This is an historcal study which discusses an ancient mosque Pulo Kameng as one of the important artifacts of Islamic heritages in South Aceh. It applies qualitative method with historical-archeological approach. The approach is necessary to describe history and physical architecture of the mosque Pulo Kameng which is richof philosophical values. The results are: firstly, Pulo Kameng Mosque was established in the period of Teuku Kejruen Amansyah, on the 28th of Ramadan 1285 H/12 January 1869 M. The process of the establishment involved several villages, they are Kampung Paya, Kampung Purut, Kampung Kluet, Kampung Batu Krueng, Kamoung Ruwak, and Kampung Tinggi. Secondly, the architecture of the mosque can be regarded as the picture of how the Acehnese tolerated and accomodated various ethnic and cultural differences due to the fact that the Kubah (the top of the mosque) and he roof are characterized by various cultures: Chinese, Hinduism, Buddhist and the local ones. Keywords: History, Aculturation, Pulau Kameng Mosque, South Aceh.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tulisan ini pernah dipresentasikan pada acara “Seminar Rumah Ibadah Kuno”Puslitbang Lektur dan Khazanah Keagamaan, di Hotel Bumi Wiyata Depok, 16-18 November2011.
