questionnaires- Local residents- International touristsDivided into three sections SECTION 01Socio - demographic attributesSECTION 02Overall issuesSECTION 03The role of tourismResearch findingsResorts locationHowever, the population has unskilled jobsIndigenous cultures34% availability of business opportunitiesTour operator packages reason to visit Kenya91% stated that people benefits from tourismWildlife attractions58% employment opportunitiesInternational tourists Local residentsDiscussion Local economic developmentLocal empowerment and participation in tourismLocal economic developmentLocal economic developmentEncouragement of local ownership and management of tourism resources, and small and medium enterprise developmentEnhancement of linkages and partnerships to the local economyA B CDevelop local sources of supply to the tourism establishmentsDiscussionMarketing and promotionLocal economic developmentLocal empowerment and participation in tourismTwo pictures in comparisonMombasa for international touristsMombasa for local residentsVSConclusionTourism development have not reduced poverty or contributed to the socio-economic empowerment of local peopleHigh percentage of overseas leakage of tourism revenues, and limited linkages to the local and national economiesNo clear tourism strategies and policies to enhance sustainable local’s socio-economicsLarge projects have led to increasing control of Kenya’s tourism resources by powerful external groups and the propagation of enclave tourismLocal people are usually not involved in product development and product marketing, and derive minimal benefits while bearing many of the costsSuggestions on strategies✓ expansion of local employment and self-employment✓ expansion of informal sector opportunities✓ development of partnership amongst public and private sectors, NGOs and local communities✓ improving social and cultural impacts✓ increasing local access to infrastructure and services✓ provided for tourists increasing participation of local people in decision-making process✓ capacity-building to enable their participation.THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Lecture 11 - Case study C

Heritage, Local Communities and Economic DevelopmentMark P. Hampton - 2004Academics: Chiara Chervino, Christian Löffler, Eleonora Menghini, Erica Foglio,  Giada Zanatta, Hillary Piazza, Isabella Cravotta, Michela Moretto, Min An and Vinícius Andrade. Contents● Focus of the report (2004)● Methods of data collection● Indonesia’s location & history  ● Trends for tourism in Indonesia● Touristic Indonesia vs real Indonesia● Top-Down / Bottom-Up Approach● Differences Between New and Conventional Tourism● Borobudur's study case ● ConclusionsFocus of the Report 1. Discussion of power, displacement, and control, local participation, and the role of "new tourism" in developing countries;2. How tourism planning and management might encourage small-scale local tourism enterprises for the benefit of both the host and guest population.Methods Used for Data Collection● Direct observation, and participation in organized tours; ● Formal government bodies, an independent private sector consultancy group and literature research;● Semistructured interviews - with local tourism officials, Indonesian academics and local NGO activists;● Analysis up till 2004.Indonesia: Location Indonesia: LocationIndonesia: History● 16th:  Century - European colonization ● 1945: Proclamation of Indonesian independence → Sukarno first president ● 1967: Suharto chosen by the  Provisional People's Consultative Assembly as the new president○ Authoritarianism and widespread corruption○ Tropical paradise image vs real Indonesia○ Severe economic crisis● 1998: President Suharto resignation● 1999: Election of  Megawati SukarnoputriTourism Trends in Indonesia (arrivals in mln.) Source: World data bank“Touristic” Indonesia Real Indonesia Top-Down, Bottom-Up Approach“For tourism to be a truly beneficial economic strategy for any community, it must also be dedicated to improving the quality of life of the people who live and work there, and to protecting the environment” (WTO)Table 1 - Key Differences between New and Conventional TourismSector New Tourism Conventional TourismAccommodation losmen (guesthouses)lodges,homestaysInternational hotelsCatering warung(food stalls & small restaurants),local foods and specialitiesInternational standard restaurants“international” foodSouvenirs crafted work,small business,local craftspeopleMass productionTransport Bemo (mini bus)becak (cycle rickshaws)Air conditioned coaches,rental carsConventional Tourism New TourismHigher leakages Lower leakagesEasier entry into the business More difficult entry into the businessHigher level of skills Lower level of skillsWhy is “New Tourism” not taken into account?-Assumption that small-scale business may gradually disappear;-Too small businesses;-More wealth equals higher request for luxury and “modern” tourism.Case of Study: Borobudur Conclusions● "One size fits all" approach as a mistake;● Tailor made projects for each destination;● Raise tourist/community awareness;● Investments (loans/capital);● Training;● Empowerment of the local community.BibliographyHampton, M. P, 2004. Heritage, Local Communities and Economic Development. Published in: Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 735–759, 2005 Lonely Planet, n.y..  Indonesia, History. Available at: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/historyCandela, G.; Figini, P., 2012. The Economics of Tourism Destinations. In: Candela, G.; Figini, P., 2012. The Economics of Tourism Destinations. pp. 73-130, Springer Gabler Verlag. Photos Slide 8 : http://www.welove-indonesia.com/blog/balinese-dance/ /  http://vagabondtourandtravel.com/ Photos Slide 9: http://indonesiaexpat.biz/featured/workers-stage-protest-dec-2/ Photos Slide 13: https://getsready.com/borobudur-temple-best-historical-places-indonesia/ 

