The numerical simulation of viscoelastic damping treatments requires a correctidentification of the complex modulus of the viscoelastic materials. In this work, a simple andaccurate experimental setup and methodology to identify the complex modulus of viscoelasticmaterials in shear are presented, tested and validated using commonly applied viscoelasticmaterials. The test system is based on the direct complex stiffness measurement. A numericalprocessing analysis is performed on the measured data in order to verify the validity of themeasurement and to construct the usual nomogram representation of the complex modulus. Thisdirect approach avoids the identification limitations of the vibrating beams technique usuallyapplied in the viscoelastic complex modulus characterization

José Dias Rodrigues

Rui A. S. Moreira

Open Repository of the University of Porto

English

An efficient experimental methodology for viscoelastic complex modulus identification

Repositório Aberto da Universidade do Porto

PaperFUNDAÇÃO CALOUSTE GULBENKIANII ECCOMAS THEMATIC CONFERENCE ON SMART STRUCTURES AND MATERIALSC.A. Mota Soares et al. (Eds.)Lisbon, Portugal, July 18 - 21, 2005AN EFFICIENT EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY FORVISCOELASTIC COMPLEX MODULUS IDENTIFICATIONRui A.S. Moreira∗ and José Dias Rodrigues†∗ Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica. Universidade de AveiroCampus Santiago. 3810-193 Aveiro. Portugale-mail: rmoreira@mec.ua.pt, web page: http://www.mec.ua.pt† Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão IndustrialFaculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do PortoR. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n. 4200-465 Porto. Portugale-mail: jdr@fe.up.pt, web page: http://www.fe.up.ptKeywords: Viscoelastic Materials, Complex Modulus, Experimental CharacterizationAbstract. The numerical simulation of viscoelastic damping treatments requires a correctidentification of the complex modulus of the viscoelastic materials. In this work, a simple andaccurate experimental setup and methodology to identify the complex modulus of viscoelasticmaterials in shear are presented, tested and validated using commonly applied viscoelasticmaterials. The test system is based on the direct complex stiffness measurement. A numericalprocessing analysis is performed on the measured data in order to verify the validity of themeasurement and to construct the usual nomogram representation of the complex modulus. Thisdirect approach avoids the identification limitations of the vibrating beams technique usuallyapplied in the viscoelastic complex modulus characterization.1 INTRODUCTIONThe numerical simulation of viscoelastic damping treatments requires an accurate numericalrepresentation of the dynamic properties of the viscoelastic material, namely its complexmodulus. However, this property is strongly dependent on the frequency and temperature ofthe treatment application.The usual approach, using vibrating beams, identifies the viscoelastic properties from thedamping and flexural modification imposed by a viscoelastic layer that materializes the coreof sandwich beam specimens [1]. However, this identification methodology is based ona simplified and approximate analytical model of the composite beam [8]. Moreover, itsaccuracy is closely related to the relative modification of the sandwich beam structure, whichis, in general, very reduced. Finally, the data is obtained only for discrete frequency valuescorresponding to the natural frequencies of the specimens.Rui A.S. Moreira and José Dias RodriguesThe direct identification methodologies [3, 4, 5] are actually a more interesting approachsince the viscoelastic material properties are identified directly from the measured dynamicresponse of a discrete system with a viscoelastic spring, usually materialized by a sheardeformed viscoelastic layer. Despite the simplicity associated with the analytical model andthe identification procedure, the development of an efficient experimental setup, representing adiscrete dynamic system with a single degree of freedom, is not a simple task and it requiresrestraining the spurious degrees of freedom. In this work, a special purpose experimental setupis proposed to provide a reliable and simple complex modulus identification tool. The systemis based on the direct complex modulus identification of viscoelastic samples in shear from thebroadband frequency response.2 ANALYTICAL MODELBy using a direct approach, the identification procedure is based on the characterization of acomplex value spring that represents the viscoelastic specimen (Figure 1).MK¯6f(t) 6x(t)Figure 1. Single degree of freedom analytical modelThe differential equation of motion for this single degree of freedom system, excited by thedynamic force f(t), is defined as:Mx¨(t) + K¯x(t) = f(t) (1)where M and K¯ represent, respectively, the mass of the system and the spring complex valuedstiffness, x(t) is the displacement and x¨(t) is the time second derivative.Assuming stationary harmonic motion with frequency ω and complex amplitude X¯ , Equation(1) can be rewritten as: [− ω2M + K¯]X¯ = F (2)and, therefore, the frequency response function (receptance function) of the dynamic systemcan be defined as:α(ω) =X¯F=1−ω2M + K¯(3)2Rui A.S. Moreira and José Dias RodriguesThe complex value stiffness of the viscoelastic specimen can be directly determined throughthe inverse frequency response function, the dynamic stiffness function Z , as:K¯ = ω2M + Z (4)from which it results:K(ω) = ω2M +REAL(Z) (5a)η(ω) =IMAG(Z)ω2M +REAL(Z)(5b)where η represents the loss factor of the viscoelastic material and K represents the real part ofthe complex value stiffness, which can be directly related to the storage shear modulus G′ ofthe viscoelastic material, the specimen thickness h and the shear area AS through the relationdefined as:K = G′ASh(6)3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUPThe experimental setup illustrated in Figure 2 presents the proposed experimental assembly thatis capable of representing the single degree of freedom system to be used along the identificationprocess [6].Figure 2. Experimental assemblyThe upper bar (2) represents the moving mass while the thin viscoelastic layer (4) introducedbetween two rigid blocks, as depicted in Figure 3, represents the complex value stiffness of thediscrete dynamic system. Effectively, one of these rigid blocks is mounted on the moving mass3Rui A.S. Moreira and José Dias Rodrigueswhile the other one is mounted on the fixed base (1), thus leading the viscoelastic specimen todeform in shear. The two thin lamina springs (3) located at both ends of the moving mass presentvery low stiffness, although they provide the necessary restraining condition to minimize theeffects of spurious degrees of freedom and, thus, a single degree of freedom dynamic system isobtained.Figure 3. Viscoelastic specimenThe excitation is provided by an electrodynamic shaker (Ling Dynamic Systems - model201) linked to the moving mass through a stinger and driven by a random signal generated bythe signal generator of a spectral analyzer (Brüel & Kjær - model 2035) and amplified at apower amplifier (Ling Dynamic Systems - PA25E). The applied excitation force is measuredusing a piezoelectric force transducer (Brüel&Kjær - model 8200). The response of the movingmass is measured through a piezoelectric accelerometer (Brüel& Kjær - model 4371) as wellas a proximity probe (Philips PR6423). The signal conditioning and the frequency responsefunctions determination are performed by the referred spectral analyzer.The experimental setup, including the electrodynamic shaker, is rigidly assembled on agranitic stone block (Figure 4) supported by four cylindrical silicone rubber pads to minimizethe rigid body modes frequencies of the assembly.In order to make use of the temperature-frequency equivalence principle [7], the assembly isintroduced into a temperature controlled thermal chamber, providing near isothermal conditionsbetween 0◦C and 35◦C (shaker operation range). The temperature of the viscoelastic materialis evaluated using two thermocouple probes located near the specimen.4Rui A.S. Moreira and José Dias RodriguesFigure 4. Experimental setup4 EXPERIMENTAL DATAAfter signal conditioning, the response signals of the moving mass, provided simultaneouslyby the accelerometer and by the proximity probe, and the excitation force signal, provided bythe force transducer, are used to calculate the frequency response functions of the experimentaldynamic system. These frequency response functions, evaluated at each temperature step, arefinally used to identify the complex modulus distribution along the frequency range of theanalysis for the selected temperature using Equation (4) or Equation (5). Figures 5 and 6represent, respectively, the receptance and accelerance functions measured in the bandwidth[0-400]Hz at nine temperature steps between 2.7 and 33.5◦C using a 0.57mm x 480mm23M ISD112 viscoelastic material specimen.Despite the theoretical redundancy provided by both response transducers, previousexperimental tests pointed out that the proximity probe, which provides directly a relativemotion measurement, is more sensible to the high frequency noise generated by the thin springs,the stinger and shaker trunnion. On the other hand, the signal provided by the accelerometercontains, obviously, the rigid body modes effects at low frequencies. Therefore, by using bothtransducers, it is possible to enlarge the useful frequency range.5Rui A.S. Moreira and José Dias Rodrigues0    50   100  150  200  250  300  350  400Hz       0     pi−piPhase10−710−610−5|Receptance|  [m/N] 2.7 ºC5.8 ºC7.1 ºC11.2 ºC14.4 ºC14.5 ºC18.8 ºC21.5 ºC33.5 ºCFigure 5. Measured frequency response functions: receptance functions0    50   100  150  200  250  300  350  400Hz       0     pi−piPhase10−310−210−1100|Accelerance|  [ms−2 /N] 2.7 ºC5.8 ºC7.1 ºC11.2 ºC14.4 ºC14.5 ºC18.8 ºC21.5 ºC33.5 ºCFigure 6. Measured frequency response functions: accelerance functions5 DATA VERIFICATION AND VALIDATIONTo identify and filter out possible random errors due to the high frequency noise, rigid bodymodes or other error sources, the identified complex modulus functions are plotted in a useful6Rui A.S. Moreira and José Dias Rodriguesgraphical representation called Wicket Plot. Figure 7 represents the Wicket plot of the identifiedcomplex modulus functions for the 3M ISD112 specimen, where the storage modulus functionsare plotted against the corresponding loss modulus functions.105 106 107105106107108Storage modulus: G’ [Pa]Loss modulus: G’’ [Pa]Figure 7. Wicket plot of the identified complex modulus functionsThis graphical representation stands out the master curve of the complex modulus, beingpossible to identify erroneous data sets and the representative frequency range of each complexmodulus function. Filtering data by removing all the erroneous points it is possible to obtaina reliable data set of complex modulus, as illustrated in Figure 8, which can be used tocharacterize the considered viscoelastic material.The set of complex modulus