Villalba, Gara

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Gara VillalbaUC Merced visiting researcherSimulation of Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) to better understand the urban biosphere signal funded by EC Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska Curie Outgoing FellowshipUC Merced Environmental Systems seminarApril 5th, 2017From Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB)Istitute of Environmental Scienceand Technology (ICTA)Department of Chemical, Biologicaland Environmental EngineeringCities:-70% of GDP-50% global population-by 2050: 70% world population, 75% energyconsumption, 90% GHG emissions-by 2050: urban areas ñ2.5 to 4 ºC-key problems:-warming-water supply-pollution-extreme weather conditions-food supply-acidification of oceans"Green house gas emissions from global cities." Environmental Science & Technology 2011, 43(19): 7297–7302.Limitations of bottom-up approaches:• Difficult to include urban biosphere• Time and resources• Poor objectivity• Many simplifications and assumptions, data quality• Uncertainty of temporal scalesAtmospheric models and observations for improved GHG accounting• To determine the effect of the urban biosphere• Certainty and data quality analysis• Resolves temporal scales• Simulate how different types of land use affect urban carbon footprint.CO2 captured via photosynthesis cannot be measuredCOS as a tracer for CO2 capture via photosynthesisSTEM → COS concentrationsSutro TowerCity of LivermoreSandia Tower of observationCase Study: March 5-25, 2015WRFBiosphere modelsBiosphere models-resolutions of 1 by 1.25º-need higher spatial resolution to determine biosphere signal in urbanized areas-achieve higher resolution by redistributing fluxes according to high resolution MODIS NDVI values MODIS NDVI 1km or 250 m!"#$	&'()*	+,-	1	!"#$	/01*(!"#$	&'()*	+,-	*230-*	4567	8,9'02		40:	;<4	+()1	&'()*(entire STEM	domain) ;<4	+()1	&'()*	+,-	1	/01*(X =300320340360380400420440300350400450500550600650700750CO2 ppmCOS pptObserved concentrations at Sutro Tower SUTRO observed Sutro CO2Seasonal variations are 10%, and synoptic variation can be 20%Background COS and CO2: 450ppt, 405 ppm, respectively.Study periodUsing STEM to determine COS mixing ratios300350400450500550600300350400450500550600COS	mixing	ratio	ppt SiB	STEM CASA	STEM Sandia	observedspin	upSynoptic eventConc. Rise by 20pptCOS ppt high at night and early am (up to 450 ppt), then start to drop late morning/noon, reaching lowest values (down to 220 ppt) around 3-4pm. 300350400450500ppmCO2 mixing	ratio	ppm	total	CO2 observed	Sandia-Applying mass balance equationTOTAL CO2 = CO2 background + CO2 respiration + CO2 fossil – CO2 GPPFertile CityThe Rooftop Greenhouse Lab: optimizing food production in buildings through integrated Rooftop Greenhouses in Barcelona, SpainPilot project:  i-RTG-Lab (ICTA-UAB)Aims of the i-RTG-Lab:-Demonstrate the feasibility of producing food in i-RTGs in a Mediterranean context-Characterize and quantify the potential exchange of flows between i-RTGs and buildingsArchitectsEngineers“FertileCity” multidisciplinary teamEnvironmentalistsDesignersEngineersAgronomistsPilot project:  i-RTG-Lab (ICTA-UAB)SW(122.8 m2)Design of the i-RTG-LabSE (122.8 m2)2 i-RTGs (122.8m2 each)Interconnection with the building:-Energy-Water-Gas Design of the i-RTG-LabSoil-less culture systemSubstrate: perliteAutomatic irrigation with NPKCrops: lettuce, tomatoThe RTG-building interconnection aims to reduce the environmental Impact of the local food production by optimizing the energy, water and gas flowsBuilding-GreenhouseInterconnectionE W GFLocal foodproductionBuilding usei-RTG-Building interconnectionExchange of water flowBuilding-GreenhouseInterconnectionE W GFLocal foodproductionBuilding usei-RTG-Building interconnectionExchange of energy flowBuilding-GreenhouseInterconnectionE W GFLocal foodproductionBuilding usei-RTG-Building interconnectionExchange of energy flowExchange of gas flowBuilding-GreenhouseInterconnectionE W GFLocal foodproductionBuilding usei-RTG-Building interconnectionObjective: quantify CO2 capture and N2O emissions in GRT.29Nitrification and denitrification reactions in soil.Only denitrification reaction in soil-less substrate.How? Methods: Open Chamber DesignNR = NL + NF + NG + NAcNG = Noutlet air – Ninlet air N balanceCE = CR + CF + CSC balance051015202530354045502002503003504004505000:001:002:003:004:005:006:007:008:009:0010:0011:0012:0013:0014:0015:0016:0017:0018:0019:0020:0021:0022:0023:000:00°Cppbv(a) Hourly avg. N2O concentration Exp. 2 concentrations Exp. 3 concentrationsExp. 2 temperature Exp. 3 temperature20025030035040045050010:00 13:00 16:00ppbv(b) Intlet and outlet N2O concentrationsExp. 2 Inlet Exp. 3 InletExp. 2 Outlet Exp. 3 OutletEF: 75 g N2O per kg N (roughly half the EF provided by the IPCC (0.0125 kg N2O per kg N) N2O emissions from protected soil-less crops for more precise food and urban agriculture life cycle assessments. Journal of Cleaner Production, (2017) 49:15,1118–1126.01002003004005006007008009002503003504004505005506000:002:004:006:008:0010:0012:0014:0016:0018:0020:0022:000:00W/m2ppmWINTER CROP15/09/2015 - 04/03/2016Waste air CO2 concentrationi-RTG-Lab CO2 concentrationSolar irradiance01002003004005006007008009002503003504004505005506000:002:004:006:008:0010:0012:0014:0016:0018:0020:0022:000:00W/m2ppmSUMMER CROP08/03/2016-21/07/2016Waste air CO2 concentration i-RTG-Lab CO2 conncentrationSolar irradianceResultsPotential 40% reduction in GWPwhen compared to conventional cropProduction (LCA).3538 g CO2photosynthesis87 g CO2edenitrification49 g CO2eNet contributionBENEFITS: ENVIRONMENTi-RTGs will promote local food products with a lowerenvironmental impact:Increase in crop yieldDecrease in energy consumptionDecrease in water demandDecrease mineral fertilizer useDecrease in distribution requirements6.Contribution to the sustainable cityBENEFITS: SOCIETYAccessibility to healthy food productsCommunity development: local bussinessesTraceability of food productsMore liveable buildingsBENEFITS: ECONOMYDecrease in food costs (i.e., production, transport)Dinamization of local economiesReduction in use costs of buildings6.Contribution to the sustainable cityThank you!

Simulation of carbonyl sulfide (COS) to better understand the urban biosphere signal

https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/presentacions/2017/181056/UC_Merced_seminar.pdf

Simulation of carbonyl sulfide (COS) to better understand the urban biosphere signal

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