In this paper we provide concluding evidence that the human skull acts as a dynamic barrier to electromagnetic fields (EMF) and temperature flow at 1800 MHz. This natural helmet e®ectively and dynamically protects brain tissue against safety-de¯ned threshold temperature increase due to external EMF induction. A half-wavelength dipole antenna has been employed as the EMF source. The human head is modelled by several coronal planes extracted from the Visible Human Project. Results described here have a great importance should thermal e®ects be directly used to derive basic restrictions to EM fields safety limits for human exposure.FUNDACIÓN SENECA. Plan de
Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia. Código: 05746/PI/07

García Fernández, Miguel Ángel

Sánchez Hernández, David Agapito

Valenzuela Valdés, Juan Francisco

English

Repositorio Digital de la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

Universidad Politécnica de CartagenaE.T.S. de Ingenieŕıa de TelecomunicaciónEspacio-Tele@o n01 (2010)Revista de la ETSIT-UPCTHuman Head Natural Protection Against ElectromagneticFieldsMiguel A. Garćıa-Fernández,Juan F. Valenzuela-Valdés y David Sánchez-HernándezDepartamento de Tecnoloǵıa de la Información y las Comunicaciones.Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena.garciafernandez.ma@upct.es; juan.valenzuela@upct.es;david.sanchez@upct.esAbstractIn this paper we provide concluding evidence that the human skull actsas a dynamic barrier to electromagnetic fields (EMF) and temperatureflow at 1800 MHz. This natural helmet effectively and dynamicallyprotects brain tissue against safety-defined threshold temperature increasedue to external EMF induction. A half-wavelength dipole antenna hasbeen employed as the EMF source. The human head is modelled byseveral coronal planes extracted from the Visible Human Project. Resultsdescribed here have a great importance should thermal effects be directlyused to derive basic restrictions to EM fields safety limits for humanexposure.Project/Group: Microwave, Radiocommunications and ElectromagnetismEngineering Group (GIMRE). Supported by: FUNDACIÓN SENECA. Plan deCiencia y Tecnoloǵıa de la Región de Murcia. Código: 05746/PI/07.Subject Research: Biological effects of electromagnetic radiation; Dosimetry;Occupational health and safety; Specific absorption rate (SAR), Temperature.1. IntroductionThe emergence of mobile phone communications has triggered the necessityto redefine safety limits regarding the human exposure to EMF in the near-3132 M. A. Garćıa, J.F. Valenzuela, D. Sánchezfield regime and the need to define accurate evaluation procedures [1], sincea human body exposed to excessive electromagnetic fields may suffer fromtemperature increments which could pose a health treat. An increase ofmore than 1oC in any part of the brain will bring heat exhaustion or evena heat stroke [2] and an increase of 0.2-0.3oC in the hypothalamic region wouldalter thermoregulatory behaviour [3]. Evaluating compliance to safety limitsis usually accomplished by measuring SAR, but in fact, it is now clear thatSAR alone may not provide an adequate description of the regional thermalenvironment [4]. Even though the dielectric properties of the phantom liquidor gel are normally averaged over those of a more realistic heterogeneous model[5], arbitrary correction factors have been proposed [6]. These correction factorshave already been demonstrated to be erroneous for typical GSM base stationantennas [7]. In addition, a recent paper [8] has shown that the humanexposure to electromagnetic fields from a base station antenna using a realisticheterogeneous model is a problem that strongly depends upon specific humantissue structure being exposed and antenna topology. This makes a solo simplefactor not possible for an accurate description of the problem when usinghomogeneous models. In consequence, and due to the recent availability ofpowerful computers, the direct calculation of thermal thresholds with EMFexposure has recently received considerable attention [9]. To tackle this aspect ofEMF exposure more realistic and therefore complex models have been developedbased on the conjunction of Maxwell equations, thermal diffusion theory andhuman biological data. Effectively, the human head is represented as a multi-layer model where each layer corresponds to different kind of human tissue withits own thermal and electromagnetic characteristics. Above these refinements,a thermoregulatory model is also typically employed to approach real exposurescenarios as much as possible. In this work it has been demonstrated that thehuman skull acts as a protecting shield