Campenni, Luca

Gouveia, Luisa

Marcelo, Filipa M.

Mendes, Rui L.

Nobre, Beatriz P.

Palavra, António F.

Nobre, B. P.

Repositório do LNEG

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of biological compounds from microalgaeBeatriz P. Nobre  1 , Luisa Gouveia1, Luca Campenni’2, Filipa M. Marcelo3, António F. Palavra2, Rui L. Mendes11- Unidade de Bioenergia, LNEG, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal. Phone: +351217127213, Fax: +351217163636, e-mail: Beatriz.nobre@mail.ineti.pt, Luísa.gouveia@ineti.pt, rui.mendes@ineti.pt2-IST, Centro Química Estrutural, DEQB, Av Rovisco Pais 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal, Phone. +351218419387, Fax: +351218464455, e-mail: Antonio.palavra@ist.utl.pt3- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB, c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Phone: +34 918373112, e-mail: fmmarcelo@cib.csis.esMicroalgae are eukaryotic,  photosynthetic,  unicellular  microorganisms that present a great genetic  diversity.  These  microorganisms  produce  several  biological  compounds  that  are important  in  the  nutraceutical  and  pharmaceutical  industries,  such  as  hydrocarbons, carotenoids, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, etc [1]. Supercritical  fluid  extraction  (SFE)  of  biological  compounds  from  microalgae  has  some advantages over the conventional solvent extraction methods, because the compounds can be obtained without contamination by the organic solvent and thermal degradation [2]. On the other hand, it  is possible a high efficiency of the extraction and the selectivity for certain compounds is more easily achieved with SFE than with organic solvent extraction. Moreover, supercritical  carbon dioxide  extraction  has  also  the  advantage  of  using  a  non-toxic,  non-flammable and cheap solvent. Supercritical fluid extraction studies of biological compounds from several microalgae, such as Botryococcus brauni,  Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella salina, Haematococcus pluvialis and Arthospira (Spirulina) maxima have been carried out in our laboratories [3,4,5,6,7]. A semi-continuous laboratorial-scale supercritical fluid extraction apparatus, which allows working in the temperatures  range of 40-80 ºC and pressures up to 400 bar,  was used to perform all studies [8]. The extracted compounds were identified and quantified off-line by HPLC, GC and UV/Visible spectrophotometry. The effect of temperature, pressure and solvent flow-rate, together with the use of co-solvent and pre-treatment of the microalgae biomass, was assessed in these extraction studies.The aim of this work is to present an overview of the most important results achieved during the  supercritical  carbon  dioxide  extraction  of  biological  compounds  from  the  several microalgae studied with special emphasis on the effect of the pre-treatment of the biomass and the use of entrainers in the extraction of carotenoids. References[1] Z. Cohen, Chemical from Microalgae, Taylor & Francis, London, 1999.[2] T. Bruno, C.A.N. Castro, J.F. Hammel, A.M.F. Palavra, in J.F. Kennedy, J.M.S. Cabral (Eds), Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Biological Products. Recovery Processes for Biological Materials, J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester; 1993.[3] – Mendes, R. L., Fernandes, H. L., Coelho, J. A. P., Cabral, J. M. S., Palavra, A. M. F., Novais, J. M., Supercritical carbon dioxide extractionof hydrocarbons from the microalgae Botryococcus braunii, J. of Applied Phycology, 6 (1994), p.289-293.[4] – L. Gouveia, Beatriz P. Nobre, Filipa M. Marcelo, S. Mrejen, M. T. Cardoso, Antonio F. Palavra,  Rui  L.  Mendes,  "  Food  Functional  oil  coloured  by  pigments  extracted  from microalga with supercritical CO2", Food Chemistry, 101 (2), 2007, p.717-723[5] –  Beatriz Nobre ,  Filipa Marcelo, Renata Passos, Luis Beirão; António Palavra, Luísa Gouveia,  Rui  Mendes,  Supercritical  Carbon Dioxide  Extraction  of  Astaxanthin  and other Carotenoids  from the  Microalga  Haematococcus  pluvialis,  Eur.  Food Res,  Technol.,  223, 2006, p.787-790.[6]  –  Rui  L.  Mendes,  Beatriz  P.  Nobre,  Miguel  T.  Cardoso,  Ana P.  Pereira,  António  F. Palavra,"Supercritical  Carbon  Dioxide  Extraction  of  Compounds  with  Pharmaceutical Importance from Microalgae", Inorganic Chimica Acta, 356, 2003, p.328-334.[7] – Mendes, R. L., Reis, A., Palavra, A. M. F., Supercritical CO2 extraction of γ-linolenic acid and other lipids from Arthrosphira (Spirulina) maxima: comparison with organic solvent extraction, Food Chem. 9(2006), p.57-63.[8]  – R. L. Mendes, J. P. Coelho, H. L. Fernandes, I. J. Marrucho, J. M. S. Cabral, J. M. Novais, A. F. Palavra, Applications of supercritical CO2 extraction to Microalgae and Plants, J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 62 (1995), 53.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of biological compounds from microalgae

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Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of biological compounds from microalgae

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