Duley, F. L.

Lehmann, E. W. (Emil Wilhelm), 1887-1972

University of Missouri: MOspace

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION COLUMBIA, MISSOURI CIRCULAR 98 SEPTEMBER, 1920 1~HE MANGUM TERRACE E, W, LIWMA NN, F , L, DULEY ()11 r,dlin g land s ('r" sifln is the so il' s worst cncmy, Th e Man gum ter-racc is a IIlcans of l'h'l'king thi s loss of so il ca used by washi ng durill g hl'al' ), raill s, II is a silllJli,' d('vice f'II' Iwldin g Ih e so il of th e farlll iii I'la " I', then'hy Iliailil ailli nl-\ till' fl'rtility and Illakin g it possihl c to Inl -1'1'1 '\' ( ' th e , coi l I,y I'I'OP(, I' \'I'o\1pi ll l-\' IIH'thnd s, :-; III ' h l('rl'acl'S ila ve Ill'['n used in SO Il1 (' of the so nth ern stal es fill' IIlail Y Yl'a l'S I'lit ,," 1,\' I'( 'l'l 'nll y ha l'(' Ih ey he en tri ed in Mi ssouri, J\ fcll' I',dlill g fal'lIl S ""IV ha ve thl'ir ('lIlire :tneagc tl' l-racc d and 'mall Y farm s ill 111 (' , tal c J.a \'[' a fl'lV al'r(' s IIIII S pi'ul el' lcd, VVh cn properly hllill and ,'al'l'flill y lIlailllailll'd Illl'S (' Il'I'l'ac('s have pn,veil very sati ~,fadi1l'Y, nwk-ill g it plI s~ ild c III 1'1'111' l:lIll\ IIIIIr e hea vil y lh an uSlia l wilhout SII great :t IIf"s of fe rlilily r1l1l' III soil was h i 11 1-\', There is l:arrll y a l'f1Ullty ill th e :-; tal c ill whi ch tl'!'I'llr in p; c:tllnllt he pral'tirerl Wil h prfllitald e resull s, IlO lVcver 1"'IIpcr (' rllPJlin l-\' sys telll s, \\rhcre Ihc' " dl b 1«' l't ""I'(' J'('d with a s ili a ll "rain fII' I-\Ta sS Cl'n p a lar gc part (.If Ih e ), I'a l' , al'l' Ih(' lirs t s l c Jl ~ ill th e l'II ntr,li ,,[ er(I SiOIl, )/10 , l,- Ctll1struclillg a terrace wilh a small run,1 'grader 2 M ISS()!IR I !\(;RIC ll I.T 1 1 1 ~ , \ 1. i ':x 1'1':1(1 ~ I I ':i'n ~T ,\TIIl r-.: [ ' I IW 1' I. ,\ I( ' ):-\ P L AN O F TERRACES T he III a 11 g"1IIII t.c r ral'l' i, l"olls l rlll"l, ' d til r, 's l"IIJid,' a ,~ r:ltkd r(,a d hl" d rtlll ll ill g :ll.: rns s t he s lll)!c IIf Ih,' hill. ;\ S(' ri ", of s l1 t' h liI'(I<ld rid g l' s a rc CO lI s trll l'lCri :I t reg"II I<1r illt n l'al s frll ill Ih ,' t(ll' t" l h l' f''' ' l "f Ih,' hill. 1\11 wale r fa ll in g" (In Ih e g rllllii d 1,,' l lI'l"' 1I l ,' IT;« ',' , w h it'11 i ~ IllI t all s ll r hcd hy th e snil cll lkd s a hm'(' I hI' Il'I'r a t'" an d f" lllIlI' s a g r adllal s llIl'" :I rlllllld the hi llsiri e, to Ih l' 1I 1I1 it' 1 w lll'I'l ' il is d is ,' har g l" 1. '1'1 1( ' 1' ('J,Il' il," IIf Ih" wa tc l' is chec ked II Y Ih e 1" ITal'" ;lIl d III<.' g l'l 'a l ,' j' I'arl "f Ih ,' sil il ca r-r ied is ri ell os ilcd a hnl'e I Ill' In ra ,' l' , ()w i l l ~: III Ihl' rl'lardl'd 111111', Ihl' wa le r rille s 11111 ha l''' a I'cry g r l'<l1 ,' r ,"li ll g ,'I'i'l'l' l. ( ' Ili in IIrdi ll a r,l' slli l clIlHliti nns ill Miss ' lll ri Ih,' 1,'r r:It ' ,' , hlllJid I", Iliad" siXI (" ' 11 I" IWl'II1y fee t wi d,' wit h a fa ll (oward 11ll' " ' It k l "f :Jillillt , ix illt' IIt " ill 41 Ill' h \lll _ dred fte l. T he te r race Iha t is III11 s 1 11('ar ly In ' ,,1 is I hl' 1,,' , 1 s"il san'r , ',' 1( :. 