against EMF in the near-field regimeat 1800 MHz. This protection helps avoiding thermal damage of sensible braintissues, keeping the subject safe to overheating processes. The protective natureis performed by the combination of tissue layers and the specific position andthermal characteristics of the skull.2. Methods and ModelsThe electrical and thermal properties of the employed tissues have beenextracted from the literature [10]. The employed biological data is reproducedin Table 1. The relevant 2D representations of the human head are some coronalplanes extracted from the Visible Human Project, as depicted in Figure 1. Fordefiniteness and reproducibility we have employed as the near-field source theEMF produced by a half-wavelength dipole antenna at 1800 MHz. The powerradiated by the dipole was modified so as to provide a maximum temperatureincrease of 0.2oC in the brain. The above is done in two different time scalescorresponding to exposures of 6 and 30 minutes. In order to analyse theefficiency of the whole skull, many different head regions have been considered.Natural Protection against EMF 33Tissue εT σ ρ C K A BBlood 59.37 2.044 1058 3840 0.49 0 0Blood Vessel 43.34 1.066 1040 3553 0.46 1600 9000Bone (Cancellous) 19.34 0.588 1920 2150 0.30 2510 14120Bone (Cortical) 11.78 0.275 1990 1650 0.30 0 0Bone (Marrow) 5.37 0.069 1040 2700 0.22 5020 28230Brain (Cerebellum) 46.11 1.709 1038 3687 0.57 10040 56490Brain (Gray Matter) 50.08 1.391 1038 3687 0.57 10040 56490Brain (White Matter) 37.01 0.915 1038 3600 0.50 2820 15890Skin 38.87 1.845 1125 3610 0.42 2190 12310Table 1: Font Sizes for Papers. σ:(S/m), ρ: Density (Kg/m3), C: Specific heatcapacity (J/KgoC), K: Thermal conductivity (W/moC), A: Metabolic heatproduction (W/m3), B: Blood flow associated term (W/m3oC).However and since we found the same overall behaviour in all the different pointswe have analyzed, we have chosen to show data only from the top cranial andright temple scenarios, which are depicted in Figure 1.Figure 1: Top-cranial slice (left), right temple slice (middle) and legend of tissues(right), from the Visible Human Project, used in the simulations.The distance between the antenna and the human head is fixed once andfor all to 0.45λ. At this distance the heterogeneous human head model matchesthe dipole antenna impedance in the initial setting. This causes a considerableSAR and temperature increase. All analyses were performed by using anin-house software code, prepared in combination to the Partial DifferentialEquation (PDE) Toolbox in MATLAB. A human thermoregulatory model wasalso programmed following the bio-heat equation, and it is a refinement of theoriginal model used by Pennes [11]. This differential equation incorporateselectromagnetic and heat diffusion data applied to human tissue by:ρ · C · ∂T∂t= ∇ · (K · ∇T ) + ρ · SAR + A + B · (Tb − T ) , (1)34 M. A. Garćıa, J.F. Valenzuela, D. Sánchezwhere C is the specific heat capacity, K is the thermal conductivity, ρ ismass density of the tissue, A is the metabolic heat production, B is the heat-sink strength, Tb is the blood temperature, t is time and T is the temperature.SAR is calculated using the well-known equation,SAR =σ · E2ρ, (2)where σ is the electrical conductivity of the tissue and E is the root meansquare (RMS) value of the electric field. The above set of equations is fed withthe necessary boundary data by:K · n̂ · ∇T = H · (Tr − T ) , (3)where (n̂, H, Tr) stand for the normal unit vector to the boundary ofthe human head, the environment heat transfer coefficient and the roomtemperature respectively. Due to 2D characteristics of the PDE toolbox, φ-symmetry is employed to solve the EM field, which is accurate enough for adipole antenna as the exciting source. The centre of the dipole was settled as theorigin of coordinates. After SAR is calculated, temperature increase is evaluatedfor all tissues by solving the modified bio-heat equation (1), where Tb is set to37 oC. Boundary conditions were established with H equal to 7 W/(m2·o) and aroom temperature of 23 oC. The room temperature was chosen to follow withinthe thermopreferendum region. In this region a sedentary light-dressed manfeels comfortable with no air flows. The in-house thermal model includes heatdiffusion and convection, metabolic heat production and heat-sink from tissuevolume by blood perfusion. Thermoregulatory control can be achieved in thehead model in real time, which can keep a constant temperature under no RFexposure being slightly altered by the heat loss in body surface due to intimatecontact to air. Thermal conditions in this contribution are kept just under thevasomotor adjustment, that