Hall has done us a service in putting together this wide-ranging collection of essays on ethnic separatist movements. The volume is particularly timely because of the twentieth century paradoxes of the drive for global unity and nationalism, and nationalism and a blossoming of ethnic separatist movements. (The book is not unique. See, 6.9. Chester L. Hunt and Lewis Walker, Ethnic Dynamics: Patterns of Intergroup Relations in Various Societies, Learning Publications, Inc., 1979.

Okihiro, Gary Y.

English

VCU Scholars Compass

paok Revi ,'/.'1'1 I n shor t ,  Und, ?I'r; t<.lnii1:n(1 and (.'()w;r.c l I.11:1 t:t;/lt i,: !.,' .... ; .  " ' -i t. f ,_ -:1 \'I i I 1 be of in terest to anyone who works or  p l ans to work  \·I i th  nlembe rs of a mi nor i ty grou p .  For profess i ona l s  who wan t a SystClTkl t i c  ap­proach to understand i n g  the va r i ous p rob l ems of coun se l  i n g e t hn i c  m i nor i t i es , th i s  book w i l l  p rove i nva l ua b l e .  My on l y  c r i l i c i sm of Hende rson ' s �'Iork is tha t i t was not pub I i shed e<l r I i e r .  - -Robe r t  T .  Sa to Sac'Y'allu:m to ;)'Y'ca /:'co1'?"',r!.': 0ppo'Y'P.m-;, ty ('-'oun�'i l RAYMOND L ,  HALL (ED , ) I E,'Tll:VIC A UTOi OMY - - COMP/ RA T IV E' DYNANICS : THE AMER I CA S , EURO Pe' MI D '.t H F  D E VJ:,'L O P  H e  h'OR L D .  Pe r g amon P r e s s : N ew Yo r k ,  1 9 7 9 . S 3 2 . 5 0 h a r d c. (� " t:' r ;  $ 9 . 9 5 sof tcov e r . Hal l has done us a serv i ce i n  pu t t i n g  together  t h i s  ... l i de­ran g i ng col l ec t i on of  essays on ethn i c  sepa ra t i s t movemen t s . The  vo l ume i s  pa rt i cu l a r l y  t i me l y because  of the  tV-Ien t i eth  c en t u ry pa ra doxes of the d r i ve for g l oba l un i ty and  na t i ona l i sm ,  a n d  n a t i on-a l  i sm and a bl ossom i ng of  ethn i c  sepa ra t i <; t movemen ts . (The book i s  riot un i que . See ,  e . g .  Ches ter  L .  Hun t  and  Lew i s  Wa l ke r , r.:thn'Ze Dynamics: Pat"--:: l'ns of Intergroup Relations i�l Vm'�: O''':H S'oc'{ e ties, Lea r n i ng Publ i cat i ons , I nc . , 1 979 . )  The impetus for t h i s  compa ra t i ve s tudy of e t hn i c  mover.len t s  came from the ed i tor ' s  l ong i n terest  i n  soc i a l  change resu l t i ng f rom large-sca l e  ethn i c  movemen ts , (see ,  e . g .  Ha l l ' s Black Sep,:u'll.­tism and Social Reality : Rhetoric and Reason, Perga mon P res s , 1 97 7) and from h i s  rea l i za t i on tha t a sa t i sfac tory a na l y t i ca l  mode l of e thnic autonomy cou l d  not be der i ved f rom the Un i ted S ta tes  ex·' per i ence a lone but requ i red a compa ra t i ve i n te rna t i ona l  perspec t i ve .  Ha l l  accord i ng l y  def i ned h i s  subj ec t , ethn i c  soc i a l  movemen t s for sel f-determ i na t i on ,  under the genera l head i ng of "ethn i c  a u to­nomy" wh i ch i ncl uded nat i ona l i sm ,  seces s i on i sm ,  i r redent i sm ,  sch i sm ,  and sepa rat ion ,  and proceeded to i nv i te  s pec i a l i s t s  to wr i te on  sel ected case stud i es i l l us t rat i ve of  the t heme . At  a sympos i um hel d to d i scuss the con t r i bu t i ons , the authors agreed tha t the  co l l ect ion cou l d  not  c l a i m  coherence or comprehens i venes s , but  l ithe ul t i mate purpose of t h i s  vol ume