Author name used in this publication: 刘国祥Author name used in this publication: 丁晓利, DING Xiao-liAuthor name used in this publication: 陈永奇Author name used in this publication: 李志伟, LI Zhi-weiTitle in Traditional Chinese: 使用InSAR建立DEM的試驗研究Journal title in Traditional Chinese: 測繪學報Author name used in this publication: LI Zhi-lin2001-2002 > Academic research: refereed > Publication in refereed journalVersion of RecordPublishe

Chen, YQ

Ding, XL

Li, Z

Li, ZL

Liu, GX

PolyU Institutional Repository

? 30?　? 4? ?　?　?　? Vol. 30, No. 4　 2001? 11? ACT A GEODAETICA et C ARTOGRAPHIC A SIN ICA Nov . , 2001　　????: 1001-1595( 2001) 04-0336-07 ?????: P237　　　　?????: A?? InSAR?? DEM?????刘国祥 ,丁晓利 ,李志林 ,陈永奇 ,李志伟(?????? ??????????? ,?? )Experimental Investigation on DEM Generation through InSARLIU Guo-xiang , DING Xiao-li , L I Zhi-lin, CHEN Yong-qi , LI Zhi-w ei(Dept of Land Surveying and Geo-Inf ormatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong ,China)Abstract: This pape r mainly investig ates the key data processing pro cedures invo lv ed in genera ting Digita lElev ation Model ( DEM ) thr ough Synth etic Aper ture Rada r Inter ferometr y ( InSAR) , and evaluates the pre-cision of deriv ed DEM . Fir st, the basic principles and key radar data pro cessing techniques o f InSAR a resummarized as a nota tion system o f subsequent experim enta l r esults. Second, the interfe rom etric pr ocessingand analyses ar e ca rried out fo r the test a rea o f Yuen Long in Hong Kong using one couple o f ERS-1 /2 tan-dem SAR images acquired on March 18, 1996, and on Ma rch 19, 1996, respectiv ely. Finally , a po r tion ofthe interfe rom etrically deriv ed DEM is selec ted and compa red with the independent refer ence DEM . The eval-ua tion on precision is made along with ana ly sis o f its po tential limita tion facto rs.Key words: In S AR; Digital Elev ation Model; da ta processing; precision?　?: 重点考察使用星载 InS AR技术建立 DEM的关键数据处理过程和精度情况。 首先介绍 InSAR的基本原理和所涉及的关键干涉雷达数据处理技术 ,然后对欧空局的 2颗卫星ERS-1 /2以串接飞行方式分别于 1996年 3月 18日和 19日对香港地区成像所获取的 2幅SAR复数影像作了干涉处理和分析 ,并生成了 DEM ,最后以外部 DEM作参考标准 ,对干涉DEM的精度作了评价 ,并分析了其潜在的制约因素。　　????: 2000-10-20; ????: 2001-02-26????:???????????????? ( G-9025) ;?????????????? ( G-V 747) ;????????????????????????? ( WKL( 00) 0103)????:??? ( 1968-) ,? ,????? ,????????????? ,????? ,???? InSAR??。???: 合成孔径雷达干涉 ; 数字高程模型 ; 数据处理 ; 精度1　引　言????? ??? ( Synthetic Aper tureRadar Interferometry ,?? InSAR)???????????????? ,????? SAR??????????????? [1 ]。 1951? , Ca rlWiley????????? ( Doppler shi f t )??????????????????? ,???????????????? (???????? )??? [ 1] ,?? ,???? SAR??????????。 SAR?????????? ( 1～1 000 GHz??????? )???、?????????????? ,???????? ,???????????????? [ 1, 2] ,???????????????????????。 SAR??????????????? ,?????????????????????? (??? ) ,??????? (????????????? )??????? ,??????? ,??SAR???????????? [3 ]。?????? ,???????????????????????? ,? InSAR????????????????。 InS AR??????????????????? ( Digital Elev ation M odel, ??DEM )?? [2～ 5 ] ,????????????????????????????? [6～ 9 ]。?? ,In SAR??????????????????????????。??????? InSAR?? DEM??? ,??????????。?? SAR??????????? , InSAR??? 3?????????????????????????。??? ,???????????? ,???????????????? ,????? ,??????????????????????????? ,???????????。 