2.- S Ii !lwi lig how lil t' k t'l'H I ' ('H an' !i!;II,tc-d II)' hadi furrtl w ill g I \\ '0 1'IIu ll cl ~. N ul l' til l' HltlO tJ lh (' lIr \' ('s. hu t it is the 11IOSt lik,' I.\' t il Iir eak (,vcr, rapidl y le rra ces with less lh a ll six ill l' hes co ns tru cted, ()II s " il ~ w h ie- Ii alJsl1rh wat,'r fa ll til t il' iJ ll lldrcd f"et ca ll ile 1\ pra li ce SD Il1 Clilll 'S fo ll owe d O il fai r ly IOI ll g' ter r al','S is tl) a dll [l l a va r ia hl e g racl e. T he 1I1 pCI' cnd of th e te rr a ' e is ('(J Il S(J'I Ir(t <i pr:lct i 'a lly leve l fo r the li rst few hUI1(lr ed fee t an d th e fa ll ill l'l'ca sc(l loward t he outl et to ta ke ca re of t il e addili on a l wa le I' ; t he g r ra teR t fall Re ld o m need he more th a n s ix in ch es tn til e hund re d reet. Th e leng th of te rraces will va ry wi t h th e I'y pc o f so il. ( )11 o pe n I llill so ils w hich ab so rb wa te r r eadi ly th e le ng th l11ay be somcw hat g r eatcr t han o n c lay o r c1 ~l y- l oam so ils. As a ge nera l rul c' te rr accs ShOll1d nn t grea tly excee d o ne th ousa nd feet ill leng th , FIELD ADAPTED TO TERRACING Th ere is a te nd ency o n th e part of m a ny fa rl11 er s tn ter race ri c ld ~ whi ch a re s l'ce p anrl neglect th ose w hi ch have a s lig h t s lope h il t 0 11 3 wlli r ll till' S!;l'l't wa, ll ill ).: LIke' s awa y I'a, t allillunts o[ fe rti lity ~aL h ' l~ a S '1I1. TI ll' Ill' lll'lit s "f Il'r ral'e , "II IIIll g g rad ual s lnll l'S sholt lll IllIt h ~ 1I\ ' l ' II,,,d\~ d , fill" "Will g 1(1 tlil ' larg l' ,' ,dulll l' ,,[ wall'r , tllat co ll ec t's dur-in g lI l'a "y rain , I,dlll'l' it rl';I, ' lll" llil ' f,,"t of t h ~ sIOIl l', llluch was hin g is dlllll' , II is a ls" trll,' tlia l 1l' l'r an', an: lllll l' li l'a sin to llIaintaill anrl 11I ay I,,' I,uill fal'thl'l' al'al'l 'Il l g'(' lll it- slopcs, Il is lI (1l vc ry sa t.i sfactll ry to t ,' rr;]n' , t,'\'1' lalld a lit! alll'llll't I" n t!t i\;]1l' it. [" I' IlI l~ lnl'acl's llIu sl h ~ pl arl.' d rl"", t").:l'l lll ' r, Illakill g' tlll' lll l' Xl' l' lh il'l' til cIln , lruct, hard to II la illtaill, alll i ill l'''III'l'lli ' ' llt f"r ,' ulli l'atioll , 1,; 11111 \I' itll ;1 s l"I'" "I' 111 11]'(' lliall lif l ~I' 1I [l,,' t ill II ll l' lillllllrcd shllu ld I,, ' kl' Jlt ill g ra ss "I' Ila .l' 1'1'01" I" g l'l till' Ill's l re sull s fl'IIlll l ~ rr ; l l' ill g , 1"11 :, .i , \ ' il 'w .. f l l ' rra(T ~ :lfll 'r n I' ;lill ", hllwi n l~ hlt w Ill t'Y l':ll t: h till' :mil and 1I1 ~ [1 lI .. w thl'Y I' !it 'd , lll, - IIpw III wa l l ' l' 11 11\\' 11 li lt' ~ llql t' alltl ('ar ry