shou l d  be to p rov i de exten­s i ve informat ion abou t the i mpor tan t and comp l ex top i c  of ethn i c i ty and ethn i c  movement s , as  we l l  a s  to fac i l i ta te nlOre r i go rous thought , ana 1 ys i s ,  and resea rch rega rd i n g  them . " (x i i )  The book i s  organ i zed i n to f i ve pa rts . Pa r t  I ,  en t i t l ed "Con­ceptua l Overv i ews of E thn i c i ty and Ethn i c  Dynam i cs , " i s  i n tended to serve as a conceptua l  base for the case s tud i es wh i ch fol l ow and i s  a genera l  d i scuss i on of some d i mens i ons of ethn i c  i den t i ty wi th a focus on l anguage and  i ts ro l e  i n  ethn i c  autonomy . Pa r t  I I  con ta i ns case s tud i es of rac i a l and ethn i c  a u tonomy i n  North Amer­ica (Na t i ve Amer i ca n , B l ack ,  C h i cano and Quebec) , Pa r t  I I I ,  case stud i es of autonomy and e thn i c i ty i n  Europe (Northern I re l and , 48 E:cpt.omtions in Ethnia Stauli.es Scot l and , Span i sh Basques , France , and Sov i et Centra l  As ia)  and Pa rt  � V ,  case s tud i es of ethn l c i ty and ethn i c  autonomy I n  the de­vel op i ng wor l d  (Uganda , Eth i op i a , West Afr i ca Peru and I nd ia) Pa rt V ,  . ent i t l ed "Autonomy i n  Perspect ive , 1 I  s�eks t� ident ffy a�d �ynthes l ze the cOlTl'llOn e l ements of the cas"e stud i es and pl ace th I nto perspec t ive . ese Des p i te the ed i tor ' s  l audab l e  i ntent , l i ke most col l ect ions, t�e vol ume suffers f rom unevenness and an overa l l  l ack of integra­t I on a n� ade�uat� conceptua l overv i ew .  Wh i l e I t  i s  c l ear tha"t ethn ! c I den t I fy I � a . precond i t ion for i nterethn ic  confl ict and ethn I C  au ton�my , I t  I S  a ! so ev iden t that  a def i n i t i on of ident ity does not of I tsel f exp l a i n  soc i a l  change resu l t i ng from the quest for ethn i c  se l f-determ i na t i on .  Further , a l though f ive separate �ssays seek t� exp l ore the nature of ethn i c  ident ity, the subject I S  add ressed I n  most genera l and 1 im i ted terms (Sega l Cook Dorr is and Kl e i tz)  and the debate on i ts or i g i ns is l eft unr�so l ved (AI - I verson) • .  W ! thou � do�bt , the most subs tan t i ve ana lys i s  of ethn lc lty and ethn i C  I dent i ty I n  the vol ume i s  the chapter by Sagar i n  and Moneymaker on l anguage and nat i ona l i st ,  sepa ra t i st ,  and secess ion­i st movements . Th i s  l at ter  essay a l so ra i ses another conceptua l def ic iency of the vol ume-- the p l ace of power and the rel a t ionsh i p of peopl es i n  that s t rugg l e  for power .  Ha l l ,  i n  h i s  preface , del i neates some of the va r i ab l es wh i ch m i ght serve as "exp l a i ners" or "causers" i nc l ud i n g  cu l tu re ,  econom i cs , ethn i c i ty ,  gf?ography , h i story , lan­guage , pa t terns of dom i na t i on ,  and re I i g"ion .  Further he observes : "Ethn i c  d i vers i ty means  ethn i c  d i fferences , and these d i fferences too often conta i n  a poten t i a l  for i ntergroup conf l i ct . 1 I (xv i i ) A l t hough I n terethn i c  conf l i c t  i s  c l ea r l y  on l y  poss i b l e where at l ea s t  two ethn i ca l l y  I dent i f iab l e groups ex i s t ,  I t  does not fol low that  there necessa r i l y must be a causa l rel at ionsh i p  between ethn i c  d i ve rs i ty and i nter-ethn i c  conf l i ct .  