functions, identified at different temperatures, should finally becorrelated, using the frequency-temperature equivalence principle, to identify the shift factorαT distribution of the material [7]. The shift factor relationship is described by the Arrheniusequation as:log [αT (T )] = TA(1T−1T0)(7)where T is the absolute temperature of each data set, T0 is the reference temperature and TA isidentified by fitting the experimental data to the model.7Rui A.S. Moreira and José Dias Rodrigues105 106 107105106107108Storage modulus: G’ [Pa]Loss modulus: G’’ [Pa]Figure 8. Wicket plot of the filtered complex modulus functions6 RESULTSThe identified complex modulus functions, using the identified shift factor distribution, canbe represented in a unified and universal representation, the so-called reduced-frequencynomogram [7]. This representation is very useful and broadly applied since it representssimultaneously the frequency and the temperature effect on the complex modulus of aviscoelastic material by a single pair of curves: one for the storage modulus and anotherrepresenting the loss factor distribution.Figure 9 overlaps the nomogram of the 3M ISD112 viscoelastic material provided by themanufacturer (black curves) [8] with the identified nomogram using a 0.57mm x 480mm2specimen made of the same material (color curves).Figure 10 identically represents the identified and the published nomograms for the samematerial using a second experimental specimen with different dimensions (0.65mm x 970mm2).Both nomograms, obtained with different specimens of the same material, are identical,which demonstrates that measurements are consistent, and they well agree with the onepublished by the viscoelastic material manufacturer.8Rui A.S. Moreira and José Dias Rodrigues10−2 100 102 104 106 108104105106107108109Storage modulus: G’ [Pa]Reduced frequency [Hz]−100102030405060708090100110120 Temperature [ºC]  Ref.T.=50ºC100101102103104Frequency [Hz]ISD1120.1110     Loss factor: ηFigure 9. Nomogram of 3M ISD112 (specimen 0.57mm x 480 mm2)9Rui A.S. Moreira and José Dias Rodrigues10−2 100 102 104 106 108104105106107108109Storage modulus: G’ [Pa]Reduced frequency [Hz]−100102030405060708090100110120 Temperature [ºC]  Ref.T.=50ºC100101102103104Frequency [Hz]ISD1120.1110   Loss factor: ηFigure 10. Nomogram of 3M ISD112 (specimen 0.65mm x 970 mm2)10Rui A.S. Moreira and José Dias Rodrigues7 CONCLUSIONThe usually applied technique to identify the complex modulus of soft viscoelastic materials,using vibrating beams with damping treatments, provides an indirect measuring approach basedon the evaluation of the perturbation effects produced by the damping layer on the modalparameters of the beams. Moreover, the identification process is not simple as it uses a setof approximate equations or assumed field numerical models.The application of a discrete dynamic system, describing a single degree of freedomanalytical model, can provide a more reliable identification methodology since it is based on thedirect characterization of the complex stiffness materialized by a viscoelastic material specimenusually in shear deformation. However, the development of an experimental setup, capable torepresent such a simple model, requires restraining of all the spurious degrees of freedom.The proposed experimental setup provides such restraining effect using a set of two thinlamina springs to guide the mass motion of the system. The mounting of the experimental setupon a rigid and heavy stone block supported by elastic pads is also effective to minimize thesystem rigid body modes effects as well as to attenuate the effects of ground noise.The identification methodology is capable to describe directly the shear complex modulusof a selected viscoelastic material, usually applied in constrained and integrated viscoelastictreatments, providing results similar to those published by the material manufacturer.8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors gratefully acknowledge 3M Company for providing the viscoelastic materials usedin this work.REFERENCES[1] ASTM, E756-98 standard test method for measuring vibration-damping properties ofmaterials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, V. 04.06, ASTM (1998).[2] D. Ross, E.E. Ungar and E.M. Kerwin Jr., Damping of plate flexural vibrations by meansof viscoelastic laminae, Structural Damping, ASME publication, New York, USA, 49-88(1959).[3] B.R. Allen, A direct complex stiffness test system for viscoelastic material properties,Proceedings of 3th Smart Structures and Materials (SPIE), San Diego, CA, USA, February(1996).[4] G. Kergourlay and E. Balmès, Caractérisation de films viscoélastiques em fréquence,température et précontrainte, GIENS 2003, Giens, France, May (2003).[5] G. Ramorino, D. Vetturi, D. Cambiaghi, A. Pegoretti and T. Ricco, Developments indynamic testing of rubber compounds: assessment of non linear effects, Polymer testing,22, 681-687 (2003).[6] R. Moreira, Modelação e análise de tratamentos viscoelásticos multi-camada para controlopassivo de vibrações, PhD Thesis, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto,Portugal (2005).11Rui A.S. Moreira and José Dias Rodrigues[7] D.I.G. Jones, Handbook of viscoelastic vibration damping, Jonh Wiley & Sons, UK (2001).[8] 3M, ScotchDamp TM vibration control systems, 3M Industrial Specialties division, St. Paul,MN, USA (1993).12

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An efficient experimental methodology for viscoelastic complex modulus identification

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