it aruu l1d !.lit' hill OUTLET FOR TERRACES III layill g IIlI l a Inra 'c lil t' Jil's t CO II siil crali o l1 IS a ll lIutJct for tll c Wa ll'r, l 'I"l'Jl, ' r l'llfl Jl I' rat.illll allll>ll g [al'1l1 ~ r s IlI ak,!s it poss ihle to sec llr e suita ltl e lI utl d ;, where ol hnwisl' it wll uld he illlpnss iill e, I.t is a CO l1l -111(111 [Il'ad i 'C til di s l' li a rg l' Ih e tcrnl l'C fill tn a puIJli c road, Thi s is likely III IJl! u li jccliulla lJl (' ill l1lail Y r:tses, 1\ Pl'l' lllall ell l, well-sodded pasture Ill' wlili d lut is a ll iii 'a l pla l' l' til di sc liarge Ih l' water frOll1 terraces, S0 1l1e-tim es a large dill' ll w ll k h cann o t hc elimin ated ca n be used, Til thi s in s tan ce u srdl.suvi ng' dalll (])csl' rih cd ill E xten s io n Circular H, U ni -v' r sily 1)[ M isso llri, Clill ege o[ Agricu lture) mi glit he in stalled to prc-I'e nt furlli e r ' ullin g' of tli e dilch, Ullrl cr so me co ndition s where nn nat llral dit ch i ~ avai lah l , a lin e of lile may be in stallcd to tak e care of the watel' fr o l11 th e le rraccs, W here thi s met hod is adopted it is alway s best t ) UR e rcgular hell -m outh ed sewc r tile, 011 acco unt of the fa ct that o rdinary til e arc eas il y washed o ut 011 a heavy gracie, T hey arc also likely to be brokcn iJy [reez in g wh en th ey are placed close to the surface, STAKING OUT THE TERRACES I'JI s lakill g OJlt terra ce's lhl'rt' i, 11<, hard alill fasl ruiv til flll lll\\' , I':a(' h li eld will pre s('JlI a sp(' eia l prld.l<:111 alld 1I11l' s llllllld I,,, ,k 111,\,1' Ihl' lalld thllrlll y ;IJld li se hi s hl 's l jlldgllll'llt. I I is uSII ;tll y a d l'is; tld c Itl s l a k,~ 0 111' a lill l! across Il le rlc ld , IIl;lrk in g all poi n h of l''1l1al I'lel'a lilll l, lhu , nlakin g what is kllOll' l1 as a C(lIllIll lr lili l', Tlli s w ill g ivl' ;111 i,ka as ttl th e gc neral s illpe (If t ill' lie ici. I t is I)('s l prat'l icc III di sl.' har gl' lI' al n in an o ppos ile dircc[ioll III Ih e Iia lural 11 ,,11' IIf th e , lrl'aIlI S, If 11 11' lil'ld is unifol'lll, s t:1kc " ut the h ig ht' SI Inra<'(' lirsl. alld IVll rk d llll' lI Ih e s l( lpe, If a gull y is a lrca dy flll ' lll l.'d 11;1 1' 1. wa y III' Iii ,' s lll il " 11 1' if Ih n,' is ;1 1';11'-tiL-lI lady sl.('('p pla ce or o tiln ,dl s ll'lll'iilli l ill II" , 1'1L'ld, Ih l' li rs l I('rra cl' s hou ld be Slaked IIU I. :ill s l abllve Ihal pllill l , 1\ 11 lit h e r tnra .. es , hlll h aillll'c and Ile lo\V a rc Ih c ll lai d 111 11 wit h rdnl'lIce I" 1111 ' lir,; 1 1111< ', The actua l wmk of , Ia kill g 111 11 ;1 11'1'1';"' ,' is he s l dOl,,' 1,.1' 1111'< 'l' Il1l'll : nllc to handle the sur l'e,l' Il r 's 11'1' 1'1 IV hi (' h shllll irl li t' sr I 111' ;11 a Pllillt fril l II w hi ch sel' ('I';1I terrace s ca ll he la id lillI, alllllll<:r III halldlv I hI ' 11'I' t' l 