Ha l l  recogn i zes this yet h i s  reI i a nce upon a def i n i t i on of ethn i c i ty as  a concep�ua l f i n t roduc t i on to exp l a i n  ethn i c  autonomy wi thout an examination 0 causa l factors i s  pa ten t l y  I nadequate . Sure l y  the unequa l power re l a t ionsh i p , whether rea l or i mag i ned , of two ethn ic" groups in  a maj or i ty-m i no r i ty re l a t ionsh i p  i s  a most bas ic  precond i t ion to a s p i rat i ons  for ethn i c  autonomy . And as po i nted out by Sagar iA  and  Moneyma ke r ,  l anguage (a l ong w i th the other va r iab l es or  "ex­p l a i ners" i dent i f i ed by Ha r t  above) i s  not a causa l  expl anatlo� for i nterethn i c  conf l  i ct but ra ther i s  a source of i dent i ty an ra l l y symbo l i n  the s t rugg l e  for power .  " I t  i s  not so much that t he s trugg l es for power w i l l  resu l t  i n  the rev iva l , strengthen f"��t and cont i nu i ty of the l an guage , "  wrote Saga r i n  and Moneymaker , rather tha t  the p re�ence of l an guage , whether i n  current us"age orll(3S) a s  an h i s tor i ca l  symbo l , s t rengthens a peop l e  i n  power st�ugg l es . Compa ra t i ve l y m i nor l rr l tants i nc l ude typograph ica l  errors l i ke "economi c" for "economy" (43 1 : 1 ) and "con"tent " for "contendll (433 ;2)  a nd I ncorrect term i no l ogy ,  "Un ion of South Afr i ca" for "Repub l fc of South Afr i ca . "  (257 :3)  More ser ious defects I nclude the ed i"tor l s ethnocent r f sm desp i te h i s  caut ion "aga Inst" the narrow f cu l tu re-bound constructs to a r r i Ve at a un Iversa l under­��:n� i ng of ethn i c  autonomy. (x r r r ) For exampl e ,  I n h I s preface 49 to the sec t i on on the devc l op i nq \'Jor l d ,  Ha l l  \oJr i tes : " Be fu rc co lon i a l  i sm ,  poten t i a l or ac tua i e thn i c  (Idver sa r i cs had a t t emp t ed to work ou t genera l l y- sa t i sfactory eco l og il.: a l  a r rangemen t s ; t hey . .  usua l l y respected each others ' phys i ca l and  psyc l lo l og i ca i bound a r i es , e i ther because there wa s I i t t l e  o r  no cho i c e i n  t he �� , '?.!:. feCaijSe .� ?ne ..9.f0u.£. had �}f!c i en t-powe r t�). ov-c-noJh�  t h� o t l:e r s  .. " remphas l s m i ne) 2 55) Tha t e thnocen t r i sm c l o se l y  pa ra l l e l s  h i s assumpt ion tha t ethn i c  d i ve rs i ty con t.::l i n s the pot en t i a l for i n te r ­group conf l  i c t  a n d  converse l y  homogene i ty i mp l  i cs  l e s s  po ten t i a l for i ntergroup con f l  i c t  (xv i  i -x i x) , and  h i s  conc l u s i on tha t 5 i nce  ethn ic  heterogene i ty and hence e t hn i c  con f l  i c t  a re p roduc t s o f  col on i a l i sm ( the modern nat i on s ta t e) , a reso i l i t i on of  t ha t h a s  been patterned a f t e r  s t ra teg i es of  t he deve l oped wo r l d .  On t he contrary , Afr i can  s ta tes and  ch i efdoms , fo r examp i c ,  have dea l t  w ith ethn ic  d i vers i ty and con f l  i c t  l ong  befo re Eu ropean co l on i ze r s  arr ived on the cont i nen t .  I t  i s  pe rhaps reg re t ta b l e t ha t the  l a s t  two e s sa y s  by S t e r l  i ng and McCord and McCord were not p l aced a t  t h e  beg i nn i ng o f  t h e  book because these set for t h  the t heore t i ca l  t h read \'Jh i c h  m i gh t  have served to i n teg rate the i nd i v i dua l ca s e  s t ud i es .  