Lecture 11 - Case study B

TOURISM SPECIALIZATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:Evidence from the UNESCO World Heritage List(Rabah Arezki, Reda Cherif and John Piotrowski, 2009)A work by: Amit Bhatia Kussito Nuro Banta  Marco Bonino Kassandra Marie Correa Chiara De Rosa Kseniia Evans Marco Ferretti Maria Lombardo Piercarmine Pacchione Andrea SoffiatiIS TOURISM SPECIALIZATION A VIABLE STRATEGY FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH?ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TOURISM SPECIALIZATION  RESEARCH OVERVIEWAIM:      HOW:        MAIN  INSTRUMENT:  RESULTS:   Estimation of standard growth models augmented with the extent of specialization in tourism (expressed as the share of tourism receipts in total exports) using instrumental variables techniques for a cross-section of up to 127 countries over the period 1980-2002. Assessing the impact of tourism specialization on growth UNESCO World Heritage ListRobust positive relationship between tourism receipts (as a share of exports) and growth: an increase of one standard deviation in the share of tourism in exports leads to about 0.5 percentage point in additional annual growth.UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST•   COVERAGE •   POLITICAL CLOUT •   CULTURAL VS NATURAL SITESCOVERAGEPOLITICAL CLOUTTwo calculations have been done to verify if political clout has any kind of influence in site inscription, since it would prejudice the reliability of the chosen instrument. The results demonstrate: FIRST CALCULATION: very low correlation between voting coincidence of G7 countries and the number of WH sites for each of them.     SECOND CALCULATION: null correlation between voting coincidence excluding OECD countries and the number of WH sites.  CULTURAL VS. NATURAL SITESThe existence of natural sites on the WHL could be linked to governments’ environment protection efforts and can have direct consequences on economy. Furthermore, they could have a direct effect on economy without running through tourism. Therefore, they will be excluded in robustness check evaluation.         DEPENDENT VARIABLE:                     Growth              INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:     Tourism specializationINSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES:Income (initial income)        Trade (infristex)Education (average education)        Coastal (kilometers of coastal area)Distance (distance to equator as geography could have a direct impact)       Institution (engfrac) Kprice (price of capital goods relative to consumption goods)Trade (sum of exports and imports divided by GDP in PPP constant)Institution (average law and order index)EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATIONRESULTS0.013 * 8 = 0.104 -> 10.4% 10.4 / 22 = 0.5  ROBUSTNESS CHECK• Several versions of WHL (1997, 1992) • Only cultural sites (excluding natural sites) • Coastal area (and its interaction with the distance variable)  • Different def. of GDP (from different datasets, GDP per worker)  • Outliers (countries excluded because of size and education level)  Results of these are all in line with the benchmark regressions, which means that the results are remarkably robust. CONCLUSIONSIS TOURISM SPECIALIZATION A VIABLE STRATEGY FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH? Yes, it is. Additional annual growth of about 0.5% (ceteris paribus) is not to be ignored, being aware of opportunity cost and “Dutch disease”.  However, a tourism-based strategy cannot “make the miracle”. A recording growth as the one of the “Asian miracles” is unlikely to achieve for most countries. 

Lecture 11 - Case study A

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Szasz

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Djouadi

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Renal citrate metabolism and urinary citrate excretion in the infant rat

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.057003891.x

Renal citrate metabolism and urinary citrate excretion in the infant rat

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Almae Matris Studiorum Campus

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Elsevier - Publisher Connector