1' 11(1 and one end Ilf th e cil;Jin a nd Ih e pill S, ;llld 1111' Ihird III ;UI It I Ili.1d II" , Illhn l' nd (If til l! elwill and dri l'l' til,' s lak ,' s, IlI s lI';l d ,,1' Ihl ' r l'g'lliar chain or lape it is fonlld (() II Ve lli cJlI. I'c' li se a w ire of tit- sir ed kll g l II , Ii s uall y lill y fed, (lllC end o f t.hi s wire is a tt ac h" d 1.11 lh " 11(1 1111111 IIf Ihe roci (' arr i .. d li y the lirs t chain man and th e (llh er " 111 1 a tta e lll'd til a lIill. T il t' pin call lie s tuck ill th e gTOll lld hy I.h" seco llci (' h;lill nlall w h ile hi ' is dri l' ill g a Sla ke a lil l whil e the lirs t (' hain IIl al l is l(l('a lill g Ihl' 11 (' x I. po int. 11.('adill .'': ' wi th th e lev,' 1 shou ld li e tak en at inll'l' l';lis of rlf ty fl','1 a ltl ll g' I.lie lil lt: IIf Ill e terra ce excl' pt at dii.l'h es n r whl' r' Ih l' s urf:lc ' IIf tli( ' gTllu nd is 1111 -(' ,'CII. Over s ti ch gTl'lInd th e readin gs should he la kc n al s hllrt er ill -terl'a ls, .!l egin at t il e (l llti et nf tll (' I c rra rl~, ha vl! tli (' mci ulau hllid til(: ro d at that po illt while a rea dill g is tak' lI witli th t' 1e l" 1. S lIppose Ill l~ readill g is live fee t, a lld it is des ired til 11 :\1'1: a s lllpc: CI Il th e l er ra l" of si x in chl's to th e hundred feet, ' I' li e ru t! mall Ill (1,' eS lifl y fed ar"lIlld lli e hill a lld In -cates a poin t where t he rea din g' !In lh e r(lt! is Ihr v(' ill l' h es Il! ss thall al the outl e t o r, ill o th er wo rd s, a poillt that is lliree inche s hi g he r than the outl et. T hi s procedure is c.:O lltillll Cd arOti llci th e hill , , I [ s tlffi cie nt he lp ca ll he sec ur eci th e terra ce ra il be mar ked o ut wilh a wa lkill g p l(lw as fa s t as it is la id ou t wilh the in strum ellt. \ ,Vh ' n tll c wCl' ds arc hi gh a lld it is ha rd to find th e s takes I.hi s is th c best 1I1 e thlld to usc, A SIMPLE HOMEMADE LEVEL. Tcrraces can be laid a lit by us in g a s imple h0 11l emad e Icve l s ti ch as is illustmted iil Figure 4, ' I' hi s leve lin g dev icc is mack of 1 hy 1, ill cli boa rds , in the form o f a lette r "A," FIJr C!l n l',' ni ,' ncc it shllillcl he mad e so th at the fee t o f thc fr ;l1n e arc 1(; % feet a pa rt. 1\ ca rp e nte r' s leve l s ho uld be, attached to the cross hal' o f th e [r:l111 e, car e h ein g take n that th e cross bar with leve l is a definite di sta nce ab ove the "ho lto m of the "A" fr ame, It ca ll be checked [or ,lceuracy by leve lill g Oil an eve ll leve l surface and reversin g th e in s trul11ent, To tl se su ch an instru1l1ent for 5 s takin g "lit l('I"ra(' I'S wil li a iall "f SIX inches to Lhe hundr ed feet saw o ff IIIlC in ch of 11 11(0 leg, Ilcgin al Ih e lIul let for the ten'ace a nd pl;1ce the lo nge r leg cl o wn hill ; shift till' pli s itillll uj Ih e s ho rt leg unt il a