S t er l i ng ,  for exampl e ,  def i nes ethn i c  sepa ra t i sm as "a po l i t i ca l  moveme n t  \'Jho s e  purpose i s  the pa r t i ng of  peop l es "  ( emphas i s  mTrleT ( 4 1 3 ) . and  d i s ­cusses na t i ona l i sm and democ racy , t h e  ro l e  of  the  ma s s es , ma j o r i ty­minor i ty re l a t ions ,  po l i t i ca l  s t ra teg i es and  a l l i ances , pOltJer ,  a n d  the red i s t r i but i on of wea l t h . McCord and  McCord summa r i ze fo r u s  some genera l i za t i ons wh i ch m i gh t  a pp l y  t o  a l l sepa ra t i s t moveme n t s  but we are cau t  ioned tha t because of  t h e  un  i quenes s o f  e a c h  move ­ment these must  be at  an  "ext reme l y  h i gh l ev e l  o f  abs t ra c t i on and , therefore ,  must  be cond i t i ona l l y  s pec i f i ed . "  ( 4 3 3 )  Fac to r s  i nc l u d e  d i fferent i a l  access to powe r ,  uneven econom i c  deve l opmen t . pa r t i a l  ass im i l a t i on and cu l t u ra l  rev i va l i sm ,  l eadersh i p ,  a t rad i t i o n  o f  d i v i s i on and hat reds , a n d  i ncomp l ete  or  i ne ffec t ua l oppres s i on .  I t  i s  s i gn i f i cant  that  bot h  conc l ud i ng essays  po i n t  to  the  need for i n-depth s tud i es wh i ch t race the  h i s to r i ca l  r i se o f  the  idea of  ethn i c  au tonomy and  i t s c hanges ove r t i me perha ps  re­fi ect i ng i ts age , and more case s tud i es wh i ch cou l d  p rov i de t he bases for a t ru l y  r i go rous compa rat i ve i n terna t i ona l pe r s pec t i ve . Th i s  i s  espec i a l l y  i mpor ta n t  s i nce as  noted by McCord a n d  Mc Cord , "sepa rat i s t movemen ts a re un i qu e ,  and that  any  exp l ana t i on of  them �st re l y  upon i nforma t i on of the s pec i f i c  h i s to r i ca l  c i rcums tances  wh ich precede them . " ( 433 )  I n  add i t i on ,  a s  po i n t ed ou t by Deu t s c h , We iner, and others , ethn i c  sepa ra t i s t movemen t s  o f t en t i me s  t ra n s ­cend na t iona l bounda r i es and thus  ana l yses of  e thn i c  a u tonomy mu s t  move beyond t he con f i nes of t he s ta te . ( Ka r l  W . Deu t sc h ,  " Externa l I nf l uences on the I n terna l Behav i o r  of S ta t es , "  i n  R .  B .  Fa r re l l (ed . ) ,  Approa.ehes tc> COl?rr·(:i'a.t-,:iX. C.ilJ IY'..f:cY'·;:(! ::�:(1.; ;r:. Z ::> ....  ,>:: 7;"::.:.'.">. . No r t h­western Un i vers i ty Press , 1 966 , 5-26 ;  and My ron We i ne r ,  "The �cedon i an Synd rome : An H i s tor i ca l  Mode l  of I n terna t i ona l Re l a t i o n s  and Po l i t i ca l Deve l opment , " World Po Z it�>J3 23 : 1 97 1 , 655 -83 . ) The present col l ec t i on of essays , therefore , represen t s  a t i me l y  bu t modest beg i nn i ng .  --Ga ry Y .  O k i h i ro Ethnic Stu.dies Pl'ograJ?1 Hwnbo Zdt State UniI'ers1: tY. 

[Review of] Raymond L. Hall (Ed.). Ethnic Autonomy -- Comparative Dynamics: The Americas, Europe and the Developing World

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[Review of] Raymond L. Hall (Ed.). Ethnic Autonomy -- Comparative Dynamics: The Americas, Europe and the Developing World

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