1986? ,?? JPL? Zebker?????????? NASA CV990?? InSAR?? (??C?? )??????????? SAR????DEM????? [2 ] ,?? ,??????????? InSAR??????????。????????????? SAR???? (? ERS-1 /2,JERS-1, RADARSAT? )??? [10 ] , SAR?????? ,???? InSAR????????。????? ,??????????????? ,???? SAR??????????????????????? ,???????????????、?????????????????? ,????????????????????????? [11 ]。 ?? ,?????? ,??DEM????????????????????????? [3, 5, 6 ]。????????? DEM????????????? ,???????? DEM???。??? ,???? ERS-1? ERS-2??????????? ( Tandem )???? ,? 2?????????????????? 1 d,???????????????????? ,????????????? ,? DEM?????? ,???????????????????? Tandem?????? DEM ,????? DEM??? ,????????????????????。2　 InSAR的基本原理和关键数据处理技术2. 1　?????? InSAR??????????? ,?????????????? ,??????????? [2, 3, 6, 7 ] ,?????????????????? ,????????。? 1?????In SAR??????????? , 2? SAR????????????? , 2???????????????????????????? ,???? B?????? ,??????????????? a(???????????? )?????。????? SAR???????? ,???????? 2? SAR?? ,??????????????? 2???? ,????????????? In SAR??。 ??????? ,?????? SAR???????????????? ( Single Looking Complex ,?? SLC)?? ,????????? a+ bi?? ,??????????? ,?????????????( Ai P )?????????。?? 2?? (????? ,???? 1???????? ) ,????? P ,?? A1P? A2P??? 2??????????Oa?? ,????δR????? ,???????δR= R1- R2= Oa λ2πP ( 1)?? ,λ????? ; R1 , R2??? 2???????????????? ,?? P= 1。? B R1? ,????????? B??? R1???????? (??????? ) ,?δR≈B? = B sin (θ+ a) ( 2)?? ,θ??????。?? 1???? ,?????θ、??????? B ,a??????????sin (θ+ a )= R21+ B2 - R222R1B ( 3)??????θ???? ,??????????????h= H- R1 co sθ ( 4)?? , H??????????????。??? ( 1)、? ( 2)?? ( 4) ,???????337? 4?　　　　　　　　　　　????: ?? In SAR?? DEM?????????????????????LhLO= λ2πPR1sinθB? ( 5)?? , B? = B co s (θ+ a )??? B??????R1???????? (???????????? ) ,?? ,???????????????λR1 sinθ/( 2PB? )???? ,?????????( ambigui ty height ) ,? InSAR??????????。?? ,????? ,??????????????????? ,??????????????????。? 1　 InSAR???????Fig . 1　 Obse rva tion geometry o fInSAR sy stem? 2　?????Oa、?????Ou??????Oo???Fig . 2　 Rela tion among abso lute pha se dif-fer enceOa , unw rapped phase differ-enceOu and obse rv ed phase differ-enceOo?????? ,??????????? ,?????????????????? ( 2??????? )??????????? ,??????? 1??????? ,????????????? ,? ( 1)～ ? ( 5)????????? ,?? P= 2,??????????? InSAR??。?????? ,??????????????? (?? ( 1) ) ,????????????? ,??? ERS-1 /2 InSAR?? ,???????????± 10°,????????????????? ,?????????????? ,???? ( 2)～ ? ( 4)????????????。 ?? InSAR?? DEM??????????? 3?? ,?? ,????????????????? InSAR?????????。? 3　?? InSAR?? DEM???Fig. 3　 Procedures of g ene rating DEM th roughInSAR2. 2　???????????SAR?????????? [1 ] ,?????????? (???? ,????? )???????????????????? ,?? (???? ,????? )???????????。??? A1 , A2??? SLC??????、??? (?? 1?? ) ,???????? ,?????????????????????? [2 ]。 ??????、???????????? c1 ( i )? c2 ( i )?? ,???? ( interferog ram )?????????????G=∑Nic1 ( i )c*2 ( i ) ( 6)?? ,* ?????? ; N?????????? ;?? G???????? 2?????????? Oo ( 0≤O0≤ 2π) ,?? ,?????????????????????。????????????????????? ,???????????? [3, 6 ] ,??????V= |〈c1c*2〉|(〈c1c*1〉〈c2c*2〉 ) 1 /2 ( 7)?? ,〈〉????????。??? ,?????????????? 3???:①??????? ;②? 2???????????? (????338 ?　?　?　?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　? 30???????????、??????? )?????? (?????? ) ;③???????????? (?????? )? [6 ]。????? ,??????????????????? ,???????????????????。 ??????????????????? ,??????????????????????? (? ( 5) ) ,???????????。????????? ,??????????? ( phase unw rapping ) [ 12]?????????????????????????????? ,? 