poi nt is locate d where thl' in s tr ulll ent i ~ lcl'e l. Thi s point w ill be o ne in ch hi g her Ihal1 t he nullet. Mm'c th e in , trum el1 t forward and place the long leg at th e po illt located by t.h e 1II's t se t- lip, T hi s pro t'edur e is l:Ollt inu cd arll(( lId tlt e hil l- ea('h I",i llt Ilica tl' d Il c in g' nne in ch hi gh er th an t he pre-"ions p"i llt. ()111' illt'h ri se ill 1Ii ;l.l feet wi ll g ive th e terr ace s ix inc hes fa ll in Olle hlll1r1red f('d, VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN TERRACES '1'11(: "l'nit-a l di s l;llll'C hl'lwL:I 'n Ih c te l'l';I('e S will deJlend up on , tlt e , 1''11l' .. f th l! lalll l, lit · typ of slli l an d th e cO lldi t ion of tlt e su rface, O n , oi ls wit h lo() s,' s tJ'tlCll lrl' a nd snl lcl y OJ' opell slti>so ils the te rl'<ll:es may be p lan.1! 1IIIII' h farthl'r apart than Oil day, or clay-loam soi ls w hi ch ta ke in water , low ly, As a ge nera l rllie loa m soi ls hav in g a slope of five to ten fed ill one hllndred fe et sho((ld have approximate ly five feet ve r-tiral Iri'o» het ween tlt e t( ' IT;II'I'S, Where the s lope is te ll to fif tee n feet the' vl! rlkal drop may he ~ i x feet. Oi l c lay so ils these ver tic al distances s ho uld he at 'Ieas l Ofl C fllot less than for the 10al11 so il s, IF the land is to he kept in s l11all g ra in crops or I ern~ an cll t pastl1rc the distance be-twec il ler ra ces may I)(! sO l11 ew hat g- reall' r than if the la nd is to be farm-er! chidl y tl) culti va t ecl CI'OPS, CONSTRUCTING THE TERRACE I't is a lways a cl visnh lc to huild th e terraces nca r the top of t he hill IIrst. Thi s precauti on is ne ccssary because a heavy rai n hefore the work is com pleted might wash ou t the lower terraces, Ca refully run the firs t furro w, sn that it will fo llow a , 1l1i""iI (,lIr l' (' , I II cr"s, ill g' I"w places it is hes t tl li ll ill tu a IllIi fo l'lli he ig'ht au" witiI a SllIllt' wiIat wider I.a se tiIan the res t o j til e tcr r:lce, Tlli " wo r k is hes t d()llc 1. .1' IlI eall S o f a s lip s CI'apn fur t he larg n dit ches Il r all n rrl in;lr y ,;111> I' e I wiI t' lI l1"t a g r eat ti cal II j so il neetl he mnve rl, Tili , part Ill' a ter rac e i, illu s l rille d in I,'i g ure :i , I r vcr I' 11111 Ch wal c r co lke ts ,It s uc h pl ac es lht' use u f lil c laid al o ll g' lhe dit ch ()r iow pl ace is ad visah!t.: , Tlli s lik will prc l'c llt th c flJ l'llI at io ll ,) j a " Illall (Wild ah nl't~ th e terra ce, ' l' ll c,.; e I() w plaecs aho\ 'c tiIt' ll' ITa cc, S lI O Il I'd I up as th c s()i l is de pos ited II ere by lhe s tall tl ill g water , Th e al' tu :d t'll lls trll l'l illll II f lClTar t'S 11 1:1.1' I'l' II l: lIk ill se l'l'r:d wa y" Th e 1I1 0S t eO llllll ll ll 1I1e t Ilt,d s a r t' 1, .1' Ill l',III S " [ a r llad g'l'a " er, ,I tl it e iI er , a IWll lelllad e V-, hapl'" dra g alld a plow, (I I' a 1' ''llIl.illatillll " j th ese ililpl e lli ellts, 1<'11 :. 