is, just under the lower critical temperature (LCT)[12]. This facilitates the use of basal metabolism as adequate. In this way, novaporization is evaluated and harsh electromagnetic exposure is out of the scopefor this contribution, that is, mass transfer and their associated heat-transfermechanisms are avoided. Once the coronal plane is identified and we have thecorresponding temperature increase on any point of it, we localized the spotin the brain of maximal increase of temperature p. Then, we define our lineof measurements c̄p̄ as the line that begins at the geometrical centre of thebrain c and passes through p ending on the aerial region. Our simulated resultsand data are displayed along this linear axis. In this way, given a particularantenna-head configuration, we define a particular axis that passes throughoutthe point of maximum heating that permit us to control the most vulnerablepart of the brain.Natural Protection against EMF 353. Simulated ResultsIn this paper, results are expressed in terms of minimal power delivered andassociated SAR required to produce the aimed maximum local increment ofbrain tissue of 0.2 oC in different scenarios. In addition, different figures of lo-cal temperature increment along the different tissues of the brain are provided.To test our working hypothesis, i.e. that the skull acts as a thermal-EM helmet,we probed the human head to the radiation of the dipole antenna from differentpositions in the vicinity of the head. Following the procedure described in theprevious section, we obtained the increase of temperature along the c̄p̄ axis foreach one of the different configurations under study. The above is simulatedfor short and long exposure corresponding to 6 min. and 30 min., respectively.In this way, we have devised a procedure to capture the strength of the nat-ural shield protecting the head at the diverse time averaging periods definedin the standards worldwide. Results for the cranial and temple regions aredepicted in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. From these figures it is clear thatalmost no thermal fluctuations or SAR leek into the inner brain. Most of theenergy absorbed by the head is localized in the outer region outside the skull.As expected, the time dependence of the above phenomena shows a conformalbehaviour, since only the relative power needs to be re-scaled to recover thecorrect curves. This reinforces our aim to maintain the experiments just belowthe LCT region. The above response to EMF exposure of the human head isalso reproduced in other geometrical settings around the head, which are notdepicted here for brevity. Results show that the outer layers of the human headconstitute a built-in shield which acts as a dynamical barrier, scattering ther-mal fluctuations and EMF away from the brain back to the external regions.In this dynamical process the un-scattered thermal fluctuations and the EMFthat reach the brain tissue are really subdominant, where the ratio of scatteredto transmitted thermal fluctuations is only of order 10−3.In this article we have used a realistic human head model exposed to EMFin the near-field region employing a hybrid framework based on electromagneticfield theory, heat transport theory and thermoregulatory response of the humanbody. In the above data analyses, it is not difficult to identify the location ofthis natural shield as the region where the thermal fluctuations and EMF decayabruptly. In all performed simulations, we found that this region correspondsto the location of the skull or its natural continuation. This corresponds tothe region delimited by the vertical brown or pink lines in Figure 2 and 3. Inconsequence, it can be observed that the principal component of the naturalshield is indeed the skull properties and the specific position of the skull withinthe multilayer tissue structure.36 M. A. Garćıa, J.F. Valenzuela, D. Sánchez4. ConclusionsThe specific position and properties of the skull within the human head havebeen identified to act as a protective garment, avoiding external electromagneticfields and their associated thermal increase getting into the inner brain. Thishas been found to happen regardless the power delivered when the roomtemperature is just below the LCT, that is, under the vasomotor adjustmentwith no sweating.Figure 2: SAR (up) and temperature increase (down) for the cranial setting.Figure 3: SAR (up) and temperature increase (down) for the temple setting.The natural electromagnetic helmet also seems to act as a thermo-insulator,since it warms up as much as the outer tissue but maintains the temperaturegradient in the brain small and within