2?????? InSAR????????? Oo、????Ou (= 2πku )??????Oa????? ,??Oa= Oo+ 2πku+ 2πka ( 8)?? , 2πka??????? ,????????????????? [9 ]。?? ,???????? ,????? 2?:①?????????? [12 ] ;②?????????????。???????:??????????? ,??????????????? ,??????????????????? ,???????????? [12 ] ( residue) ,?????????????????????? ,?????????????????????????????????“???” ( branch-cut )。 ??????????: ???????????????????????????????? ,??????????????????????????。 ?????????????????? (?? 4( c) )????????? ,???????????。2. 3　??????? 2. 1????????? ,??????????????????????????????? ,???? ,???????????? [3, 9 ] ,????????????????。 ?? ,? SAR?????????????????? ,????????????????????????????? [9 ]。 ????????In SAR?? ,???????????????????? ,?? 1?? ,???????????? B????? x????? y??? Bx , By??????????? ,?Bx ( t )= Bx0+ kx tBy ( t )= By0+ ky t( 9)?? , t???????? (??? SLC?????? ) ; Bx0? By0??? 2????????? ;kx ? ky?? 2?????????????。??????? InSAR?? ,?????????????????????????????(????????? )?????????????????????? [9 ] ,?????????????????????。???????? ,??????????????????? (??????????????????? )?? SAR?????????? ,????????????????????。 ???????????????? 2????????:①????????????? SAR?????????? 3?????????? ;②??????? 6???????????????????????? ,???? 3????????????????。???????????? ,????????????????????????????????????? ,?????? 2???????????????? 2????? ,???????????。?????????? ,???????? ,??????????????????????。3　干涉 DEM建立的试验3. 1　???? SAR??????? InS AR?? DEM?????????????????? ,???????ERS-1? ERS-2?????????? 1996?3? 18?? 19???????????? 2?SAR??????? ,??? /? ( o rbi t /f rame )?????: E1 /24440 /3159? E2 /4767 /3159,?????? 2? SAR???????????? SLC?? ,???????????????????? 7. 9 m? 4. 0 m,???????? 100 km× 100 km ,??????????????? ,???????。 ?????? ,?????????????? 4. 2 s? 5??????????? SAR????????????。?????????????? ,??????339? 4?　　　　　　　　　　　????: ?? In SAR?? DEM?????? InSAR???? ,?????????????? , ERS-1 /2???????????? SAR????????????????????? ,???????????????。?????????? 1 d,?????????????????????? (?????? )??? ,???????????????? ,?? ,?????????????????????????????????。3. 2　?????????? 4?????????????? ,? 4( a)、? 4( b)?? 4( c)??????????? 4(a )、? 4( e)???????。? 4(a )?????????? SAR?? ,?????12. 1 km× 16. 8 km??? ,???????????? 99. 1 m ,???? 106. 7 m /?。??????????????????? ,??? ( 6)??????? ,? 4( c)????????????????? ,?????????????????????????? ,????????? (??? 0°→ 360°????? )?????????????。???? ,????? InSAR?????????????????、?????????????? ,??????????????? ,???????????????? ,? 4( b)?????? ( 7)???????????? ,???????? 0～ 1?? ,??????????????????????????????? ,?????? 0(?? )???????????? ,?????? 1(?? )??????????? ,?????? ,?????????? ,????? DEM????。????????????? ,???????????????? (? 4( b)?????? ) ,????? 0. 65? 0. 95?? ;??????? 0. 30～ 0. 40?? ;? 4( b)???????????????? ,?????? 0? 0. 06?? ,?? 4( c)????????????????。???????????????????(?? ( 8) ) ,???????????????? ,????????????????????????????????????????????? ,??????????? ,???????????? ,????????????? [3, 9, 12 ] ,?????? ,??????????????。 ????????????????? (?? ( 1)?? ( 8) ) ,???????????????? (?? 4( a )??“ ”??? )????????????????????。 ???????? ,????? 2. 3??????????????????????????。???? DEM????????????????????????????? (?? ( 1)～ ? ( 4) )?????。?? ,????????? 5??????? 10??????????? DEM。3. 3　????????????? DEM??? ,??????DEM?????? ,??? DEM?????DEM????? , 2? DEM?????? 20 m× 20 m,?? ,??????????????HK80??? 1∶ 10 000??????????DEM ,??????? HKPD。???????? DEM?????? ,?????????????? 