5.- \\1 h~ 1I . Ill' 1(' I'I"a CI' 11\1I ~ l l'j 'ns:; a l'u l1 nll l~ lI l1 y II I' ~ 'V t ' ll a I II \\' sho,lIt! lit' cOllsi .ie rah ly 1' llI al'gt'd SII as tu prt ' \ " ' 1I1 tilt · wa k r 111 ' t ' ald ll ~~ 41 \' 1' 1' . sllmvll lI ~ r L: Windt! Ill: IlL' Ut'l' yt'l ir Illli ll slIlll nvhal hi ght,!, plat'l' iL '1'11<, lill /\h out th e mo st sa ti s f:lt:l() ry lVa y of l' ll ll s trlll'lill g' a "'I' raCl! is 11 .1' IlI Call S u j a pl o w :llId s mall roati g'r:ld cr , Fo ur t() s ix fll l'1'(lW S s llI>1 I1,1 he t.iIro wn to get her, th e ll the g'l'ader used fur Jll1s hi ng' the soil to th e ce llt ' I', I11Ul'h t il l: same as g radin g' liP a ncw rllae\. /\ fter makin g' IIn c or lwo rmilld s w ilh the g rader, four Ill() r e furrolV s s ll()u lcl he pl l)w ed :11111 t hesc lhrllwl1 11J1 in a manner s imilar te, the lirs t. Thi s prll cctill1' e s lli llild he co n t inn er! l1lllil the te rrace has a ba se lifleen tu lwe lll .\' fe et w id e and the ce nter t'we lve to lifteen in ches Ili ghcr than hdClr c g rariin g , \ ,Vh e re land ha s hee n plow ed recelltl y Or is in it lo ose cOlldi tiu n it may sOl1Jet im es IIlIt be Ill! ccssary to dn the ha l'k fu rrowin g w ith a pl uw, but a ll the wo r k 1I1 ay he dune w ilh a road g rad er. STEEL DITCHER INhere a s mall road g rader is no t <t\ Il ilable a s tee l r!i te hc r usc rl fur r oad work w ill be fo und a ve ry sat is factory m ac hi ne fo r eOl1 str ud in g te rra ces, It shoul d lI s ua ll y be l1scc\ in co nn ecti on with a pl ow a s it is seld om possible to co ns t ru c t a good terrace with the r1ite her ,d o ne; at le :l s t n o l w ilh () ul IlHirC w or k Ihall if a pl ow wc r e uscd In loose ll up th e s o il 51 1 lh :ll il call he m o r e readil y Ill ulle d. USE OF V·SHAPED DRAG Th c V- , hap ed dr a g- s h ow n in I; ig-ur e Ii is a fairl y sa l is fa c to ry hOlll e-mad c impl e m e nl fo r hui ldill g- te rra ce s. Thrce o r four ro und s are mad e w ith it pl o w alld th e s ()il is t.h c n pu s hcd !: lIIv:l I'd l it e ce nte r wit lt t he dra g. Th e c11'ag lhcll f,dll llV s lh l' pl ow, s hlw in g C V('\' .I' tW I) furro ws lo wa rd lhc cc ntc r of th e tc rra ,' c. :\ s tlt e joh is nl'a rin g c() ln pl c t i()n it may be tlt at · a ll th e wor k s ho uld hc d OIIl' fr n nl th c upp cr s id e; wlti c h makes it· des ir -aid e t o ha ve a r C\'c r s ih k dra g . ~ u l' 11 all il ll pl l' lll cn t· as lhi s can hc ea sil y a n d c h ea p ly huill. .I.i' f(: . G.