safe regimes. Therefore, we can concludethat we are in the presence of a natural and dynamic electromagnetic and ther-mal shield that protects our brain to non-harsh exposure.This conclusion is to be taken within its limitations, due to the range ofparameters analyzed through this research together with the simplificationsinvolved in the modeling of a realistic human head. In particular, there are manyNatural Protection against EMF 37factors to be accounted for in the employed thermoregulatory model, such assweating, panting, variable heat loss in lungs, capillarity, vasodilatation, variableblood flow or metabolism, clothing, circadian rhythm or even alterationsin the thermoregulatory response itself due to temperature increase in thehypothalamus provided by the deposited RF energy, etc. With the powerfulcomputing resources available today, however, it is not risky envisaging thepossibility of reducing current scientific uncertainties for human exposure toelectromagnetic fields by using the human thermal response. The use of hybridmodels brings new possibilities to deliver more accurate basic restrictions tothis safety levels. The adoption of a basic restriction directly involving thetemperature increase with different reference levels for the various parts of thebody according to their sensitivity to heat, in combination to already existingSAR-based limits would bring more precise data for the human-EMF exposurescenario. Future research includes the determination of the avalanche effect thatbreaks the protective nature of the skull, which may be strongly dependent uponthe employed thermoregulatory model.5. AcknowledgmentThe authors would like to thank Fundación Séneca, the science andtechnology agency in the Region of Murcia, Spain, for partly funding thisresearch under the 05746/PI/07 project.References[1] IEC 62209-1, Human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices – Human models, instrumentation, andprocedures – Part 1: Procedure to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR) forhand-held devices used in close proximity to the ear (frequency range of 300 MHz to 3GHz), 2005.[2] International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) Guidelines,Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagneticfields (up to 300 GHz), Health Physics 74 (4): 494-522; 1998.[3] Adair, E. R., Adams, B. W., Akel, G. M., Minimal changes in hypothalamictemperature accompany microwave-induced alteration of thermoregulatory behavior,Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 5, pp. 13-30, 1984.[4] Mason, P. A., et al., Recent advances in dosimetry measurements and modeling, in RadioFrequency Radiation Dosimetry, B. J. Klauenberg and D. Miklavèiè, Eds. Norwell, MA,Kluwer, Springer, 2000, pp. 141-155.[5] Ghandi, O. P. et al., Electromagnetic absorption in the human head and neck formobile telephones at 835 and 1900 MHz, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory andTechniques, Vol. 44, No. 10, pp. 1865-1873, 1996.[6] CENELEC EN50383: Basic standard for the calculation and measurement ofelectromagnetic field strength and SAR related to human exposure from radio basestations and fixed terminal stations for wireless telecommunication systems (110 MHz–40GHz), 2002.38 M. A. Garćıa, J.F. Valenzuela, D. Sánchez[7] Joseph, W. and Martens, L., Safety factor for determination of occupationalelectromagnetic exposure in phantom model, Electronics Letters, Vol. 39, No. 23, pp.1663-1664, 2003.[8] Christ, A. et al., The dependence of electromagnetic far-field absorption on body tissuecomposition in the frequency range from 300 MHz to 6 GHz, IEEE Transactions onMicrowave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 2188-2195, 2006.[9] Bernardi, P., et al., SAR Distribution and Temperature Increase in an Anatomical Modelof the Human Eye Exposed to the Field Radiated by the User Antenna in a WirelessLAN, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 46, No. 12, 1998.[10] Gabriel, C., Compilation of the dielectric properties of body tissues at RF and microwavefrequencies, Brooks Air Force, Brooks AFB, TX, Tech. Rep. AL/OE-TR-1996-0037, 1996.[11] Pennes, H. H., Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperature in the resting humanforearm, Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 1, pp. 93-102, 1948.[12] Adair, E. R. et al., Thermophysiological responses of human volunteers during controlledwhole-body ratio frequency exposure at 450 MHz, Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 19, pp. 232-245, 1998.

Human Head Natural Protection Against Electromagnetic Fields

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