4(a ) , 4( b)? 4( c)??????????????? (? 3. 5 km× 3. 5 km ,??????? ) ,????????? 400 m????? ,????????????????? ,????????? 0. 35。? 4( d)? 4( e)?????????????? DEM??? DEM? 3D??。 ? 2? DEM??? ,??????:??DEM????? DEM??????+ 5. 5 m,?????????± 12 m。?? ,?? DEM?????????? ,??????:①???????????? ,?????????? 1 d,????????? ,??????????? ,???????? ,????????????(??????? ) ,???? DEM??????? ;②???????????????? ,???????????????? ;③??????????? (???????????????????? )????????????????????????? ,???? DEM???? ,????????①??。340 ?　?　?　?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　? 30?4　结　论?????????????????? ,In SAR??? DEM????????????????? ,????????????????????????、????????、????、??????、????????? ,?? ,???????????? 2??????: ①???????? ;②????????????。???????? ( 12. 1 km× 16. 8 km )? ERS-341? 4?　　　　　　　　　　　????: ?? In SAR?? DEM?????1 /2 SAR????????????????DEM ,???????? 3. 5 km× 3. 5 km????????? DEM????????????? DEM??? ,?????+ 5. 5 m ,?????????± 12 m。??????? DEM??????????: ①?????????? ,???? InSAR????????? ;②????????????? ,??????????? ,????????????????? ,??ERS-1 /2 SAR???? ,? 200～ 300 m?? [3 ];③?????????????? ;④??????????????? ,????? InSAR??????????。参考文献:[ 1 ]　 CU RLANDER J C, MCDONOUGH R N. Synth et-ic Apertur e Rada r: Systems and Signal Pr ocessing[M ]. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc, 1991.[ 2 ]　 ZEBKER H A, GOLDST EIN R M. Topog raphicMapping from Inter ferometric Synthetic Aper tureRada r Observ a tions [ J ]. Journal o f Geophy sicalResea rch, 1986, 91( B5): 4 993-4 999.[ 3]　 ZEBKER H A, W ERN ER C L, ROSEN P, et al.Accuracy o f Topog raphic Maps Deriv ed fr om ERS-1 Inter ferometric Rada r [ J]. IEEE Transactions onGeoscience and Remo te Sensing , 1994, 32 ( 4):823-836.[ 4]　 L IU Guo-xiang, DING Xiao-li, CHEN Yong-qi, etal. InSAR Technolog y and Its Po tential Applica-tions in Hong Kong [ A ]. Pr oceeding of th e Inter-national Sa tellite Po sitio ning Conference [ C ].Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Po lytechnic Univ er si-ty , 1999. 101-116.[ 5]　 L IU Guo-xiang , DING Xiao-li, LI Zhi-lin, et al.Assessments on Quality o f Digital Elev ation ModelDeriv ed by InSAR Data Processing [ J]. Remo teSensing Info rmation, 2000, 60( 4): 7-10. ( in Chi-nese)[6 ]　 LIU Guo-xiang , D IN G Xiao-li, CHEN Yong-qi, etal. N ew and Po tentia l T echno log y fo r Observ a tionof Ea rth fr om Space: Synthetic Apertur e Rada r In-ter ferometry [ J]. Advance in Ea r th Science, 2000,15( 6): 734-740. (in Chinese )[ 7]　 ZEBKER H A, ROSEN P A, GOLDSTEIN R M,et al. On th e Deriv ation of Co seismic DisplacementFields Using Differentia l Rada r Interfe rome try:The Lander s Ear thquake [ J]. Journal o f Geophy si-ca l Resear ch , 1994, 99( B10): 19 617-19 634.[ 8]　 M ASSONNET D, HO LZER T , V ADON H. LandSubsidence Caused by the East M esa Geo therma lField, Ca lifo rnia , Observ ed by SAR Inter ferometr y[ J]. Geoph ysical Resea rch Let ters, 1997, 24( 8):901-904.[ 9]　 JOU GHIN I, KWOK R, FAHN ESTOCK M. Esti-ma tion of Ice-sh ee t Mo tion Using Satellite Rada rInterfer ome try: Method and Er ro r Analysis withApplica tion to Humbo ldt Glacie r, Greenland [ J].Journal o f Glacio lo gy , 1996, 42( 142): 564-575.[ 10 ]　 ZHOU Yue-qing . 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使用InSAR建立DEM的试验研究

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