--l'ulI sl.l'l.I ctill g' a terrace with a V-shaped dr;lg So m e tim es te rra ces :Irc cO ll s truc tecl by the us e of th e plo w al o ne. "\T h e il thi s is d o n e th e fUI:r ows ar c lhrow n toge th e r un t il a land twe nty to t we nly- fo lll' fee l wid e ha s h ee ll p lowe d. T hen beginnin g at the ce n-t e r a g ain th e s trip is p luwe d as befo r e, Scve ral pl ow in g s will bc r c-(luired to ge l a t e rra ce o f t h e d cs ir cd h e ig ht. A fte r th c se cond o r third p low in g t h e g r o llnd ma y b e ve ry lo o se , in w hi ch casc farm crs so me-tim es w a it fo r a rain t o settl c lh c tc rrace befo r c I'lni s hin g' it. Thi s is qu ite ri s ky a s a h eavy ra in m ay was h o ut parts o f th e unfini shed . te r-r ace. A r o ll er may o ft e n h e u sed t o goo d ad va nlage fo r co mpa ctin g a n e w terrace. '.1.'0 co n s tru c l a terrace with a pl ow al o ne is not a s sati s-fa c t o ry a s t o u s e som e S(II-t of dra g o r g rad er t o help make a w ell -r o und e d r id ge and t o co mpac t th e so il. 8 JV(lssOU Rr A(;H ICLlLTI JIU\L EXPlo:R I JlH :N'J' S T /\TI() N C1R C I I L A i{ ~)8 MAINTAINING TERRACES The new te rra ce sho uld be walc h ed as it is li a hl e tn failur e. A l ""\l ll ies o r low pl aces lh e w a le I' is likel y 10 hr ea k ove r afl e r th e t errace ha s se ttl ed. Usua ll y (h e fi r st: ye ar befo r e it ha s heco ill e lh o ro ly se ttler!, lh e le rrace s ho uld be . p la nle d t o a c ro p w hi c h do cs nol r e quir e culti -va t io n ; however, Ill a ny t illl es te rraces have g ive n sa ti s fa ct ion th a t w e re plant ed to corn the li rs t ·yea r . A fte r a terrace has bee n es tab li s he d as a per ma ne nt feature o [ th e lie ld i t r e(Juir es li t tk atte nti o n oth er than throw in g' th e so il towa rd its cc nle r w h cn plowin g. Th e li e ld wi ll g rad-uall y ass um e a ll a pp eara nce o f a seri es o f wavcs. So m e all c nti n n mu s t be g ive n tu the o llli e t to pro tcc t it fr OIll w a s h in g. Th e prac l ice o f keepin g' a s trip o f g ro llnd a t t h e o ut le t in g rass o r sod nl ce ts with s nl' cess . COST OF TERRACING Th e a c tnal cos t o f terrac in g is a ffec ted hy th e s lope of th e land and the type o f s o il. Th e ex pe nse is alillo s t e ntire ly a la bor exp e nse and th e work· ca n be d Oll e at: a tim e Wh t' ll t h e (a rm wo rk is n o t 1110s t press -ill g. T w o hor ses and it p lo w a nd fOllr h o r ses an d a V-s haped d nlg' o r g rader enll c()n st ru c t fr o m lhrce- fourlh s to nil e and " four t h Ill iil ~s o f terrace ill a day . 111 Mi sso uri mos l j o l> s ha ve lJec n 51nall alld farm e r s have Il o t be co me pr o fi c ie nt al th e w (JJ'k. Tt ha s he c il es lilllat ed tha t a do ll a r to !I do lla r and a half ;\11 ac r c wo uld h e a fair lal> II- co s t fo r CO il . st rllct in'!,r te rra ces. ft w ill pro bah ly cns l a b lJ ut lifLy t' cnt s all acr e a year 10 ma in ta in th e te rraces in g ll fl d wll rkal>l c CO llditi o ll . 

The Mangum terrace

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